Class #10
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The document discusses the Vatican's views on reproductive technologies and procedures such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and surrogate motherhood. It outlines the Church's concerns about how new life comes into the world and ensuring the well-being of that new life. The Vatican's views are informed by previous declarations from Humanae Vitae and about abortion. The document also presents opposing views that argue these technologies allow people to gift life and take advantage of medical advances.
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The document discusses reproductive technologies and the Catholic Church's concerns about them. The Church is concerned that new life comes into the world through the unity of a married couple, and that the child's well-being is ensured. Specific procedures like artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization are evaluated in light of these two concerns about playing God and assisting natural procreation.
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CHAPTER 4
SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES IN HEALTH
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
IntroPreviously…Grossman modelIndividuals make choices about their health based on time constraints, budget constraints, and utilityOptimal amount of health (H*) changes based on decisions about tradeoffsHow does socioeconomic status (SES) affect health and choices about health?Does health determine SES? Or does SES determine health?Use empirical evidence to explore these questions
The pervasiveness of health disparities
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Health disparities are everywhereHealth Disparity: (def) differences in health --incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of disease -- between specific populationsex: death rates for all cancer types for both men and women are highest among African Americans1Ubiquitous worldwide across races, educational attainments, employment grades, and incomesBroadly across all socioeconomic statuses (SES)
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Health disparities are everywhereBy education:College graduates are 25% more likely to survive to age 68 than high school dropouts
By race:Hispanics report better health status than black individualsWhite individuals report better health then both Hispanic and black individualsHealth deteriorates with age across all races, but disparities persist
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Health disparities across incomeGenerally: high-income individuals self-report a higher health status than those of lower incomesFor most conditions, the poor exhibit more incidences of diseaseSome exceptions like Bronchitis -- no difference Hay fever -- the rich appear to be diagnosed with hay fever more oftenMay be explainable if richer children visit the doctor more often and hence, are more likely to be diagnosed
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Disparities even with universal insuranceEven in countries with universal health insurance, health disparities persist
Canada:Self-reported health status for children at high SES better than children of low SES (Currie and Stabile 2003)
England:We discuss the Whitehall studies later
Theories to explain health disparities
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Why do health disparities exist?Reasons/theoriesEarly life eventsIncome levelsStress of being poorWork capacityImpatienceAdherence to medical advicePolicy importance of understanding causes of disparities before addressing them
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
What causes what?Does bad health cause low SES? Does low SES cause bad health?Are there other factors?
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Hypotheses for health disparitiesEfficient producerThrifty phenotypeDirect incomeAllostatic loadIncome inequalityAccess to careProductive timeTime preference (The Fuchs hypothesis)
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The Grossman model and health disparitiesRecall MEC indicates the return o.
DR AKOKO's Assignment-In vitro fertiliztion
1. In vitro fertilization (IVF) provides fertility treatment but also raises several ethical issues. While it can help couples have children, it involves creating and potentially discarding embryos, with unclear moral status.
2. There are concerns that IVF may weaken the family by separating genetic, gestational and social parenting, and treat children as commodities. It also involves creating life in a lab setting which some religions view as interfering with God's role.
3. The document discusses several ethical questions around IVF including when life begins, the status and use of leftover embryos, legal and health issues, impacts on marriage and children's welfare, and religious objections. It notes both advantages in helping infertility but also
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The document outlines an agenda for a class discussion that will diagram formal and material cooperation with wrongdoing, discuss examples using these moral categories, suggest public policy for embryonic stem cells and complicity in vaccine development, and include a self-assessment of class contributions and remaining questions. It will also have students diagram and locate examples of cooperation on a scale of immediacy.
Presentation12
The document outlines the schedule and learning outcomes for a class session. It will include drawing up and negotiating a sample surrogacy contract in small groups, discussing the activity and readings, and an example surrogacy scenario. Students will roleplay a surrogacy arrangement, examine the morality of surrogacy and potential exploitation of women, and do a self-assessment of their contributions and takeaways from negotiating a surrogacy contract.
Presentation11
Today's class will involve a 25-minute activity on reproductive technology where students simulate shopping at a sperm bank or filling out forms for embryo cryopreservation. Students will then share their conclusions with the other half of the class for 20 minutes. Finally, students will evaluate the Church's teaching on assisted reproduction using this activity and an email from a Saint Mary's alum over 25 minutes.
Presentation10
The document outlines the plan for a class which includes taking a moral stance on abortion, applying Church teachings to positions held by Cuomo and Pacholczyk, evaluating their views for an upcoming paper, and a self-assessment where students reflect on their contributions and if the class changed their paper perspective.
Presentation9
This document outlines an agenda for a class discussion that will include nudging both the pro-life and pro-choice sides on their perspectives. It will focus on considering implications of twinning and Warren's criteria for personhood from the pro-life side, and assessing Callahan's critique of choice and its implications for feminism from the pro-choice side. Students will also self-assess their contributions and whether the discussion made their views on abortion less black and white.
Presentation8
The document outlines the agenda for an ethics class that will: 1) do a name quiz and discuss a paper assignment, 2) examine the principle of double effect and how it defines some abortions as indirect, 3) analyze cases comparing direct and indirect killing, 4) assess Church teaching on indirect abortion and a conjoined twins case analogy, and 5) have a self-assessment on class discussion and the distinction between direct and indirect killing.
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