This document summarizes several theories that attempt to explain socioeconomic health disparities. It discusses the efficient producer hypothesis, which posits that more educated individuals are more efficient producers of health. It also covers the thrifty phenotype hypothesis, which suggests that early life deprivation can lead to "thrifty genes" that are bad in times of abundance. Additionally, it examines the direct income hypothesis that greater financial resources allow higher health investments. Overall, the document concludes that multiple factors likely contribute to health disparities and that the relationship between socioeconomic status and health is complex with influences in both directions.
This document outlines the links between health, poverty, and economic development. It discusses how poverty can negatively impact health through limited access to healthcare, nutrition, and education. Poor health can then perpetuate poverty by reducing productivity and labor outcomes. The document reviews econometric methods for studying these relationships and summarizes evidence showing impacts of improved health on education and economic outcomes. Health expenditures and indicators vary significantly between rich and poor countries.
advanced nursing practice health economics related.pptChinchu Francis
This document discusses the links between health and economic development. It outlines health indicators and expenditures in developing countries compared to developed countries. Developing countries have higher rates of malnutrition and infant mortality. As countries become wealthier, they are able to spend more on public health expenditures. The document discusses methods used to study the relationships between health and poverty, including experiments and observational studies. It theorizes about the "health-poverty trap", where poor health can cause poverty and poverty can also cause poor health.
Health disparities refer to differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare across different racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Many socioeconomic factors contribute to health disparities, including access to healthcare, insurance status, income level, provider and patient knowledge. These disparities are seen in vaccination rates among children. Lack of access to healthcare and health insurance are major socioeconomic barriers that lead to health disparities for some groups. Efforts are needed to address disparities through improving access to care, education on health issues, and reducing socioeconomic barriers.
This document discusses health literacy and defines it as the degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate healthcare decisions. Only 12% of adults in the U.S. have proficient health literacy, meaning nine out of ten adults may lack the skills to manage their health. Poor health literacy is estimated to waste $35-73 billion annually due to prolonged hospital stays and frequent doctor visits. Improving health education from kindergarten through college is presented as a long-term solution to address this costly societal problem.
Essay On Health Care
Essay On Home Health Care
Healthcare in the United States Essay
Essay about U.S. Health Care system
The Cost Of Health Care Essay
Essay on Definitions of Health
Health Care Persuasive Essay
Essay On Healthcare System
Home Health Journal Essay examples
Essay about Funding Healthcare Services
2Quote Log Health and WealthStudents NameInst.docxrobert345678
2
Quote Log Health and Wealth
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Instructors Name
Social Issue: Health & Wealth
Topic:
Health & Wealth
Thesis:
The stressors of finance can have adverse effects because they can affect the development of children, create an unsafe psychological state and contribute to poor physical health.
Reasons:
1. It has been shown that a family's socioeconomic standing has a substantial bearing on the educational, vocational, and social opportunities that are made accessible to the children of that family. These factors, in turn, influence the children's long-term physical and mental health.
2. Children from families with lower earnings are less likely to be insured or have access to medications and treatments that may assist in managing chronic health conditions. This is particularly true for individuals who reside in households where there is only one parent present.
3. Children who are worse on the socioeconomic ladder are more prone to deal in a destructive way, such as by smoking or drinking excessively when they grow up, which may inflict significant harm to one's health if done to an extreme.
Entry #1
Source:
Sapolsky, R.M. (2018). The health-wealth gap.
Scientific American, 319(5), pp. 62- 67.
http://ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edb&AN=132271091&site=eds-live&scope=site
Quote:
"One of the consequences of the growing poor is worsening health, and the reasons are not as obvious as you might think. Yes, lower socioeconomic status (SES) means less access to health care and living in more disease-prone neighbourhoods. And, yes, as the SES ladder's lower rungs have become more populated, the number of people with medical problems has climbed. This is not merely an issue of poor health for the poor and some version of better health for everyone else. Starting with Jeff Bezos at the top, every step down the ladder is associated with worse health.” (Sapolsky, 2018, p. 62-67).
Paraphrase:
The welfare of children will deteriorate as a consequence of people falling into poverty. Children from families with lower socioeconomic positions have a lower chance of accessing medical treatment and tend to reside in locations with a higher incidence of disease (Sapolsky, 2018).
Explanation of quote selection and connection:
Children who are not perfect and battling to live in a healthy environment are likely to get ill and have difficulty affording medical treatment due to their low socioeconomic position. This is because their living conditions are not ideal. Children who come from families with a low socioeconomic status, which is often the result of financial disparity, are more likely to have physical and mental health issues.
Entry #2
Source:
Purnell, J. Q. (2015). Financial health is public health. In L. Choi, D. Erickson, K. Griffin, A. Levere, & E. Seidman (Eds.),
What it’s Worth: Strengthening the financial futures .
1) Health care aims to normalize human functioning and prevent disability, viewing atypical functioning as inferior. This amounts to a form of negative eugenics.
2) Medical training, practice, and insurance prioritize normalizing treatments over functional outcomes, seeking to avoid disability throughout life.
3) Metrics used to distribute scarce health resources, like in public health emergencies, disadvantage those with disabilities by falsely assuming typical functioning indicates better health.
4) Viewing disability as a mere difference rather than something inherently detrimental supports individuals' choice in functioning atypically and receiving enhancements to do so effectively.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
This document outlines the links between health, poverty, and economic development. It discusses how poverty can negatively impact health through limited access to healthcare, nutrition, and education. Poor health can then perpetuate poverty by reducing productivity and labor outcomes. The document reviews econometric methods for studying these relationships and summarizes evidence showing impacts of improved health on education and economic outcomes. Health expenditures and indicators vary significantly between rich and poor countries.
advanced nursing practice health economics related.pptChinchu Francis
This document discusses the links between health and economic development. It outlines health indicators and expenditures in developing countries compared to developed countries. Developing countries have higher rates of malnutrition and infant mortality. As countries become wealthier, they are able to spend more on public health expenditures. The document discusses methods used to study the relationships between health and poverty, including experiments and observational studies. It theorizes about the "health-poverty trap", where poor health can cause poverty and poverty can also cause poor health.
Health disparities refer to differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare across different racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Many socioeconomic factors contribute to health disparities, including access to healthcare, insurance status, income level, provider and patient knowledge. These disparities are seen in vaccination rates among children. Lack of access to healthcare and health insurance are major socioeconomic barriers that lead to health disparities for some groups. Efforts are needed to address disparities through improving access to care, education on health issues, and reducing socioeconomic barriers.
This document discusses health literacy and defines it as the degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate healthcare decisions. Only 12% of adults in the U.S. have proficient health literacy, meaning nine out of ten adults may lack the skills to manage their health. Poor health literacy is estimated to waste $35-73 billion annually due to prolonged hospital stays and frequent doctor visits. Improving health education from kindergarten through college is presented as a long-term solution to address this costly societal problem.
Essay On Health Care
Essay On Home Health Care
Healthcare in the United States Essay
Essay about U.S. Health Care system
The Cost Of Health Care Essay
Essay on Definitions of Health
Health Care Persuasive Essay
Essay On Healthcare System
Home Health Journal Essay examples
Essay about Funding Healthcare Services
2Quote Log Health and WealthStudents NameInst.docxrobert345678
2
Quote Log Health and Wealth
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Instructors Name
Social Issue: Health & Wealth
Topic:
Health & Wealth
Thesis:
The stressors of finance can have adverse effects because they can affect the development of children, create an unsafe psychological state and contribute to poor physical health.
Reasons:
1. It has been shown that a family's socioeconomic standing has a substantial bearing on the educational, vocational, and social opportunities that are made accessible to the children of that family. These factors, in turn, influence the children's long-term physical and mental health.
2. Children from families with lower earnings are less likely to be insured or have access to medications and treatments that may assist in managing chronic health conditions. This is particularly true for individuals who reside in households where there is only one parent present.
3. Children who are worse on the socioeconomic ladder are more prone to deal in a destructive way, such as by smoking or drinking excessively when they grow up, which may inflict significant harm to one's health if done to an extreme.
Entry #1
Source:
Sapolsky, R.M. (2018). The health-wealth gap.
Scientific American, 319(5), pp. 62- 67.
http://ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edb&AN=132271091&site=eds-live&scope=site
Quote:
"One of the consequences of the growing poor is worsening health, and the reasons are not as obvious as you might think. Yes, lower socioeconomic status (SES) means less access to health care and living in more disease-prone neighbourhoods. And, yes, as the SES ladder's lower rungs have become more populated, the number of people with medical problems has climbed. This is not merely an issue of poor health for the poor and some version of better health for everyone else. Starting with Jeff Bezos at the top, every step down the ladder is associated with worse health.” (Sapolsky, 2018, p. 62-67).
Paraphrase:
The welfare of children will deteriorate as a consequence of people falling into poverty. Children from families with lower socioeconomic positions have a lower chance of accessing medical treatment and tend to reside in locations with a higher incidence of disease (Sapolsky, 2018).
Explanation of quote selection and connection:
Children who are not perfect and battling to live in a healthy environment are likely to get ill and have difficulty affording medical treatment due to their low socioeconomic position. This is because their living conditions are not ideal. Children who come from families with a low socioeconomic status, which is often the result of financial disparity, are more likely to have physical and mental health issues.
Entry #2
Source:
Purnell, J. Q. (2015). Financial health is public health. In L. Choi, D. Erickson, K. Griffin, A. Levere, & E. Seidman (Eds.),
What it’s Worth: Strengthening the financial futures .
1) Health care aims to normalize human functioning and prevent disability, viewing atypical functioning as inferior. This amounts to a form of negative eugenics.
2) Medical training, practice, and insurance prioritize normalizing treatments over functional outcomes, seeking to avoid disability throughout life.
3) Metrics used to distribute scarce health resources, like in public health emergencies, disadvantage those with disabilities by falsely assuming typical functioning indicates better health.
4) Viewing disability as a mere difference rather than something inherently detrimental supports individuals' choice in functioning atypically and receiving enhancements to do so effectively.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
1. The ALIVE status of each SEX. (SEX needs to be integrated into th.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. The ALIVE status of each SEX. (SEX needs to be integrated into the only Male, Female, ND, and Other) (bar comparison chart, pie comparison chart)
2. How many Male, Female, ND, and Other are there in each ALIGN. (Bar comparison chart)
3. How many red-haired heroes do Marvel and DC have?
.
1. Some potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including strains.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Some potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including strains of Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Candida, and Aspergillus, can survive for one to three months on a variety of materials found in hospitals, including scrub suits, lab coats, plastic aprons, and computer keyboards. What can hospital personnel do to reduce the spread of these pathogens?
2. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preferentially destroys CD4+ cells. Specifically, what effect does this have on antibody and cell-mediated immunity?
**Provide APA references for each
.
1. Taking turns to listen to other students is not always easy f.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Taking turns to listen to other students is not always easy for young children. What does the research show about promoting good listeners in the classroom setting?
2. How would you help the shyest student to become a confident speaker? How would you help the overly confident speaker to have self-control? Why are these skills important to instill in children at this age? How can becoming a confident speaker encourage stronger advocacy skills for themselves? Likewise, how does maintaining self-control encourage better listening?
.
1. The main characters names in The Shape of Things are Adam and E.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. The main characters names in "The Shape of Things" are Adam and Evelyn, suggesting the play is a retelling of the original creation myth. Compare the original “Adam and Eve” and characters in the Judea-Christian creation account to Adam and Evelyn. How is The Shape of Things similar or different from the traditional Judea-Xian account? (Keep in mind the main difference being art and artistic versus theistic creation).
2. The “garden” is the museum, and roped off sculpture with the fig leaf is, like the tree of good and evil, what you’re not supposed to touch. Why does the author present the museum as a creation space? How is the sculpture like the tree of good and evil? What happens when they cross the line and touch (or photograph) it?
3. Compare Evelyn and Pygmalion as creators. How does their gender effect their position in history and creation? How do both their creations critique the culture in which they exist? Describe the "changes" to society that Evelyn and Pygmalion aspire to in their art.
4. How much are the creators (Evelyn and Pygmalion) in control of creation and their art work? Where does their control break down? What is the difference between creator and creature; or is the creature reducible to its creator?
5. When does Adam assert his own mind, (if at all) or veer towards independence by not relying on the tools to achieve superficial beauty that Evelyn imparts?
.
1. Select one movie from the list belowShutter Island (2010; My.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Select one movie from the list below:
Shutter Island (2010; Mystery, Thriller; Leonardo DiCaprio, Mark Ruffalo
2. Watch the film you have selected as a psychology student and not merely as an ordinary film viewer (it is suggested that you watch the selected film multiple times).
3. Provide your own summary of the film, using psychological terms and concepts that you have learned in class and from your textbook. State clearly the psychological disorder you have seen portrayed in the film you have chosen, using DSM criteria/language. You should explain the psychological disorder portrayed in the movie. Determine and evaluate if the disorder identified in the film is accurate according to your textbook and other resource materials. Provide evidence using actual behaviors seen in the film. Is the depiction of the psychological disorder in the film accurate or not? Give evidence to support your claims using observable behaviors from the movie.
4. Based on the information from the film, determine what clinical diagnosis (or diagnoses) a character from the movie most likely has/have (can be the main character or supporting characters). Use criteria provided by the DSM-5 and provide an evidence-based diagnosis/diagnoses of the person. You will need to justify their diagnoses by demonstrating how the character’s symptoms meet some or all the criteria outlined in the DSM-5 as evidence of your diagnosis/diagnoses. Everything that you assert should be supported by evidence.
7. Be sure to use APA format using the latest edition of the APA Manual (7th edition).
.
1. Select a system of your choice and describe the system life-cycle.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Select a system of your choice and describe the system life-cycle. Construct a detailed flow diagram tailored to your situation
2. What characteristics of an airplane would you attribute to the system as a whole rather than to a collection of its parts? Explain why.
.
1. Sensation refers to an actual event; perception refers to how we .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Sensation refers to an actual event; perception refers to how we interpret the event. What are some cultural differences that might affect responses to particular stimuli, particularly in taste and pain?
2. Most of us feel like we never get enough sleep. What are the stages of sleep and what is the importance of sleep? What are some common sleep disorders and treatments?
.
1. The Institute of Medicine (now a renamed as a part of the N.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. The Institute of Medicine (now a renamed as a part of the
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
) defined patient-centered care as: "Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values, and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions.”[1] While this definition clearly emphasizes the importance of a patient’s perspective in the context of clinical care delivery, it does not allow managers to focus on the actual “person” inside the institutional role of the patient.
In the same sense that a person who is incarcerated in a prison may receive extremely humane treatment, the “person” is still defined into the role of an “inmate,” and as such cannot, by definition, be granted the same rights and privileges as a non-institutionalized member of the civil order enjoys. In other words, I may be placed in a cell with great empathy and understanding of my preferences, needs, and values, but I am still being locked-up in jail.
No one is suggesting that being admitted into a jail cell is the same as being admitted into a hospital bed. There are many obvious differences between the two, including the basic purpose of the two institutions.
But while much is different, what is the same is how a pre-existing set of structured behaviors and processes are used to firmly, and without asking or negotiating, radically transform a “regular” person into a defined role of a “patient” that then can be diagnosed, treated, and discharged back into the world once the patient has finished their “time” in the “system.”
While patient-centered care emphasizes the value of increased sensitivity to a patient’s preferences, needs, and values, what we want to focus on is how decisions made by healthcare leaders affect the actual experience of a person receiving that care.
So with the "real person" in mind, this week's question is:
What can healthcare leaders do in improve the actual personal experience that "real people" go through as our "patients?"
(Be sure to develop your answers AFTER you review the definition and roles of "Leadership" in the readings for this week).
[1] Institute on Medicine, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, March, 2001
2. Health Information Technonogy - PPP Discussion
The board has created an innovation fund designed to foster improved quality, increased access, or reduced costs in healthcare delivery. Select a health information technology related to genomics, precision medicine, or diagnostics that you would propose to be funded for implementation. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation that describes the selected health information technology, what it does, why it would be beneficial, and what risks may be involved. Please note, this activity is weighted 5% toward the final grade. The PowerPoint should be no more than 5-6 slides with the presenter's notes. Follow the APA format.
.
1. The Documentary Hypothesis holds that the Pentateuch has a number.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. The Documentary Hypothesis holds that the Pentateuch has a number of underlying documents (alt., sources) that were ultimately gathered and sewn into the Pentateuch as we now have it. The method of separating those underlying documents is called source criticism. Please perform a source-critical analysis of Gen 1-3. In so doing, please identify the significant features that distinguish each underlying document. Note: There are many such features.
2. Why are covenants important in the Bible? What do they accomplish? Are they all the same, whether in structure or outlook? Do the different writers view them differently? What does the ancient Near Eastern background to the biblical covenant contribute to our understanding?
3. Dt 6:4 used to be translated
“Hear, O Israel: The LORD [YHWH] our God, the LORD [YHWH] is one.”
Currently, we translate
“Hear, O Israel: The LORD [YHWH] is our God, the LORD [YHWH] alone.”
In all likelihood, the second translation is grammatically preferable. What is the interpretive difference between “one” and “alone”? Is it significant? How, if at all, does this verse relate to the First Commandment? How does this verse relate to Gen 1:26, 3:22, and 11:7? How does this verse relate to the variant non-MT variant in Dt 32:8-9 (as reproduced in HarperCollins)? Why is any of this important?
Be sure to provide a careful, well-written essay which gives ample biblical examples (proof texts) to support the point(s) you wish to make.
.
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie Thao and Kimberly Hiatt.
2. List and discuss lessons that you and all healthcare professionals can learn from these two cases.
3. Describe how the principle of beneficence and the virtue of benevolence could be applied to these cases. Do you think the hospital adminstrators handled the situations legally and ethically?
4. In addition to benevolence, which other virtues exhibited by their colleagues might have helped Thao and Hiatt?
5. Discuss personal virtues that might be helpful to second victims themselves to navigate the grieving process.
Scholarly article, APA format, and no grammar error
.
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie Tha.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie Thao and Kimberly Hiatt.
2. List and discuss lessons that you and all healthcare professionals can learn from these two cases.
3. Describe how the principle of beneficence and the virtue of benevolence could be applied to these cases. Do you think the hospital adminstrators handled the situations legally and ethically?
4. In addition to benevolence, which other virtues exhibited by their colleagues might have helped Thao and Hiatt?
5. Discuss personal virtues that might be helpful to second victims themselves to navigate the grieving process.
use reference and scholarly nursing article.
.
1. Review the three articles about Inflation that are found below th.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Review the three articles about Inflation that are found below this.
Globalization and Inflatio
n
Drivers of Inflation
Inflation
and Unemploymen
t
2. Locate two JOURNAL articles which discuss this topic further. You need to focus on the Abstract, Introduction, Results, and Conclusion. For our purposes, you are not expected to fully understand the Data and Methodology.
3. Summarize these journal articles. Please use your own words. No copy-and-paste. Cite your sources.
4.The replies are due by the deadline specified in the Course Schedule.
Please post (in APA format) your article citation.
.
1. Review the following request from a customerWe have a ne.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Review the following request from a customer:
We have a need to replace the aging Signage Application. This application is housed in District 4 and serves the district as well as two other districts. We would like a new application that can be used statewide to track all information related to road signs.
The current system is old and doesn’t do most of what we need it to.
The current system has a whole bunch of reports, but no way for the user to update them by themselves without getting IT involved.
We also can’t create our own reports, on-demand, when we need to. Currently, data is entered into the application manually by Administrative Staff, but in the future, we would like to be able to take a picture of the road sign using a phone app, and have it automagically populate the database with geospatial location and other information. We thought about having a Smart Watch interface, but we don’t need that. Also, the current method does not have any way to manage the quality of the data that is entered, so there is a lot of garbage information there. There is no way to centrally manage security access, with the existing application. We want to get real time alerts when a sign gets knocked over in an accident and have a dashboard that shows where signs have been knocked over across the state. This is kind of important, but not super-critical. We need to store location information, types of signs, when a new sign is installed, who installed it, etc. We plan to provide the phone app to drivers in each district who will drive around, take pictures of the signs, and upload them to the database at the end of each day, or in realtime, if a data connection is available.
Back in Central Office, reviewers will review the sign information and validate it. A report will be printed every month with the results and a map. There are probably other things, but we can’t think of anything else right now.
2. List the main goal(s) of this request
3. Write all the user stories you see (include value statements and acceptance criteria, if possible)
4. Prioritize the user stories as
a. Critical
b. Important
c. Useful
d. Out of Scope
5. Are the user stories sufficiently detailed? If not, what steps would you take to split them/further define them?
6. What are the known Data Entities?
7. Is there an implied business process? Draw an activity diagram or a flow chart of it
8. Who are the actors/roles?
9. What questions would you ask of the stakeholders to get more information?
10. What technology should be used to implement the solution?
11. What would you do next as the assigned Business Analyst working on an Agile team?
.
1. Research risk assessment approaches.2. Create an outline .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research risk assessment approaches.
2. Create an outline for a basic qualitative risk assessment plan.
3. Write an introduction to the plan explaining its purpose and importance.
4. Define the scope and boundaries for the risk assessment.
5. Identify data center assets and activities to be assessed.
6. Identify relevant threats and vulnerabilities. Include those listed in the scenario and add to the list if needed.
7. Identify relevant types of controls to be assessed.
8. Identify the key roles and responsibilities of individuals and departments within the organization as they pertain to risk assessments.
9. Develop a proposed schedule for the risk assessment process.
10. Complete the draft risk assessment plan detailing the information above. Risk assessment plans often include tables, but you choose the best format to present the material. Format the bulk of the plan similar to a professional business report and cite any sources you used.
.
1. Research has narrowed the thousands of leadership behaviors into .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research has narrowed the thousands of leadership behaviors into two primary dimensions. Please list and discuss these two behaviors.
2. Distinguish between charismatic, transformational, and authentic leadership. Could an individual display all three types of leadership?
.
1. Research Topic Super Computer Data MiningThe aim of this.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research Topic: Super Computer Data Mining
The aim of this project is to produce a super-computing data mining resource for use by the UK academic community which utilizes a number of advanced machine learning and statistical algorithms for large datasets. In particular, a number of evolutionary computing-based algorithms and the ensemble machine approach will be used to exploit the large-scale parallelism possible in super-computing. This purpose is embodied in the following objectives:
1. to develop a massively parallel approach for commonly used statistical and machine learning techniques for exploratory data analysis
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of evolutionary computing techniques for feature creation and selection
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of evolutionary computing techniques for data modelling
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of ensemble machines for data modelling consisting of many well-known machine learning algorithms;
1. to develop an appropriate super-computing infra-structure to support the use of such advanced machine learning techniques with large datasets.
Research Needs:
Problem definition – In the first phase problem definition is listed i.e. business aims and objectives are determined taking into consideration certain factors like the current background and future prospective.
Data exploration – Required data is collected and explored using various statistical methods along with identification of underlying problems.
Data preparation – The data is prepared for modeling by cleansing and formatting the raw data in the desired way. The meaning of data is not changed while preparing.
Modeling – In this phase the data model is created by applying certain mathematical functions and modeling techniques. After the model is created it goes through validation and verification.
Evaluation – After the model is created, it is evaluated by a team of experts to check whether it satisfies business objectives or not.
Deployment – After evaluation, the model is deployed and further plans are made for its maintenance. A properly organized report is prepared with the summary of the work done.
Research paper Policy
· APA format
. https://apastyle.apa.org/
. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
· Min number of pages are 15 pages
· Must have
. Contents with page numbers
. Abstract
. Introduction
. The problem
4. Are there any sub-problems?
4. Is there any issue need to be present concerning the problem?
. The solutions
5. Steps of the solutions
. Compare the solution to other solution
. Any suggestion to improve the solution
. Conclusion
. References
· Missing one of the above will result -5/30 of the research paper
· Paper does not stick to the APA will result in 0 in the research paper
· Submission
. you have multiple submission to check you safe assignments
. The percentage accepted is 1%.
1. Research and then describe about The Coca-Cola Company primary bu.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research and then describe about The Coca-Cola Company primary business activities. Include: Minimum 7 Pages. Excluding reference page
2.
A. A brief historical summary,
B. A list of competitors,
C. The company's position within the industry,
D. Recent developments within the company/industry,
E. Future direction, and
F. Other items of significance to your corporation.
3. Include information from a variety of resources. For example:
A. Consult the Form 10-K filed with the SEC.
B. Review the Annual Report and especially the Letter to Shareholders
C. Explore the corporate website.
D. Select at least two significant news items from recent business periodicals
The report should be well written with cover page, introduction, the body of the paper (with appropriate subheadings), conclusion, and reference page.
.
1. Prepare a risk management plan for the project of finding a job a.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Prepare a risk management plan for the project of finding a job after graduation.
and
2. Develop a reward system for motivating IPT members to do their jobs more conscientiously and to take on more responsibility.
[The assignment should be at least 400 words minimum and in APA format (including Times New Roman with font size 12 and double spaced), and attached as a WORD file.]
Plagiarism free
.
1. Please define the term social class. How is it usually measured .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Please define the term social class. How is it usually measured? What are some ways that social class is affecting health outcomes for people who become ill with COVID-19?
2. What is the CARES Act? Has it been enough? What has happened to people's ability to pay their bills since it expired?
3. As things stand now, data is showing higher COVID-19 related mortality rates for African Americans. Given what you know from the textbook and from the attached articles, what are some explanations for the disparity?
4. What is environmental racism (injustice)? How does environmental racism put some populations at higher risk for severe medical complications than others? (Vice article)
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/600-week-buys-freedom-fear/613972/
https://www.vox.com/2020/4/10/21207520/coronavirus-deaths-economy-layoffs-inequality-covid-pandemic
https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pke94n/cancer-alley-has-some-of-the-highest-coronavirus-death-rates-in-the-country
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/12/coronavirus-us-deep-south-poverty-race-perfect-storm
.
1. The ALIVE status of each SEX. (SEX needs to be integrated into th.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. The ALIVE status of each SEX. (SEX needs to be integrated into the only Male, Female, ND, and Other) (bar comparison chart, pie comparison chart)
2. How many Male, Female, ND, and Other are there in each ALIGN. (Bar comparison chart)
3. How many red-haired heroes do Marvel and DC have?
.
1. Some potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including strains.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Some potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including strains of Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Candida, and Aspergillus, can survive for one to three months on a variety of materials found in hospitals, including scrub suits, lab coats, plastic aprons, and computer keyboards. What can hospital personnel do to reduce the spread of these pathogens?
2. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preferentially destroys CD4+ cells. Specifically, what effect does this have on antibody and cell-mediated immunity?
**Provide APA references for each
.
1. Taking turns to listen to other students is not always easy f.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Taking turns to listen to other students is not always easy for young children. What does the research show about promoting good listeners in the classroom setting?
2. How would you help the shyest student to become a confident speaker? How would you help the overly confident speaker to have self-control? Why are these skills important to instill in children at this age? How can becoming a confident speaker encourage stronger advocacy skills for themselves? Likewise, how does maintaining self-control encourage better listening?
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1. The main characters names in The Shape of Things are Adam and E.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. The main characters names in "The Shape of Things" are Adam and Evelyn, suggesting the play is a retelling of the original creation myth. Compare the original “Adam and Eve” and characters in the Judea-Christian creation account to Adam and Evelyn. How is The Shape of Things similar or different from the traditional Judea-Xian account? (Keep in mind the main difference being art and artistic versus theistic creation).
2. The “garden” is the museum, and roped off sculpture with the fig leaf is, like the tree of good and evil, what you’re not supposed to touch. Why does the author present the museum as a creation space? How is the sculpture like the tree of good and evil? What happens when they cross the line and touch (or photograph) it?
3. Compare Evelyn and Pygmalion as creators. How does their gender effect their position in history and creation? How do both their creations critique the culture in which they exist? Describe the "changes" to society that Evelyn and Pygmalion aspire to in their art.
4. How much are the creators (Evelyn and Pygmalion) in control of creation and their art work? Where does their control break down? What is the difference between creator and creature; or is the creature reducible to its creator?
5. When does Adam assert his own mind, (if at all) or veer towards independence by not relying on the tools to achieve superficial beauty that Evelyn imparts?
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1. Select one movie from the list belowShutter Island (2010; My.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Select one movie from the list below:
Shutter Island (2010; Mystery, Thriller; Leonardo DiCaprio, Mark Ruffalo
2. Watch the film you have selected as a psychology student and not merely as an ordinary film viewer (it is suggested that you watch the selected film multiple times).
3. Provide your own summary of the film, using psychological terms and concepts that you have learned in class and from your textbook. State clearly the psychological disorder you have seen portrayed in the film you have chosen, using DSM criteria/language. You should explain the psychological disorder portrayed in the movie. Determine and evaluate if the disorder identified in the film is accurate according to your textbook and other resource materials. Provide evidence using actual behaviors seen in the film. Is the depiction of the psychological disorder in the film accurate or not? Give evidence to support your claims using observable behaviors from the movie.
4. Based on the information from the film, determine what clinical diagnosis (or diagnoses) a character from the movie most likely has/have (can be the main character or supporting characters). Use criteria provided by the DSM-5 and provide an evidence-based diagnosis/diagnoses of the person. You will need to justify their diagnoses by demonstrating how the character’s symptoms meet some or all the criteria outlined in the DSM-5 as evidence of your diagnosis/diagnoses. Everything that you assert should be supported by evidence.
7. Be sure to use APA format using the latest edition of the APA Manual (7th edition).
.
1. Select a system of your choice and describe the system life-cycle.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Select a system of your choice and describe the system life-cycle. Construct a detailed flow diagram tailored to your situation
2. What characteristics of an airplane would you attribute to the system as a whole rather than to a collection of its parts? Explain why.
.
1. Sensation refers to an actual event; perception refers to how we .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Sensation refers to an actual event; perception refers to how we interpret the event. What are some cultural differences that might affect responses to particular stimuli, particularly in taste and pain?
2. Most of us feel like we never get enough sleep. What are the stages of sleep and what is the importance of sleep? What are some common sleep disorders and treatments?
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1. The Institute of Medicine (now a renamed as a part of the N.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. The Institute of Medicine (now a renamed as a part of the
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
) defined patient-centered care as: "Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values, and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions.”[1] While this definition clearly emphasizes the importance of a patient’s perspective in the context of clinical care delivery, it does not allow managers to focus on the actual “person” inside the institutional role of the patient.
In the same sense that a person who is incarcerated in a prison may receive extremely humane treatment, the “person” is still defined into the role of an “inmate,” and as such cannot, by definition, be granted the same rights and privileges as a non-institutionalized member of the civil order enjoys. In other words, I may be placed in a cell with great empathy and understanding of my preferences, needs, and values, but I am still being locked-up in jail.
No one is suggesting that being admitted into a jail cell is the same as being admitted into a hospital bed. There are many obvious differences between the two, including the basic purpose of the two institutions.
But while much is different, what is the same is how a pre-existing set of structured behaviors and processes are used to firmly, and without asking or negotiating, radically transform a “regular” person into a defined role of a “patient” that then can be diagnosed, treated, and discharged back into the world once the patient has finished their “time” in the “system.”
While patient-centered care emphasizes the value of increased sensitivity to a patient’s preferences, needs, and values, what we want to focus on is how decisions made by healthcare leaders affect the actual experience of a person receiving that care.
So with the "real person" in mind, this week's question is:
What can healthcare leaders do in improve the actual personal experience that "real people" go through as our "patients?"
(Be sure to develop your answers AFTER you review the definition and roles of "Leadership" in the readings for this week).
[1] Institute on Medicine, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, March, 2001
2. Health Information Technonogy - PPP Discussion
The board has created an innovation fund designed to foster improved quality, increased access, or reduced costs in healthcare delivery. Select a health information technology related to genomics, precision medicine, or diagnostics that you would propose to be funded for implementation. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation that describes the selected health information technology, what it does, why it would be beneficial, and what risks may be involved. Please note, this activity is weighted 5% toward the final grade. The PowerPoint should be no more than 5-6 slides with the presenter's notes. Follow the APA format.
.
1. The Documentary Hypothesis holds that the Pentateuch has a number.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. The Documentary Hypothesis holds that the Pentateuch has a number of underlying documents (alt., sources) that were ultimately gathered and sewn into the Pentateuch as we now have it. The method of separating those underlying documents is called source criticism. Please perform a source-critical analysis of Gen 1-3. In so doing, please identify the significant features that distinguish each underlying document. Note: There are many such features.
2. Why are covenants important in the Bible? What do they accomplish? Are they all the same, whether in structure or outlook? Do the different writers view them differently? What does the ancient Near Eastern background to the biblical covenant contribute to our understanding?
3. Dt 6:4 used to be translated
“Hear, O Israel: The LORD [YHWH] our God, the LORD [YHWH] is one.”
Currently, we translate
“Hear, O Israel: The LORD [YHWH] is our God, the LORD [YHWH] alone.”
In all likelihood, the second translation is grammatically preferable. What is the interpretive difference between “one” and “alone”? Is it significant? How, if at all, does this verse relate to the First Commandment? How does this verse relate to Gen 1:26, 3:22, and 11:7? How does this verse relate to the variant non-MT variant in Dt 32:8-9 (as reproduced in HarperCollins)? Why is any of this important?
Be sure to provide a careful, well-written essay which gives ample biblical examples (proof texts) to support the point(s) you wish to make.
.
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie Thao and Kimberly Hiatt.
2. List and discuss lessons that you and all healthcare professionals can learn from these two cases.
3. Describe how the principle of beneficence and the virtue of benevolence could be applied to these cases. Do you think the hospital adminstrators handled the situations legally and ethically?
4. In addition to benevolence, which other virtues exhibited by their colleagues might have helped Thao and Hiatt?
5. Discuss personal virtues that might be helpful to second victims themselves to navigate the grieving process.
Scholarly article, APA format, and no grammar error
.
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie Tha.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie Thao and Kimberly Hiatt.
2. List and discuss lessons that you and all healthcare professionals can learn from these two cases.
3. Describe how the principle of beneficence and the virtue of benevolence could be applied to these cases. Do you think the hospital adminstrators handled the situations legally and ethically?
4. In addition to benevolence, which other virtues exhibited by their colleagues might have helped Thao and Hiatt?
5. Discuss personal virtues that might be helpful to second victims themselves to navigate the grieving process.
use reference and scholarly nursing article.
.
1. Review the three articles about Inflation that are found below th.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Review the three articles about Inflation that are found below this.
Globalization and Inflatio
n
Drivers of Inflation
Inflation
and Unemploymen
t
2. Locate two JOURNAL articles which discuss this topic further. You need to focus on the Abstract, Introduction, Results, and Conclusion. For our purposes, you are not expected to fully understand the Data and Methodology.
3. Summarize these journal articles. Please use your own words. No copy-and-paste. Cite your sources.
4.The replies are due by the deadline specified in the Course Schedule.
Please post (in APA format) your article citation.
.
1. Review the following request from a customerWe have a ne.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Review the following request from a customer:
We have a need to replace the aging Signage Application. This application is housed in District 4 and serves the district as well as two other districts. We would like a new application that can be used statewide to track all information related to road signs.
The current system is old and doesn’t do most of what we need it to.
The current system has a whole bunch of reports, but no way for the user to update them by themselves without getting IT involved.
We also can’t create our own reports, on-demand, when we need to. Currently, data is entered into the application manually by Administrative Staff, but in the future, we would like to be able to take a picture of the road sign using a phone app, and have it automagically populate the database with geospatial location and other information. We thought about having a Smart Watch interface, but we don’t need that. Also, the current method does not have any way to manage the quality of the data that is entered, so there is a lot of garbage information there. There is no way to centrally manage security access, with the existing application. We want to get real time alerts when a sign gets knocked over in an accident and have a dashboard that shows where signs have been knocked over across the state. This is kind of important, but not super-critical. We need to store location information, types of signs, when a new sign is installed, who installed it, etc. We plan to provide the phone app to drivers in each district who will drive around, take pictures of the signs, and upload them to the database at the end of each day, or in realtime, if a data connection is available.
Back in Central Office, reviewers will review the sign information and validate it. A report will be printed every month with the results and a map. There are probably other things, but we can’t think of anything else right now.
2. List the main goal(s) of this request
3. Write all the user stories you see (include value statements and acceptance criteria, if possible)
4. Prioritize the user stories as
a. Critical
b. Important
c. Useful
d. Out of Scope
5. Are the user stories sufficiently detailed? If not, what steps would you take to split them/further define them?
6. What are the known Data Entities?
7. Is there an implied business process? Draw an activity diagram or a flow chart of it
8. Who are the actors/roles?
9. What questions would you ask of the stakeholders to get more information?
10. What technology should be used to implement the solution?
11. What would you do next as the assigned Business Analyst working on an Agile team?
.
1. Research risk assessment approaches.2. Create an outline .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research risk assessment approaches.
2. Create an outline for a basic qualitative risk assessment plan.
3. Write an introduction to the plan explaining its purpose and importance.
4. Define the scope and boundaries for the risk assessment.
5. Identify data center assets and activities to be assessed.
6. Identify relevant threats and vulnerabilities. Include those listed in the scenario and add to the list if needed.
7. Identify relevant types of controls to be assessed.
8. Identify the key roles and responsibilities of individuals and departments within the organization as they pertain to risk assessments.
9. Develop a proposed schedule for the risk assessment process.
10. Complete the draft risk assessment plan detailing the information above. Risk assessment plans often include tables, but you choose the best format to present the material. Format the bulk of the plan similar to a professional business report and cite any sources you used.
.
1. Research has narrowed the thousands of leadership behaviors into .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research has narrowed the thousands of leadership behaviors into two primary dimensions. Please list and discuss these two behaviors.
2. Distinguish between charismatic, transformational, and authentic leadership. Could an individual display all three types of leadership?
.
1. Research Topic Super Computer Data MiningThe aim of this.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research Topic: Super Computer Data Mining
The aim of this project is to produce a super-computing data mining resource for use by the UK academic community which utilizes a number of advanced machine learning and statistical algorithms for large datasets. In particular, a number of evolutionary computing-based algorithms and the ensemble machine approach will be used to exploit the large-scale parallelism possible in super-computing. This purpose is embodied in the following objectives:
1. to develop a massively parallel approach for commonly used statistical and machine learning techniques for exploratory data analysis
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of evolutionary computing techniques for feature creation and selection
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of evolutionary computing techniques for data modelling
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of ensemble machines for data modelling consisting of many well-known machine learning algorithms;
1. to develop an appropriate super-computing infra-structure to support the use of such advanced machine learning techniques with large datasets.
Research Needs:
Problem definition – In the first phase problem definition is listed i.e. business aims and objectives are determined taking into consideration certain factors like the current background and future prospective.
Data exploration – Required data is collected and explored using various statistical methods along with identification of underlying problems.
Data preparation – The data is prepared for modeling by cleansing and formatting the raw data in the desired way. The meaning of data is not changed while preparing.
Modeling – In this phase the data model is created by applying certain mathematical functions and modeling techniques. After the model is created it goes through validation and verification.
Evaluation – After the model is created, it is evaluated by a team of experts to check whether it satisfies business objectives or not.
Deployment – After evaluation, the model is deployed and further plans are made for its maintenance. A properly organized report is prepared with the summary of the work done.
Research paper Policy
· APA format
. https://apastyle.apa.org/
. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
· Min number of pages are 15 pages
· Must have
. Contents with page numbers
. Abstract
. Introduction
. The problem
4. Are there any sub-problems?
4. Is there any issue need to be present concerning the problem?
. The solutions
5. Steps of the solutions
. Compare the solution to other solution
. Any suggestion to improve the solution
. Conclusion
. References
· Missing one of the above will result -5/30 of the research paper
· Paper does not stick to the APA will result in 0 in the research paper
· Submission
. you have multiple submission to check you safe assignments
. The percentage accepted is 1%.
1. Research and then describe about The Coca-Cola Company primary bu.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Research and then describe about The Coca-Cola Company primary business activities. Include: Minimum 7 Pages. Excluding reference page
2.
A. A brief historical summary,
B. A list of competitors,
C. The company's position within the industry,
D. Recent developments within the company/industry,
E. Future direction, and
F. Other items of significance to your corporation.
3. Include information from a variety of resources. For example:
A. Consult the Form 10-K filed with the SEC.
B. Review the Annual Report and especially the Letter to Shareholders
C. Explore the corporate website.
D. Select at least two significant news items from recent business periodicals
The report should be well written with cover page, introduction, the body of the paper (with appropriate subheadings), conclusion, and reference page.
.
1. Prepare a risk management plan for the project of finding a job a.docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Prepare a risk management plan for the project of finding a job after graduation.
and
2. Develop a reward system for motivating IPT members to do their jobs more conscientiously and to take on more responsibility.
[The assignment should be at least 400 words minimum and in APA format (including Times New Roman with font size 12 and double spaced), and attached as a WORD file.]
Plagiarism free
.
1. Please define the term social class. How is it usually measured .docxketurahhazelhurst
1. Please define the term social class. How is it usually measured? What are some ways that social class is affecting health outcomes for people who become ill with COVID-19?
2. What is the CARES Act? Has it been enough? What has happened to people's ability to pay their bills since it expired?
3. As things stand now, data is showing higher COVID-19 related mortality rates for African Americans. Given what you know from the textbook and from the attached articles, what are some explanations for the disparity?
4. What is environmental racism (injustice)? How does environmental racism put some populations at higher risk for severe medical complications than others? (Vice article)
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/600-week-buys-freedom-fear/613972/
https://www.vox.com/2020/4/10/21207520/coronavirus-deaths-economy-layoffs-inequality-covid-pandemic
https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pke94n/cancer-alley-has-some-of-the-highest-coronavirus-death-rates-in-the-country
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/12/coronavirus-us-deep-south-poverty-race-perfect-storm
.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
CHAPTER 4SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES IN HEALTHBh.docx
1. CHAPTER 4
SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES IN HEALTH
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
IntroPreviously…Grossman modelIndividuals make choices
about their health based on time constraints, budget constraints,
and utilityOptimal amount of health (H*) changes based on
decisions about tradeoffsHow does socioeconomic status (SES)
affect health and choices about health?Does health determine
SES? Or does SES determine health?Use empirical evidence to
explore these questions
The pervasiveness of health disparities
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Health disparities are everywhereHealth Disparity: (def)
differences in health --incidence, prevalence, mortality, and
burden of disease -- between specific populationsex: death rates
for all cancer types for both men and women are highest among
African Americans1Ubiquitous worldwide across races,
educational attainments, employment grades, and
2. incomesBroadly across all socioeconomic statuses (SES)
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Health disparities are everywhereBy education:College
graduates are 25% more likely to survive to age 68 than high
school dropouts
By race:Hispanics report better health status than black
individualsWhite individuals report better health then both
Hispanic and black individualsHealth deteriorates with age
across all races, but disparities persist
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Health disparities across incomeGenerally: high-income
individuals self-report a higher health status than those of lower
incomesFor most conditions, the poor exhibit more incidences
of diseaseSome exceptions like Bronchitis -- no difference Hay
fever -- the rich appear to be diagnosed with hay fever more
oftenMay be explainable if richer children visit the doctor more
often and hence, are more likely to be diagnosed
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Disparities even with universal insuranceEven in countries with
universal health insurance, health disparities persist
Canada:Self-reported health status for children at high SES
better than children of low SES (Currie and Stabile 2003)
England:We discuss the Whitehall studies later
3. Theories to explain health disparities
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Why do health disparities exist?Reasons/theoriesEarly life
eventsIncome levelsStress of being poorWork
capacityImpatienceAdherence to medical advicePolicy
importance of understanding causes of disparities before
addressing them
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
What causes what?Does bad health cause low SES? Does low
SES cause bad health?Are there other factors?
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Hypotheses for health disparitiesEfficient producerThrifty
phenotypeDirect incomeAllostatic loadIncome inequalityAccess
to careProductive timeTime preference (The Fuchs hypothesis)
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The Grossman model and health disparitiesRecall MEC
indicates the return on each additional unit of health
capitalDifferent SES groups may have different
MECsWhy?Each hypothesis posits a different reason
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The efficient producer hypothesisHypothesis: better-educated
4. individuals are more efficient producers of health than less
well-educated individualsGrossman predicts that people who are
more efficient health producers will have higher H*
Lleras-Muney (2005) find that an additional year of schooling
caused ~1.7 year increase in life expectancy in 1920s USHence,
education improves health
The efficient producer hypothesis
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Possible causal mechanismsPossible reasons for positive
correlation between health and education?Lessons in school
help students to take better care of themselvesSchooling helps
students be more patient when it comes to payoffs of
investments (like health)Better-educated more likely to adhere
to treatment regimens
The efficient producer hypothesis
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Thrifty phenotype hypothesisGenetic reasons for being
inefficient at producing healthDeprivation of resources (food) in
utero and early childhood leads to activation of “thrifty” genes
that are useful for sparse environmental conditionsThese
“thrifty” genes good for scarce environments but bad in
conditions of abundanceMore likely to develop diabetes,
obesity, and other disorders later in lifeDisparities arise because
poorer individuals are more likely to have resource deprivation
early in life
The thrifty phenotype hypothesis
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
5. Thrifty phenotype hypothesisUse natural experiments to test
this hypothesisA randomized experiment that randomly deprived
some children in utero and not others would be pretty unethical!
Natural experiments use environmental shocks that naturally
create control and treatment groupsEx: earthquakes, famine,
snowstorms
Good natural experiment eliminates selection bias
The thrifty phenotype hypothesis
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The Dutch famine studyNatural experiment: Dutch famine in
WWII (Rosebloom et al. 2001)
Holland suffered a famine due to a German blockade of food
Created two baby groups:Those in utero during famineThose
conceived after famine
Two groups are similar, except for in utero deprivationSo
hopefully no selection bias!
Findings:Babies in utero during famine had higher rates of
diabetes and obesity in adulthood
The thrifty phenotype hypothesis
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The direct income hypothesisHypothesis: disparities exist
because rich people have more resources to devote to
healthRich individuals have an expanded PPF because of extra
financial resourcesExpanded PPF = higher H* that can be
obtained
The direct income hypothesis
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
6. Allostatic load hypothesisHypothesis: Prolonged or repeated
stress is unhealthy and can cause an increased rate of aging
In the Grossman model, aging is represented by rate of
depreciation of health capital δ
High stress load leads to a higher δ
The allostatic load hypothesis
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The Whitehall studyWhitehall study by Marmot at al. (1978,
1991)Compares health status of British civil servantsBritish
civil servants relatively homogenous in background and share
workplace environmentsAll British citizens have the same
access to health care through the National Health Service
Findings:Disease morbidity and mortality rates highest for low-
grade civil servantsLow-grade civil servants reported more
stressful work and home environments
The Allostatic Load Hypothesis
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Income inequality hypothesisHypothesis: Health disparities are
caused by an unequal distribution of incomeRelated to the
allostatic load hypothesisMore equal societies are less stressful
and therefore healthier
Policy implications? If theory is true then policy makers should
aim at reducing inequality within a communityThe health status
of a society may decline even if average income rises if income
becomes more concentrated
The Direct Income Hypothesis
*
7. Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Access to care hypothesisHypothesis: Those with high incomes
can afford more generous health insurance compared to those of
low income
But health disparities persist in countries with universal health
insuranceCanadian youth (Currie and Stabile 2003) British civil
servants (Marmot et al. 1978, 1991) both countries have equal
access to health care!
The access to care hypothesis
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Productive time hypothesisSES differences are caused by
disparities in health
Bad health leads to lower productive time and therefore less
time to produce income
Oreopoulos et al. (2008) and Black et al. (2007) study siblings
growing up in same household
Those with worse health during infancy have higher mortality
rates, lower educational achievement, and lower adult earnings
The productive time hypothesis
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The Fuchs hypothesisBad health does not cause low SES, and
low SES does not cause bad healthA third factor – time
preference -- causes both!
Health and SES both determined by willingness to delay
gratificationPeople who are willing to delay gratification are
more willing to invest in things like education and health
People willing to delay gratification have high discount factors
δ
8. The Fuchs hypothesis
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ConclusionEach theory has supporting evidence and each can
explain some socioeconomic health disparitiesKey
takeaways:Better-educated people generally have better health
even with the same resourcesHealth events early in life affect
health into adulthoodStress plays an important role in creating
health disparitiesEqualizing access to care does not eliminate
health disparitiesThere is a two-way relationship between health
and SES
*
For this discussion topic please choose a natural
hazard/disaster that occurred prior to the year 1900. You should
be able to find plenty of examples online. I want you to write
this post as if you were witnessing the event and writing an
account of what happened.
Please choose an event that actually happened and use your
imagination for the details. However, please incorporate class
material into your report. Remember to also think about what
technologies were available at the time. For example, there
would not be a seismograph in 1600 or a helicopter to save
people in 1800
CHAPTER 3
9. DEMAND FOR HEALTH:
THE GROSSMAN MODEL
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
IntroPreviously…Demand for health care is downward
slopingPeople choose amount of health care they receive based
on pricePeople choose their health care, but do they choose
their own health?Is health something that happens to us? Or do
we choose it?We use the Grossman model to explore this
question
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The 3 Roles of Health (H)
Health plays three roles in the Grossman model:
A consumption good
An input into production
A form of stock/capital (an investment)
Health as a consumption good
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Health as a direct input into utilityHealth as a consumption
good enters directly into utilitySingle-period Utility at time t
Ut= U(Ht, Zt)Ht = level of healthZt=
“home good”Everything non-health that contributes to
10. utilityE.g. video games, time with friends, movie tickets
**Note: health ≠ health careHealth care is not explicitly in the
utility functioni.e. Getting vaccines does not provide utility but
staying healthy does
Health as a consumption good
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Time constraints in the Grossman model
In a single period, there are only 24 hours in a day to contribute
to your utility:
Θ = 24 = TW + TZ + TH + TS Divide total time Θ
between:Working TWPlaying TZImproving health THBeing sick
TS
Health as a consumption good
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Time constraint means time tradeoffsTime working TW
produces income Buy things that contribute to utility (H, Z) but
need to spend time in those activities (TH, TZ)Time sick TS
does not increase utilityEvery hour spent sick takes away time
to do other utility-increasing activities (loss time)
Health as a consumption good
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The labor-leisure tradeoffGiven levels of TS and TH, individual
chooses how to allocate time between work TW and play
TZ.Optimal point decides on indifference curvesWhen health
improves, more productive time is available for usePushes time
constraint outward (from U0 to U1)Can reach higher utilities
Health as a consumption good
11. Health as an input into production
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The three roles of health (H)
Health plays three roles in the Grossman model:
A consumption good
An input into productionOf health (H)Of productive time (TP)
A form of stock/capital (an investment)
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Producing H and Z
Both Health and Home good Z must be produced with time and
market inputs
Ht = H (Ht-1, TtH, Mt)
Zt = Z (TtZ, Jt)
Mt= market inputs for health HEx: weights, treadmill
Jt= market inputs for home goods ZEx: video games, opera
tickets
Today’s health Ht also depends on yesterday’s health Ht-1This
is health’s third role as a stock which we discuss later
Health as an input into production
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Health affects production by lowering TS
12. TP= Θ – TS = TW + TZ + TH
Healthier you are, the less time you spend sickTP is productive
time spent on useful activitiesIncreased productive time can be
reinvested into health (TH) or other useful endeavors (TW,
TZ)Only way to reduce sick time (TS) is to improve health
Health as an input into production
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Production Possibility FrontierProduction Possibility Frontier
(PPF): the possible combinations of H and Z attainable, given
an individual’s budget and time constraints
Standard economic PPF shows H and Z as substitutesWrong!
Why?
Maximum Z is minimum HIf individual is at minimum H, they
are dead and cannot produce any Z
Health as an input into production
An INCORRECT PPF
Problem point
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
PPF in the Grossman modelPoint A
Hmin: no productive time
for work, play, or
improvement of health
Point B“free-lunch zone”Small improvements in health yield
large increases in productive time; can increase Z without
giving up H
Health as an input into production
A CORRECT PPF
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
13. PPF in the Grossman model
Point CMaximum Z possibleCan’t improve health without
taking away ZIf try to increase Z by shifting resources, sick
time will increase and outweigh gain in resources for ZIncreases
in health will not produce extra time to offset time spent
improving health
Health as an input into production
A CORRECT PPF
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
PPF in the Grossman modelPoint D“tradeoff zone”Increases in
H only yield small decreases in sick timeIncreases in H, takes
away from Z
Point ESpend all time and money on healthIgnores all home
goods
Health as an input into production
A CORRECT PPF
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Choosing optimal H* and Z*Someone who values both H and Z
chooses a point between C and E in order to maximize their
utilityChooses point FU2 is unattainable given PPF
constraintsAt U0, an individual can attain more utilityAt F: U1
and PPF are tangentH* and Z* are optimal levels of health and
home goods
Health as an input into production
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Exotic preferences and indifference curvesIf individual only
14. cares about home goods (Z)Horizontal indifference curvesH*
and Z* at point C
Cares only about Health H
Cares only about home good Z
Health as an input into productionIf individual only cares about
Health Vertical indifference curvesH* and Z* at point E
Health as an investment
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
The three roles of health (H)
Health plays three roles in the Grossman
Model:
A consumption good
An input into production
A form of stock/capital (an investment)
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Lifetime of utilityOn any day, an individual considers not only
today’s utility U(H0,Z0) but all future utility as well!
Health is a stock; some of it carries over each new period
Home good Z is a flow (it lasts for only 1 period)δ =
individual’s discount rateA person values utility now more than
in the futureΩ = individual’s lifespan (total number of periods)
Health as an investment
15. Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Health depreciates over time
Some of yesterday’s health lasts to today but not
all of it
Ht = H ( (1- γ)Ht-1, TtH, Mt )γ = rate of depreciationRecall:Ht
= health at time period tHt-1 = health from previous periodTtH
= time spent on health in period tMt = market inputs for health
(like checkups and prescription pills)
Health as an investment
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
MEC curve and investments in healthMarginal Efficiency of
Capital (MEC) curve:
indicates how efficient
each unit of health capital
is in increasing lifetime
utilityWhen level of H is low, small investments have high
returns to productive time
Health as an investment
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Costs to investing in healthOpportunity costForgoes putting
money into other investmentsr = interest rate of alternative
market investmentDepreciation due to aging (γ)Health must pay
a return of at least r + γIf return is less than
r + γ, then market return beats health investment returnH*
= optimal amount of healthMarginal cost balances with marginal
benefit of health investment
Health as an investment
16. Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Predictions of the Grossman model
The Grossman model helps explain why we
observe:
Better health among the educated
Declining health among the aging
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Health and education
Well-educated individuals are more efficient producers of
healthCollege grads benefits more than a high school
dropout.Explanations?
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MEC and efficiency of health investment
Better educated are
more efficient at each
level of health
investment
MECC > MECHH*C is higher than H*H
MECC = college graduate
MECH = high school dropout
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Predictions of the Grossman model
The Grossman model helps explain why we
17. observe:
Better health among the educated
Declining health among the aging
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Depreciation of healthRecall:
Ht = H ( (1- γ)Ht-1, TtH, Mt )Depreciation γ is not
constant γ increases with ageAs γ increases, costs
(r + γ) increase and it takes more resources to maintain
same level of health
As a result of increasing depreciation γ over time, optimal
health H* also declines over time!
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
Optimal death in the Grossman modelBecause of rising
depreciation, there are better investments in the market than the
individual’s healthH* eventually reaches HminWhy would
anyone choose Hmin?How is Hmin utility-maximizing?
Bhattacharya, Hyde and Tu – Health Economics
ConclusionIs health something that happens to us or is
chosen?Grossman model says it is chosenIn fact, we even
choose when we dieWhile that may seem far-fetched, Grossman
model a useful tool for understanding the roles and tradeoffs of
health Next we use the Grossman model to understand empirical
findings about the relationship between socioeconomic status
and health