Teach Argumentation Skills Effectively with Logos, Ethos & Pathos
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The document provides guidance on teaching argumentation skills to students. It discusses the rhetorical modes of logos, ethos, and pathos and how they are used in advertising and political ads. It also covers understanding claims versus opinions, identifying logical fallacies, and determining if a statement is a claim, opinion, or fallacy. Suggested classroom activities are presented, including using talk protocols to structure student arguments, playing an "evidence game" to have students take positions and debate with evidence, and providing examples of claims for students to analyze.
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Teach Argumentation Skills Effectively with Logos, Ethos & Pathos
- 1. Teach Argumentation Effortlessly ANGELA PEERY, ED. D. DRANGELAPEERY@GMAIL.COM
- 2. Teaching the skills of argumentation… Not a fad… A good idea… For a long time…
- 3. Exercising Logic THE ROLE OF LOGOS, ETHOS, PATHOS
- 5. Advertising: Logos, ethos, or pathos?
- 6. Advertising: Logos, ethos, or pathos?
- 7. Advertising: Logos, ethos, or pathos?
- 8. Political Ads (More fine examples of the use of pathos!) YouTube Videos to use with students: The Logical Fallacy Project tinyurl.com/m285fy7 Five Fallacies by PBS tinyurl.com/p2wtg8m
- 9. Understanding Claims CLAIMS, OPINION, AND LOGICAL FALLACIES
- 10. Claims and Non-Claims Claim ◦A position ◦Debatable Opinion ◦A personal view ◦Not necessarily based on fact Logical fallacy ◦An error in reasoning ◦Illegitimate or irrelevant
- 11. Is it a claim, an opinion, a logical fallacy, or something else?
- 12. Types of Claims Fact or definition ◦ What many people refer to as global warming or climate change is actually nothing more than the repetition of natural cycles that have occurred for eons. Value, judgment, or worth ◦ Climate change is the most serious issue facing the world today. Cause and effect ◦ Human actions are the forces behind much of the climate change in the past century. Policy or solution ◦ The governments of the world should spend more time, energy, and money on finding sources of renewable energy in order to slow the rate of climate change.
- 13. 1. Driving hybrid cars is an effective way to reduce pollution. 2. If the government were to ban gas-guzzling cars, they would eventually ban air travel as well. 3. The show “Whale Wars” is my favorite reality show. 4. The show “Whale Wars” should not be on TV because the crew on the show is a bunch of unlawful hippies. 5. Watching reality shows is a waste of an intelligent person’s time and energy. 6. Raising the federal minimum wage would be beneficial for both workers and business owners. 7. People who don’t support the increase in the federal minimum wage have contempt for the poor. 8. If I had to work three minimum wage jobs to support my family, I would. 9. The use of plastic grocery bags should be minimized in order to better protect our planet.
- 14. Logical Fallacies A great site for students - yourlogicalfallacyis.com A great site for adults - tinyurl.com/pa4z7xo (University of Idaho professor’s site)
- 15. Ideas for the Classroom MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOL
- 16. Talk Protocol 1. Name or set up the argument. 2. Gather evidence for both sides of the argument. (Read/listen/take notes) 3. Select your position. 4. Face an opponent. Explain your position. 5. Provide/receive feedback. 6. Meet with your team (same position) to plan rebuttal. 7. Face an opponent again. Provide rebuttal. 8. Prepare next steps. ◦ Writing ◦ Presentation ◦ Class debate
- 17. Play the Evidence Game The teacher presents a position. The teacher provides evidence for both sides. Have students “vote with their feet” to take/change positions or to show how strongly they agree/disagree.
- 18. Let’s play the evidence game…
- 19. Potbellied pigs make good family pets.
- 20. Evidence They bond easily with humans. They can live to be 20 years old. They are generally hypoallergenic. You can train a pig to walk on a leash. They are highly trainable and learn at a faster rate than dogs. The pig’s brain is only slightly less developed than a dolphin’s. They are very susceptible to heat and stress. They are physically incapable of sweating.
- 21. Other Ideas
- 22. What are your next steps? What are your next steps?
Editor's Notes
- Argumentative writing has risen to the top of secondary educators’ list of priorities. In this session, teachers will learn specific exercises they can conduct with middle school or high school students that will help students exercise logic, distinguish claims from opinions and logical fallacies, and engage in well-informed debate. Supportive materials from other teachers will be shared.
- Logos: Sheldon on Big Bang Theory Ethos: Leonard? Pathos: Penny What other characters exemplify these traits? What examples could we use with teens? Cartoon characters? “Argument” and “Persuasion” When writing to persuade, writers employ a variety of persuasive strategies. One common strategy is an appeal to the credibility, character, or authority of the writer (or speaker). When writers establish that they are knowledgeable and trustworthy, audiences are more likely to believe what they say. Another is an appeal to the audience’s self-interest, sense of identity, or emotions, any of which can sway an audience. A logical argument, on the other hand, convinces the audience because of the perceived merit and reasonableness of the claims and proofs offered rather than either the emotions the writing evokes in the audience or the character or credentials of the writer. The Standards place special emphasis on writing logical arguments as a particularly important form of college- and career-ready writing.
- Advertising almost always relies on pathos or ethos. Would you buy underwear because a celebrity endorses it? Some people do, obviously.
- The Duluth Trading Co. commercials are an exception. Even though they use humor, they do make logical arguments for their products – in this case, that their underwear is the most comfortable, and that’s why you should buy it.
- Beer commercials are notorious for being illogical. If you drink Dos Equis, do you suddenly become more interesting? If you drink Budweiser, will you be able to attract the hot ladies? The advertisers are trying to make you think so!
- 1st one is 6 minutes 2nd one is 13 minutes More great examples -- Lindsey Graham saying he knows Iranians are liars because of his childhood and parents’ pool hall: http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-05-26/lindsey-graham-knows-the-iranians-are-lying-because-his-parents-owned-a-pool-room Explanation of the straw man fallacy (from PBS): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGZkCPo7tC0 Get Direct TV and get rid of cable (or terrible things happen to you): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ80SVOHKoo
- See https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/659/03/ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/fallacies/ http://study.com/academy/lesson/logical-fallacy-definition-examples.html The Logical Fallacy Project on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXLTQi7vVsI
- https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/588/01/ Claims typically fall into one of four categories. Thinking about how you want to approach your topic, in other words what type of claim you want to make, is one way to focus your thesis on one particular aspect of your broader topic. Claims of fact or definition: These claims argue about what the definition of something is or whether something is a settled fact. Example: What some people refer to as global warming is actually nothing more than normal, long-term cycles of climate change. Claims of cause and effect: These claims argue that one person, thing, or event caused another thing or event to occur. Example: The popularity of SUV's in America has caused pollution to increase. Claims about value: These are claims made of what something is worth, whether we value it or not, how we would rate or categorize something. Example: Global warming is the most pressing challenge facing the world today. Claims about solutions or policies: These are claims that argue for or against a certain solution or policy approach to a problem. Example: Instead of drilling for oil in Alaska we should be focusing on ways to reduce oil consumption, such as researching renewable energy sources.
- Claim Logical fallacy – slippery slope Opinion Logical fallacy – ad hominem attack Claim Claim Logical fallacy – straw man Something else – personal story? Claim You misrepresented someone's argument to make it easier to attack. By exaggerating, misrepresenting, or just completely fabricating someone's argument, it's much easier to present your own position as being reasonable, but this kind of dishonesty serves to undermine honest rational debate. Example: After Will said that we should put more money into health and education, Warren responded by saying that he was surprised that Will hates our country so much that he wants to leave it defenseless by cutting military spending.
- Good concise explanations at http://www.myguruedge.com/our-thinking/myguru-blog/bid/214477/10-Common-Logical-Fallacies
- Adapted from the argument talk protocol developed by Lucy Calkins and her colleagues at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project.
- Choose a side, yes or no. You must make a decision on the next slide…
- Take a side on: “Potbellied pigs make good family pets.” See http://www.pigplacementnetwork.org/adopt/is-a-pig-right-for-you/ http://www.vettechcertificate.com/pets/pros-and-cons-of-owning-a-pet-pig/ http://teacuppiglets.weebly.com/proscons.html
- Pig activity – do this with the audience. Each bullet comes up on click. Have people choose a definite side and stand on one side of the room for “agree” and one for “disagree.” Then if they start to reconsider their positions, they can move toward the middle. Lastly, if pigs aren’t good pets……… they’re delicious! (bad joke from my husband)