This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new image interpolation technique to reconstruct high-resolution images from low-resolution counterparts while preserving edge structures. The technique estimates each pixel to be interpolated in two orthogonal directions and fuses the estimates using linear minimum mean square error estimation. This adaptive fusion approach can better discriminate edge directions in the local window compared to interpolating in a single direction. The technique aims to improve on traditional linear interpolation methods by adapting to local image gradients to reduce artifacts while preserving sharp edges. A simplified version is also presented to reduce computational costs with minimal impact on performance. Experiments showed the new technique can better preserve edges and reduce artifacts compared to other methods.
Effective Pixel Interpolation for Image Super ResolutionIOSR Journals
In the near future, there is an eminent demand for High Resolution images. In order to fulfil this
demand, Super Resolution (SR) is an approach used to renovate High Resolution (HR) image from one or more
Low Resolution (LR) images. The aspiration of SR is to dig up the self-sufficient information from each LR
image in that set and combine the information into a single HR image. Conventional interpolation methods can
produce sharp edges; however, they are approximators and tend to weaken fine structure. In order to overcome
the drawback, a new approach of Effective Pixel Interpolation method is incorporated. It has been numerically
verified that the resulting algorithm reinstate sharp edges and enhance fine structures satisfactorily,
outperforming conventional methods. The suggested algorithm has also proved efficient enough to be applicable
for real-time processing for resolution enhancement of image. Statistical examples are shown to verify the claim.
Image fusion technology is also used to fuse two processed images obtained through the algorithm
This is a paper I wrote as part of my seminar "Inverse Problems in Computer Vision" while pursuing my M.Sc Medical Engineering at FAU, Erlangen, Germany.
The paper details a state-of-the-art method used for Single Image Super Resolution using Deep Convolutional Networks and the possible extensions to the original approach by considering compression and noise artifacts.
This document proposes a new method called multi-surface fitting for enhancing the resolution of digital images. The method fits multiple surfaces, with one surface fitted for each low-resolution pixel, and then fuses the multi-sampling values from these surfaces using maximum a posteriori estimation. This allows more low-resolution pixel information to be utilized to reconstruct the high-resolution image compared to other interpolation-based methods. The method is shown to effectively preserve image details without requiring assumptions about the image prior, as iterative techniques do. It provides error-free high resolution for test images.
The document reviews approaches to image interpolation and super-resolution. It discusses several interpolation methods including polynomial-based, edge-directed, and soft-decision approaches. Edge-directed methods aim to preserve edge sharpness during upsampling by estimating edge orientations or fusing multiple orientations. New edge-directed interpolation uses a Wiener filter to estimate missing pixel values. Soft-decision adaptive interpolation and robust soft-decision interpolation further improve results by modeling image signals within local windows and incorporating outlier weighting. The document provides formulations and comparisons of these methods.
Image fusion is a technique of
intertwining at least two pictures of same scene to
shape single melded picture which shows indispensable
data in the melded picture. Picture combination
system is utilized for expelling clamor from the
pictures. Commotion is an undesirable material which
crumbles the nature of a picture influencing the
lucidity of a picture. Clamor can be of different kinds,
for example, Gaussian commotion, motivation clamor,
uniform commotion and so forth. Pictures degenerate
some of the time amid securing or transmission or
because of blame memory areas in the equipment.
Picture combination should be possible at three
dimensions, for example, pixel level combination,
highlight level combination and choice dimension
combination. There are essentially two kinds of picture
combination methods which are spatial area
combination systems and transient space combination
procedures. (PCA) combination, Normal strategy, high
pass sifting are spatial area techniques and strategies
which incorporate change, for example, Discrete
Cosine Transform, Discrete wavelet change are
transient space combination strategies. There are
different techniques for picture combination which
have numerous favorable circumstances and
detriments. Numerous procedures experience the ill
effects of the issue of shading curios that comes in the
intertwined picture shaped. Also, the Cyclopean One
of the most astonishing properties of human stereo
vision is the combination of the left and right
perspectives of a scene into a solitary cyclopean one.
Under typical survey conditions, the world shows up as
observed from a virtual eye set halfway between the
left and right eye positions. The apparent picture of
the world is never recorded specifically by any tangible
exhibit, however developed by our neural equipment.
The term cyclopean alludes to a type of visual
upgrades that is characterized by binocular
dissimilarity alone. He suspected that stereo-psis may
find concealed articles, this may be helpful to discover
disguised items. The critical part of this examination
when utilizing arbitrary dab stereo-grams was that
uniqueness is adequate for stereo-psis, and where had
just demonstrated that binocular difference was vital
for stereo-psis.
Single Image Super-Resolution Using Analytical Solution for L2-L2 Algorithmijtsrd
This paper addresses a unified work for achieving single image super-resolution, which consists of improving a high resolution from blurred, decimated and noisy version. Single image super-resolution is also known as image enhancement or image scaling up. In this paper mainly four steps are used for enhancement of single image resolution: input image, low sampling the image, an analytical solution and L2 regularization. This proposes to deal with the decimation and blurring operators by their particular properties in the frequency domain, which leads to a fast super-resolution approach. And an analytical solution obtained and implemented for the L2-regularization i.e. L2-L2 optimized algorithm. This aims to reduce the computational cost of the existing methods by the proposed method. Simulation results taken on different images and different priors with an advance machine learning technique and conducted results compared with the existing method. Varsha Patil | Meharunnisa SP"Single Image Super-Resolution Using Analytical Solution for L2-L2 Algorithm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15635.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15635/single-image-super-resolution-using-analytical-solution-for-l2-l2-algorithm/varsha-patil
This document discusses techniques for image resolution enhancement, including super resolution and blind deconvolution. It provides an overview of various super resolution methods such as interpolation-based, learning-based, and reconstruction-based. For blind deconvolution, it describes single image blind deconvolution and multi-image blind deconvolution. It also discusses unified blind approaches that combine blur identification and image restoration. The document compares different resolution enhancement methods and their processing times. It concludes that unified blind techniques can efficiently enhance image resolution captured under atmosphere turbulence by combining blur identification and image restoration in a single procedure.
Image resolution enhancement using blind techniqueeSAT Journals
This document discusses techniques for image resolution enhancement, including super resolution and blind deconvolution. It provides an overview of various super resolution methods such as interpolation-based, learning-based, and reconstruction-based. For blind deconvolution, it describes single image blind deconvolution and multi-image blind deconvolution. It also discusses unified blind approaches that combine blur identification and image restoration. The document compares different resolution enhancement methods and their processing times. It concludes that unified blind techniques can efficiently enhance image resolution captured under atmosphere turbulence with minimum processing time.
Effective Pixel Interpolation for Image Super ResolutionIOSR Journals
In the near future, there is an eminent demand for High Resolution images. In order to fulfil this
demand, Super Resolution (SR) is an approach used to renovate High Resolution (HR) image from one or more
Low Resolution (LR) images. The aspiration of SR is to dig up the self-sufficient information from each LR
image in that set and combine the information into a single HR image. Conventional interpolation methods can
produce sharp edges; however, they are approximators and tend to weaken fine structure. In order to overcome
the drawback, a new approach of Effective Pixel Interpolation method is incorporated. It has been numerically
verified that the resulting algorithm reinstate sharp edges and enhance fine structures satisfactorily,
outperforming conventional methods. The suggested algorithm has also proved efficient enough to be applicable
for real-time processing for resolution enhancement of image. Statistical examples are shown to verify the claim.
Image fusion technology is also used to fuse two processed images obtained through the algorithm
This is a paper I wrote as part of my seminar "Inverse Problems in Computer Vision" while pursuing my M.Sc Medical Engineering at FAU, Erlangen, Germany.
The paper details a state-of-the-art method used for Single Image Super Resolution using Deep Convolutional Networks and the possible extensions to the original approach by considering compression and noise artifacts.
This document proposes a new method called multi-surface fitting for enhancing the resolution of digital images. The method fits multiple surfaces, with one surface fitted for each low-resolution pixel, and then fuses the multi-sampling values from these surfaces using maximum a posteriori estimation. This allows more low-resolution pixel information to be utilized to reconstruct the high-resolution image compared to other interpolation-based methods. The method is shown to effectively preserve image details without requiring assumptions about the image prior, as iterative techniques do. It provides error-free high resolution for test images.
The document reviews approaches to image interpolation and super-resolution. It discusses several interpolation methods including polynomial-based, edge-directed, and soft-decision approaches. Edge-directed methods aim to preserve edge sharpness during upsampling by estimating edge orientations or fusing multiple orientations. New edge-directed interpolation uses a Wiener filter to estimate missing pixel values. Soft-decision adaptive interpolation and robust soft-decision interpolation further improve results by modeling image signals within local windows and incorporating outlier weighting. The document provides formulations and comparisons of these methods.
Image fusion is a technique of
intertwining at least two pictures of same scene to
shape single melded picture which shows indispensable
data in the melded picture. Picture combination
system is utilized for expelling clamor from the
pictures. Commotion is an undesirable material which
crumbles the nature of a picture influencing the
lucidity of a picture. Clamor can be of different kinds,
for example, Gaussian commotion, motivation clamor,
uniform commotion and so forth. Pictures degenerate
some of the time amid securing or transmission or
because of blame memory areas in the equipment.
Picture combination should be possible at three
dimensions, for example, pixel level combination,
highlight level combination and choice dimension
combination. There are essentially two kinds of picture
combination methods which are spatial area
combination systems and transient space combination
procedures. (PCA) combination, Normal strategy, high
pass sifting are spatial area techniques and strategies
which incorporate change, for example, Discrete
Cosine Transform, Discrete wavelet change are
transient space combination strategies. There are
different techniques for picture combination which
have numerous favorable circumstances and
detriments. Numerous procedures experience the ill
effects of the issue of shading curios that comes in the
intertwined picture shaped. Also, the Cyclopean One
of the most astonishing properties of human stereo
vision is the combination of the left and right
perspectives of a scene into a solitary cyclopean one.
Under typical survey conditions, the world shows up as
observed from a virtual eye set halfway between the
left and right eye positions. The apparent picture of
the world is never recorded specifically by any tangible
exhibit, however developed by our neural equipment.
The term cyclopean alludes to a type of visual
upgrades that is characterized by binocular
dissimilarity alone. He suspected that stereo-psis may
find concealed articles, this may be helpful to discover
disguised items. The critical part of this examination
when utilizing arbitrary dab stereo-grams was that
uniqueness is adequate for stereo-psis, and where had
just demonstrated that binocular difference was vital
for stereo-psis.
Single Image Super-Resolution Using Analytical Solution for L2-L2 Algorithmijtsrd
This paper addresses a unified work for achieving single image super-resolution, which consists of improving a high resolution from blurred, decimated and noisy version. Single image super-resolution is also known as image enhancement or image scaling up. In this paper mainly four steps are used for enhancement of single image resolution: input image, low sampling the image, an analytical solution and L2 regularization. This proposes to deal with the decimation and blurring operators by their particular properties in the frequency domain, which leads to a fast super-resolution approach. And an analytical solution obtained and implemented for the L2-regularization i.e. L2-L2 optimized algorithm. This aims to reduce the computational cost of the existing methods by the proposed method. Simulation results taken on different images and different priors with an advance machine learning technique and conducted results compared with the existing method. Varsha Patil | Meharunnisa SP"Single Image Super-Resolution Using Analytical Solution for L2-L2 Algorithm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15635.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/15635/single-image-super-resolution-using-analytical-solution-for-l2-l2-algorithm/varsha-patil
This document discusses techniques for image resolution enhancement, including super resolution and blind deconvolution. It provides an overview of various super resolution methods such as interpolation-based, learning-based, and reconstruction-based. For blind deconvolution, it describes single image blind deconvolution and multi-image blind deconvolution. It also discusses unified blind approaches that combine blur identification and image restoration. The document compares different resolution enhancement methods and their processing times. It concludes that unified blind techniques can efficiently enhance image resolution captured under atmosphere turbulence by combining blur identification and image restoration in a single procedure.
Image resolution enhancement using blind techniqueeSAT Journals
This document discusses techniques for image resolution enhancement, including super resolution and blind deconvolution. It provides an overview of various super resolution methods such as interpolation-based, learning-based, and reconstruction-based. For blind deconvolution, it describes single image blind deconvolution and multi-image blind deconvolution. It also discusses unified blind approaches that combine blur identification and image restoration. The document compares different resolution enhancement methods and their processing times. It concludes that unified blind techniques can efficiently enhance image resolution captured under atmosphere turbulence with minimum processing time.
This document contains questions from a student about digital photogrammetry. It discusses various image matching techniques including intensity-based matching using cross-correlation and least squares matching, and feature-based matching using points, edges, and blobs. It also discusses relational matching and compares area-based and feature-based matching. Typical problems for image matching are described like lack of texture, straight features, repetitive patterns, and occlusions. Epipolar geometry and its advantages for image matching are explained, noting that it defines geometric constraints between images from different camera positions.
An efficient image segmentation approach through enhanced watershed algorithmAlexander Decker
This document proposes an efficient image segmentation approach combining an enhanced watershed algorithm and color histogram analysis. The watershed algorithm is applied to preprocessed images after merging the results with an enhanced edge detection. Over-segmentation issues are addressed through a post-processing step applying color histogram analysis to each segmented region, improving overall performance. The document provides background on image segmentation techniques, reviews related work applying watershed algorithms, and discusses challenges like over-segmentation that watershed approaches can face.
Single image super resolution with improved wavelet interpolation and iterati...iosrjce
IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.Design and realization of microelectronic systems using VLSI/ULSI technologies require close collaboration among scientists and engineers in the fields of systems architecture, logic and circuit design, chips and wafer fabrication, packaging, testing and systems applications. Generation of specifications, design and verification must be performed at all abstraction levels, including the system, register-transfer, logic, circuit, transistor and process levels.
This document presents a method for interactive image segmentation using constrained active contours. It begins with an overview of existing interactive segmentation techniques, including boundary-based methods like active contours/snakes and region-based methods like random walks and graph cuts. The proposed method initializes a contour using region-based segmentation then refines it using a convex active contour model that incorporates both regional information from seed pixels and boundary smoothness. This allows the contour to globally evolve to object boundaries while handling topology changes.
Implementation of High Dimension Colour Transform in Domain of Image ProcessingIRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing a high-dimensional color transform method for salient region detection in images. It aims to extract salient regions by designing a saliency map using global and local image features. The creation of the saliency map involves mapping colors from RGB space to a high-dimensional color space to find an optimal linear combination of color coefficients. This allows composing an accurate saliency map. The performance is further improved by using relative location and color contrast between superpixels as features and resolving the saliency estimation from an initial trimap using a learning-based algorithm. The method is analyzed on a dataset of training images.
Abstract Image Segmentation plays a vital role in image processing. The research in this area is still relevant due to its wide applications. Image segmentation is a process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with same label share certain visual characteristics. Sometimes it becomes necessary to calculate the total number of colors from the given RGB image to quantize the image, to detect cancer and brain tumour. The goal of this paper is to provide the best algorithm for image segmentation. Keywords: Image segmentation, RGB
Compressed sensing applications in image processing & communication (1)Mayur Sevak
This document discusses applications of compressed sensing in image processing and communication. It begins by explaining what compressed sensing is and how it works by acquiring signals using fewer samples than required by the Nyquist criterion through exploiting sparsity and incoherence. It then discusses how to implement compressed sensing using properties of sparsity and incoherence along with convex optimization for reconstruction. Applications discussed include image fusion, representation, denoising, remote sensing, MIMO and cognitive radio communications, and ultra-wideband channel estimation. Compressed sensing is shown to provide benefits like reducing data acquisition and transmission costs while enabling reliable signal reconstruction.
IRJET-A Review on Implementation of High Dimension Colour Transform in Domain...IRJET Journal
This document reviews algorithms for detecting salient regions in images using high dimensional color transforms. It summarizes several existing methods that use color contrast, frequency analysis, and superpixel segmentation. A key method discussed creates a saliency map by finding the optimal linear combination of color coefficients in a high dimensional color space. This allows more accurate detection of salient objects versus methods using only RGB color. The performance of this high dimensional color transform method is improved by also utilizing relative location and color contrast between superpixels as learned features.
EFFICIENT IMAGE RETRIEVAL USING REGION BASED IMAGE RETRIEVALsipij
1) The document describes an efficient region-based image retrieval system that uses discrete wavelet transform and k-means clustering. It segments images into regions, each characterized by features like size, mean, and covariance.
2) The system pre-processes images by resizing, converting to HSV color space, performing DWT, and using k-means clustering on DWT coefficients to generate regions. It extracts features for each region and stores them in a database.
3) For retrieval, it pre-processes the query image similarly and calculates similarities between the query regions and database regions based on their features, returning similar images.
MONOGENIC SCALE SPACE BASED REGION COVARIANCE MATRIX DESCRIPTOR FOR FACE RECO...cscpconf
In this paper, we have presented a new face recognition algorithm based on region covariance
matrix (RCM) descriptor computed in monogenic scale space. In the proposed model, energy
information obtained using monogenic filter is used to represent a pixel at different scales to
form region covariance matrix descriptor for each face image during training phase. An eigenvalue
based distance measure is used to compute the similarity between face images. Extensive
experimentation on AT&T and YALE face database has been conducted to reveal the
performance of the monogenic scale space based region covariance matrix method and
comparative analysis is made with the basic RCM method and Gabor based region covariance matrix method to exhibit the superiority of the proposed technique.
This document discusses using super-resolution-based in-painting for object removal in images. It begins with an overview of in-painting and exemplar-based in-painting methods. It then proposes a new framework that combines exemplar-based in-painting with a single-image super-resolution method. This approach improves image quality by producing high-resolution outputs with less noise compared to exemplar-based in-painting alone. The document concludes the proposed method increases robustness for applications like satellite imaging and medical imaging by providing high quality images with damaged objects removed.
COLOUR IMAGE REPRESENTION OF MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE FUSIONacijjournal
The availability of imaging sensors operating in multiple spectral bands has led to the requirement of
image fusion algorithms that would combine the image from these sensors in an efficient way to give an
image that is more perceptible to human eye. Multispectral Image fusion is the process of combining
images optically acquired in more than one spectral band. In this paper, we present a pixel-level image
fusion that combines four images from four different spectral bands namely near infrared(0.76-0.90um),
mid infrared(1.55-1.75um),thermal- infrared(10.4-12.5um) and mid infrared(2.08-2.35um) to give a
composite colour image. The work coalesces a fusion technique that involves linear transformation based
on Cholesky decomposition of the covariance matrix of source data that converts multispectral source
images which are in grayscale into colour image. This work is composed of different segments that
includes estimation of covariance matrix of images, cholesky decomposition and transformation ones.
Finally, the fused colour image is compared with the fused image obtained by PCA transformation.
A comparative analysis of retrieval techniques in content based image retrievalcsandit
Basic group of visual techniques such as color, shape, texture are used in Content Based Image
Retrievals (CBIR) to retrieve query image or sub region of image to find similar images in
image database. To improve query result, relevance feedback is used many times in CBIR to
help user to express their preference and improve query results. In this paper, a new approach
for image retrieval is proposed which is based on the features such as Color Histogram, Eigen
Values and Match Point. Images from various types of database are first identified by using
edge detection techniques .Once the image is identified, then the image is searched in the
particular database, then all related images are displayed. This will save the retrieval time.
Further to retrieve the precise query image, any of the three techniques are used and
comparison is done w.r.t. average retrieval time. Eigen value technique found to be the best as
compared with other two techniques.
This document reviews techniques for multi-image morphing. It discusses early cross-dissolve morphing methods and their limitations. Mesh warping and field morphing are introduced as improved techniques that use control points and line mappings to better align images during transition. The document also summarizes point distribution, critical point filters, and other common morphing methods. It concludes by noting that effective morphing requires mechanisms for feature specification, warp generation, and transition control.
Image Enhancement and Restoration by Image InpaintingIJERA Editor
Inpainting is the process of reconstructing lost or deteriorated part of images based on the background information. i. e .it fills the missing or damaged region in an image utilizing spatial information of its neighboring region. Inpainting algorithm have numerous applications. It is helpfully used for restoration of old films and object removal in digital photographs. The main goal of the algorithm is to modify the damaged region in an image in such a way that the inpainted region is undetectable to the ordinary observers who are not familiar with the original image. This proposed work presents image inpainting process for image enhancement and restoration by using structural, texture and exemplar techniques. This paper presents efficient algorithm that combines the advantages of these two approaches. We first note that exemplar-based texture synthesis contains the essential process required to replicate both texture and structure; the success of structure propagation, however, is highly dependent on the order in which the filling proceeds. We propose a best-first algorithm in which the confidence in the synthesized pixel values is propagated in a manner similar to the propagation of information in inpainting. The actual color values are computed using exemplar-based synthesis. Computational efficiency is achieved by a blockbased sampling process.
Human Re-identification with Global and Local Siamese Convolution Neural NetworkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document proposes a global and local structure of Siamese Convolution Neural Network (SCNN) to perform human re-identification in single-shot approaches. The network extracts features from global and local parts of input images. A decision fusion technique then combines the global and local features. Experimental results on the VIPeR dataset show the proposed method achieves a normalized Area Under Curve score of 95.75% without occlusion, outperforming using local or global features alone. With occlusion, the score is 77.5%, still better than alternatives. The method performs well for re-identification including in occlusion cases by leveraging both global and local information.
The development of multimedia system technology in Content based Image Retrieval (CBIR) System is
one in every of the outstanding area to retrieve the images from an oversized collection of database. The feature
vectors of the query image are compared with feature vectors of the database images to get matching images.It is
much observed that anyone algorithm isn't beneficial in extracting all differing kinds of natural images. Thus an
intensive analysis of certain color, texture and shape extraction techniques are allotted to spot an efficient CBIR
technique that suits for a selected sort of images. The Extraction of an image includes feature description and
feature extraction. During this paper, we tend to projected Color Layout Descriptor (CLD), grey Level Co-
Occurrences Matrix (GLCM), Marker-Controlled Watershed Segmentation feature extraction technique that
extract the matching image based on the similarity of Color, Texture and shape within the database. For
performance analysis, the image retrieval timing results of the projected technique is calculated and compared
with every of the individual feature.
Effective Pixel Interpolation for Image Super ResolutionIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the near future, there is an eminent demand for High Resolution images. In order to fulfil this demand, Super Resolution (SR) is an approach used to renovate High Resolution (HR) image from one or more Low Resolution (LR) images. The aspiration of SR is to dig up the self-sufficient information from each LR image in that set and combine the information into a single HR image. Conventional interpolation methods can produce sharp edges; however, they are approximators and tend to weaken fine structure. In order to overcome the drawback, a new approach of Effective Pixel Interpolation method is incorporated. It has been numerically verified that the resulting algorithm reinstate sharp edges and enhance fine structures satisfactorily, outperforming conventional methods. The suggested algorithm has also proved efficient enough to be applicable for real-time processing for resolution enhancement of image. Statistical examples are shown to verify the claim. Image fusion technology is also used to fuse two processed images obtained through the algorithm. Keywords: Super Resolution, Interpolation, EESM, Image Fusion
Single Image Super Resolution using Interpolation and Discrete Wavelet Transformijtsrd
An interpolation-based method, such as bilinear, bicubic, or nearest neighbor interpolation, is regarded as a simple way to increase the spatial resolution for the LR image It uses the interpolation kernel to predict the missing pixel values, which fails to approximate the underlying image structure and leads to some blurred edges In this work a super resolution technique based on Sparse characteristics of wavelet transform Hence, we proposed a wavelet based super-resolution technique, which will be of the category of interpolative methods, using sparse property of wavelets It is based on sparse representation property of the wavelets Simulation results prove that the proposed wavelet based interpolation method outperforms all other existing methods for single image super resolution The proposed method has 7 7 dB improvement in PSNR compared with Adaptive sparse representation and self-learning ASR-SL 1 for test image Leaves, 12 92 dB improvement for test image Mountain Lion and 7 15 dB improvement for test image Hat compared with ASR-SL 1 Similarly, 12 improvement in SSIM for test image Leaves compared with 1 , 29 improvement in SSIM for test image Mountain Lion compared with 1 and 17 improvement in SSIM for test image Hat compared with 1 Shalini Dubey | Prof. Pankaj Sahu | Prof. Surya Bazal "Single Image Super Resolution using Interpolation & Discrete Wavelet Transform" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18340.pdf
Joint Image Registration And Example-Based Super-Resolution Algorithmaciijournal
Supper-resolution (SR) methods are classified into two different methods: image registration (IR)-based
methods and example-based methods. The proposed joint SR method is focused on estimating highresolution (HR) video sequences from low-resolution (LR) ones by combining the two different methods.
The IR-based SR method collects information from adjacent frames to reconstruct HR images in the video
sequence. Example-based SR methods give good textures and strong edges in the result HR video. In this
paper, IR-based and example-based SR methods are fused based on the gradient features. The proposed
joint SR method gives smaller peak signal to noise ratio than the example-based method, however it shows
better reconstruction results on high-level features such as characters in images. Experimental result of the
proposed joint SR method shows less noise and higher contrast than the example-based method.
SINGLE IMAGE SUPER RESOLUTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDYcsandit
The majority of applications requiring high resolution images to derive and analyze data
accurately and easily. Image super resolution is playing an effective role in those applications.
Image super resolution is the process of producing high resolution image from low resolution
image. In this paper, we study various image super resolution techniques with respect to the
quality of results and processing time. This comparative study introduces a comparison between
four algorithms of single image super-resolution. For fair comparison, the compared algorithms
are tested on the same dataset and same platform to show the major advantages of one over the
others.
Perceptual Weights Based On Local Energy For Image Quality AssessmentCSCJournals
This paper proposes an image quality metric that can effectively measure the quality of an image that correlates well with human judgment on the appearance of the image. The present work adds a new dimension to the structural approach based full-reference image quality assessment for gray scale images. The proposed method assigns more weight to the distortions present in the visual regions of interest of the reference (original) image than to the distortions present in the other regions of the image, referred to as perceptual weights. The perceptual features and their weights are computed based on the local energy modeling of the original image. The proposed model is validated using the image database provided by LIVE (Laboratory for Image & Video Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin) based on the evaluation metrics as suggested in the video quality experts group (VQEG) Phase I FR-TV test.
This document contains questions from a student about digital photogrammetry. It discusses various image matching techniques including intensity-based matching using cross-correlation and least squares matching, and feature-based matching using points, edges, and blobs. It also discusses relational matching and compares area-based and feature-based matching. Typical problems for image matching are described like lack of texture, straight features, repetitive patterns, and occlusions. Epipolar geometry and its advantages for image matching are explained, noting that it defines geometric constraints between images from different camera positions.
An efficient image segmentation approach through enhanced watershed algorithmAlexander Decker
This document proposes an efficient image segmentation approach combining an enhanced watershed algorithm and color histogram analysis. The watershed algorithm is applied to preprocessed images after merging the results with an enhanced edge detection. Over-segmentation issues are addressed through a post-processing step applying color histogram analysis to each segmented region, improving overall performance. The document provides background on image segmentation techniques, reviews related work applying watershed algorithms, and discusses challenges like over-segmentation that watershed approaches can face.
Single image super resolution with improved wavelet interpolation and iterati...iosrjce
IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.Design and realization of microelectronic systems using VLSI/ULSI technologies require close collaboration among scientists and engineers in the fields of systems architecture, logic and circuit design, chips and wafer fabrication, packaging, testing and systems applications. Generation of specifications, design and verification must be performed at all abstraction levels, including the system, register-transfer, logic, circuit, transistor and process levels.
This document presents a method for interactive image segmentation using constrained active contours. It begins with an overview of existing interactive segmentation techniques, including boundary-based methods like active contours/snakes and region-based methods like random walks and graph cuts. The proposed method initializes a contour using region-based segmentation then refines it using a convex active contour model that incorporates both regional information from seed pixels and boundary smoothness. This allows the contour to globally evolve to object boundaries while handling topology changes.
Implementation of High Dimension Colour Transform in Domain of Image ProcessingIRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing a high-dimensional color transform method for salient region detection in images. It aims to extract salient regions by designing a saliency map using global and local image features. The creation of the saliency map involves mapping colors from RGB space to a high-dimensional color space to find an optimal linear combination of color coefficients. This allows composing an accurate saliency map. The performance is further improved by using relative location and color contrast between superpixels as features and resolving the saliency estimation from an initial trimap using a learning-based algorithm. The method is analyzed on a dataset of training images.
Abstract Image Segmentation plays a vital role in image processing. The research in this area is still relevant due to its wide applications. Image segmentation is a process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with same label share certain visual characteristics. Sometimes it becomes necessary to calculate the total number of colors from the given RGB image to quantize the image, to detect cancer and brain tumour. The goal of this paper is to provide the best algorithm for image segmentation. Keywords: Image segmentation, RGB
Compressed sensing applications in image processing & communication (1)Mayur Sevak
This document discusses applications of compressed sensing in image processing and communication. It begins by explaining what compressed sensing is and how it works by acquiring signals using fewer samples than required by the Nyquist criterion through exploiting sparsity and incoherence. It then discusses how to implement compressed sensing using properties of sparsity and incoherence along with convex optimization for reconstruction. Applications discussed include image fusion, representation, denoising, remote sensing, MIMO and cognitive radio communications, and ultra-wideband channel estimation. Compressed sensing is shown to provide benefits like reducing data acquisition and transmission costs while enabling reliable signal reconstruction.
IRJET-A Review on Implementation of High Dimension Colour Transform in Domain...IRJET Journal
This document reviews algorithms for detecting salient regions in images using high dimensional color transforms. It summarizes several existing methods that use color contrast, frequency analysis, and superpixel segmentation. A key method discussed creates a saliency map by finding the optimal linear combination of color coefficients in a high dimensional color space. This allows more accurate detection of salient objects versus methods using only RGB color. The performance of this high dimensional color transform method is improved by also utilizing relative location and color contrast between superpixels as learned features.
EFFICIENT IMAGE RETRIEVAL USING REGION BASED IMAGE RETRIEVALsipij
1) The document describes an efficient region-based image retrieval system that uses discrete wavelet transform and k-means clustering. It segments images into regions, each characterized by features like size, mean, and covariance.
2) The system pre-processes images by resizing, converting to HSV color space, performing DWT, and using k-means clustering on DWT coefficients to generate regions. It extracts features for each region and stores them in a database.
3) For retrieval, it pre-processes the query image similarly and calculates similarities between the query regions and database regions based on their features, returning similar images.
MONOGENIC SCALE SPACE BASED REGION COVARIANCE MATRIX DESCRIPTOR FOR FACE RECO...cscpconf
In this paper, we have presented a new face recognition algorithm based on region covariance
matrix (RCM) descriptor computed in monogenic scale space. In the proposed model, energy
information obtained using monogenic filter is used to represent a pixel at different scales to
form region covariance matrix descriptor for each face image during training phase. An eigenvalue
based distance measure is used to compute the similarity between face images. Extensive
experimentation on AT&T and YALE face database has been conducted to reveal the
performance of the monogenic scale space based region covariance matrix method and
comparative analysis is made with the basic RCM method and Gabor based region covariance matrix method to exhibit the superiority of the proposed technique.
This document discusses using super-resolution-based in-painting for object removal in images. It begins with an overview of in-painting and exemplar-based in-painting methods. It then proposes a new framework that combines exemplar-based in-painting with a single-image super-resolution method. This approach improves image quality by producing high-resolution outputs with less noise compared to exemplar-based in-painting alone. The document concludes the proposed method increases robustness for applications like satellite imaging and medical imaging by providing high quality images with damaged objects removed.
COLOUR IMAGE REPRESENTION OF MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE FUSIONacijjournal
The availability of imaging sensors operating in multiple spectral bands has led to the requirement of
image fusion algorithms that would combine the image from these sensors in an efficient way to give an
image that is more perceptible to human eye. Multispectral Image fusion is the process of combining
images optically acquired in more than one spectral band. In this paper, we present a pixel-level image
fusion that combines four images from four different spectral bands namely near infrared(0.76-0.90um),
mid infrared(1.55-1.75um),thermal- infrared(10.4-12.5um) and mid infrared(2.08-2.35um) to give a
composite colour image. The work coalesces a fusion technique that involves linear transformation based
on Cholesky decomposition of the covariance matrix of source data that converts multispectral source
images which are in grayscale into colour image. This work is composed of different segments that
includes estimation of covariance matrix of images, cholesky decomposition and transformation ones.
Finally, the fused colour image is compared with the fused image obtained by PCA transformation.
A comparative analysis of retrieval techniques in content based image retrievalcsandit
Basic group of visual techniques such as color, shape, texture are used in Content Based Image
Retrievals (CBIR) to retrieve query image or sub region of image to find similar images in
image database. To improve query result, relevance feedback is used many times in CBIR to
help user to express their preference and improve query results. In this paper, a new approach
for image retrieval is proposed which is based on the features such as Color Histogram, Eigen
Values and Match Point. Images from various types of database are first identified by using
edge detection techniques .Once the image is identified, then the image is searched in the
particular database, then all related images are displayed. This will save the retrieval time.
Further to retrieve the precise query image, any of the three techniques are used and
comparison is done w.r.t. average retrieval time. Eigen value technique found to be the best as
compared with other two techniques.
This document reviews techniques for multi-image morphing. It discusses early cross-dissolve morphing methods and their limitations. Mesh warping and field morphing are introduced as improved techniques that use control points and line mappings to better align images during transition. The document also summarizes point distribution, critical point filters, and other common morphing methods. It concludes by noting that effective morphing requires mechanisms for feature specification, warp generation, and transition control.
Image Enhancement and Restoration by Image InpaintingIJERA Editor
Inpainting is the process of reconstructing lost or deteriorated part of images based on the background information. i. e .it fills the missing or damaged region in an image utilizing spatial information of its neighboring region. Inpainting algorithm have numerous applications. It is helpfully used for restoration of old films and object removal in digital photographs. The main goal of the algorithm is to modify the damaged region in an image in such a way that the inpainted region is undetectable to the ordinary observers who are not familiar with the original image. This proposed work presents image inpainting process for image enhancement and restoration by using structural, texture and exemplar techniques. This paper presents efficient algorithm that combines the advantages of these two approaches. We first note that exemplar-based texture synthesis contains the essential process required to replicate both texture and structure; the success of structure propagation, however, is highly dependent on the order in which the filling proceeds. We propose a best-first algorithm in which the confidence in the synthesized pixel values is propagated in a manner similar to the propagation of information in inpainting. The actual color values are computed using exemplar-based synthesis. Computational efficiency is achieved by a blockbased sampling process.
Human Re-identification with Global and Local Siamese Convolution Neural NetworkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document proposes a global and local structure of Siamese Convolution Neural Network (SCNN) to perform human re-identification in single-shot approaches. The network extracts features from global and local parts of input images. A decision fusion technique then combines the global and local features. Experimental results on the VIPeR dataset show the proposed method achieves a normalized Area Under Curve score of 95.75% without occlusion, outperforming using local or global features alone. With occlusion, the score is 77.5%, still better than alternatives. The method performs well for re-identification including in occlusion cases by leveraging both global and local information.
The development of multimedia system technology in Content based Image Retrieval (CBIR) System is
one in every of the outstanding area to retrieve the images from an oversized collection of database. The feature
vectors of the query image are compared with feature vectors of the database images to get matching images.It is
much observed that anyone algorithm isn't beneficial in extracting all differing kinds of natural images. Thus an
intensive analysis of certain color, texture and shape extraction techniques are allotted to spot an efficient CBIR
technique that suits for a selected sort of images. The Extraction of an image includes feature description and
feature extraction. During this paper, we tend to projected Color Layout Descriptor (CLD), grey Level Co-
Occurrences Matrix (GLCM), Marker-Controlled Watershed Segmentation feature extraction technique that
extract the matching image based on the similarity of Color, Texture and shape within the database. For
performance analysis, the image retrieval timing results of the projected technique is calculated and compared
with every of the individual feature.
Effective Pixel Interpolation for Image Super ResolutionIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the near future, there is an eminent demand for High Resolution images. In order to fulfil this demand, Super Resolution (SR) is an approach used to renovate High Resolution (HR) image from one or more Low Resolution (LR) images. The aspiration of SR is to dig up the self-sufficient information from each LR image in that set and combine the information into a single HR image. Conventional interpolation methods can produce sharp edges; however, they are approximators and tend to weaken fine structure. In order to overcome the drawback, a new approach of Effective Pixel Interpolation method is incorporated. It has been numerically verified that the resulting algorithm reinstate sharp edges and enhance fine structures satisfactorily, outperforming conventional methods. The suggested algorithm has also proved efficient enough to be applicable for real-time processing for resolution enhancement of image. Statistical examples are shown to verify the claim. Image fusion technology is also used to fuse two processed images obtained through the algorithm. Keywords: Super Resolution, Interpolation, EESM, Image Fusion
Single Image Super Resolution using Interpolation and Discrete Wavelet Transformijtsrd
An interpolation-based method, such as bilinear, bicubic, or nearest neighbor interpolation, is regarded as a simple way to increase the spatial resolution for the LR image It uses the interpolation kernel to predict the missing pixel values, which fails to approximate the underlying image structure and leads to some blurred edges In this work a super resolution technique based on Sparse characteristics of wavelet transform Hence, we proposed a wavelet based super-resolution technique, which will be of the category of interpolative methods, using sparse property of wavelets It is based on sparse representation property of the wavelets Simulation results prove that the proposed wavelet based interpolation method outperforms all other existing methods for single image super resolution The proposed method has 7 7 dB improvement in PSNR compared with Adaptive sparse representation and self-learning ASR-SL 1 for test image Leaves, 12 92 dB improvement for test image Mountain Lion and 7 15 dB improvement for test image Hat compared with ASR-SL 1 Similarly, 12 improvement in SSIM for test image Leaves compared with 1 , 29 improvement in SSIM for test image Mountain Lion compared with 1 and 17 improvement in SSIM for test image Hat compared with 1 Shalini Dubey | Prof. Pankaj Sahu | Prof. Surya Bazal "Single Image Super Resolution using Interpolation & Discrete Wavelet Transform" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18340.pdf
Joint Image Registration And Example-Based Super-Resolution Algorithmaciijournal
Supper-resolution (SR) methods are classified into two different methods: image registration (IR)-based
methods and example-based methods. The proposed joint SR method is focused on estimating highresolution (HR) video sequences from low-resolution (LR) ones by combining the two different methods.
The IR-based SR method collects information from adjacent frames to reconstruct HR images in the video
sequence. Example-based SR methods give good textures and strong edges in the result HR video. In this
paper, IR-based and example-based SR methods are fused based on the gradient features. The proposed
joint SR method gives smaller peak signal to noise ratio than the example-based method, however it shows
better reconstruction results on high-level features such as characters in images. Experimental result of the
proposed joint SR method shows less noise and higher contrast than the example-based method.
SINGLE IMAGE SUPER RESOLUTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDYcsandit
The majority of applications requiring high resolution images to derive and analyze data
accurately and easily. Image super resolution is playing an effective role in those applications.
Image super resolution is the process of producing high resolution image from low resolution
image. In this paper, we study various image super resolution techniques with respect to the
quality of results and processing time. This comparative study introduces a comparison between
four algorithms of single image super-resolution. For fair comparison, the compared algorithms
are tested on the same dataset and same platform to show the major advantages of one over the
others.
Perceptual Weights Based On Local Energy For Image Quality AssessmentCSCJournals
This paper proposes an image quality metric that can effectively measure the quality of an image that correlates well with human judgment on the appearance of the image. The present work adds a new dimension to the structural approach based full-reference image quality assessment for gray scale images. The proposed method assigns more weight to the distortions present in the visual regions of interest of the reference (original) image than to the distortions present in the other regions of the image, referred to as perceptual weights. The perceptual features and their weights are computed based on the local energy modeling of the original image. The proposed model is validated using the image database provided by LIVE (Laboratory for Image & Video Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin) based on the evaluation metrics as suggested in the video quality experts group (VQEG) Phase I FR-TV test.
The document discusses energy aware image retargeting using discrete image ambili jose. It proposes using seam carving to resize images while preserving important content. Seam carving works by identifying low-importance paths of pixels (seams) that can be removed to reduce image size. Straight lines in images can become distorted during resizing, so the algorithm is improved to modify the energy map to encourage seams to avoid intersecting straight lines in adjacent positions. The enhanced seam carving approach better preserves straight lines and limits distortions during image resizing compared to regular seam carving.
Spectral approach to image projection with cubic b spline interpolationiaemedu
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for image projection using spectral interpolation with cubic B-spline interpolation. The key points are:
1) Existing super resolution methods based on Fourier transforms have limitations in providing high visual quality when scaling images.
2) The proposed method first transforms image frames into the frequency domain using FFT. It then interpolates in the spectral domain using cubic B-spline interpolation to project the images onto a higher resolution grid.
3) Experimental results show the proposed method provides higher visual quality projections compared to conventional Fourier-based approaches, while also having faster computation times.
Spectral approach to image projection with cubiciaemedu
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for image projection using spectral interpolation with cubic B-spline interpolation. The key points are:
1) Existing super resolution methods based on Fourier transforms have limitations in providing high visual quality when scaling images.
2) The proposed method first transforms image frames into the frequency domain using FFT. It then interpolates in the spectral domain using cubic B-spline interpolation before projecting the interpolated data onto a high resolution grid.
3) Experimental results on a test video sequence show the proposed method provides higher visual quality compared to conventional Fourier-based approaches, while also having faster computation time.
A MORPHOLOGICAL MULTIPHASE ACTIVE CONTOUR FOR VASCULAR SEGMENTATIONijbbjournal
This paper presents a morphological active contour ideal for vascular segmentation in biomedical images.
The unenhanced images of vessels and background are successfully segmented using a two-step
morphological active contour based upon Chan and Vese’s Active Contour without Edges. Using dilation
and erosion as an approximation of curve evolution, the contour provides an efficient, simple, and robust
alternative to solving partial differential equations used by traditional level-set Active Contour models. The
proposed method is demonstrated with segmented data set images and compared to results garnered from
multiphase Active Contour without Edges, morphological watershed, and Fuzzy C-means segmentations.
A common goal of the engineering field of signal processing is to reconstruct a signal from a series of sampling measurements. In general, this task is impossible because there is no way to reconstruct a signal during the times
that the signal is not measured. Nevertheless, with prior knowledge or assumptions about the signal, it turns out to
be possible to perfectly reconstruct a signal from a series of measurements. Over time, engineers have improved their understanding of which assumptions are practical and how they can be generalized. An early breakthrough in signal processing was the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. It states that if the signal's highest frequency is less than half of the sampling rate, then the signal can be reconstructed perfectly. The main idea is that with prior knowledge about constraints on the signal’s frequencies, fewer samples are needed to reconstruct the signal. Sparse sampling (also known as, compressive sampling, or compressed sampling) is a signal processing technique for efficiently acquiring and reconstructing a signal, by finding solutions tounder determined linear systems. This is based on the principle that, through optimization, the sparsity of a signal can be exploited to recover it from far fewer samples than required by the Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem. There are two conditions under which recovery is possible.[1] The first one is sparsity which requires the signal to be sparse in some domain. The second one is incoherence which is applied through the isometric property which is sufficient for sparse signals Possibility
of compressed data acquisition protocols which directly acquire just the important information Sparse sampling (CS) is a fast growing area of research. It neglects the extravagant acquisition process by measuring lesser values to reconstruct the image or signal. Sparse sampling is adopted successfully in various fields of image processing and proved its efficiency. Some of the image processing applications like face recognition, video encoding, Image encryption and reconstruction are presented here.
ER Publication,
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Journals,
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Good quality Journals,
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A Novel Feature Extraction Scheme for Medical X-Ray ImagesIJERA Editor
X-ray images are gray scale images with almost the same textural characteristic. Conventional texture or color
features cannot be used for appropriate categorization in medical x-ray image archives. This paper presents a
novel combination of methods like GLCM, LBP and HOG for extracting distinctive invariant features from Xray
images belonging to IRMA (Image Retrieval in Medical applications) database that can be used to perform
reliable matching between different views of an object or scene. GLCM represents the distributions of the
intensities and the information about relative positions of neighboring pixels of an image. The LBP features are
invariant to image scale and rotation, change in 3D viewpoint, addition of noise, and change in illumination A
HOG feature vector represents local shape of an object, having edge information at plural cells. These features
have been exploited in different algorithms for automatic classification of medical X-ray images. Excellent
experimental results obtained in true problems of rotation invariance, particular rotation angle, demonstrate that
good discrimination can be achieved with the occurrence statistics of simple rotation invariant local binary
patterns.
Robust High Resolution Image from the Low Resolution Satellite Imageidescitation
In this paper, we propose a framework detecting and locating the land cover
classes from a low-resolution image, which can play a very important role in the satellite
surveillance image from the MODIS data. The lands cover classes by constructing super-
resolution images from the MODIS data. The highest resolution of the MODIS images is 250
meters per pixel. By magnifying and de-blurring the low-resolution satellite image through
the kernel regression. SR reconstruction is image interpolation that has been used to
increase the size of a single image. The SRKR algorithm takes a single low-resolution image
and generates a de-blurred high-resolution image. We perform bi-cubic interpolation on the
input low-resolution image (LR) with a desired scaling factor. Finally, the KR model is then
used to generate the de-blurred HR image. K-means is one of the simplest unsupervised
learning algorithms that solve the well-known clustering problem, which generates a
specific number of disjoint, flat (non-hierarchical) clusters. K-means clustering is employ in
order to compare MODIS data and recognize land cover type, i.e., “Forest”, “Land”, “sea”,
and “Ice”.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A Comparative Study of Wavelet and Curvelet Transform for Image DenoisingIOSR Journals
Abstract : This paper describes a comparison of the discriminating power of the various multiresolution based thresholding techniques i.e., Wavelet, curve let for image denoising.Curvelet transform offer exact reconstruction, stability against perturbation, ease of implementation and low computational complexity. We propose to employ curve let for facial feature extraction and perform a thorough comparison against wavelet transform; especially, the orientation of curve let is analysed. Experiments show that for expression changes, the small scale coefficients of curve let transform are robust, though the large scale coefficients of both transform are likely influenced. The reason behind the advantages of curvelet lies in its abilities of sparse representation that are critical for compression, estimation of images which are denoised and its inverse problems, thus the experiments and theoretical analysis coincide . Keywords: Curvelet transform, Face recognition, Feature extraction, Sparse representation Thresholding rules,Wavelet transform..
Correction of Inhomogeneous MR Images Using Multiscale RetinexCSCJournals
A new method for enhancing the contrast of magnetic resonance images (MRI) by retinex algorithm is proposed. It can correct the blurrings in deep anatomical structures and inhomogeneity of MRI. Multiscale retinex (MSR) employed SSR with different weightings to correct inhomogeneities and enhance the contrast of MR images. The method was assessed by applying it to phantom and animal images acquired on MRI scanner systems. Its performance was also compared with other methods based on two indices: (1) the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and (2) the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Two indices, including PSNR and CNR, were used to evaluate the performance of correction of inhomogeneity in MR images. The PSNR/CNR of a phantom and animal images were 11.8648 dB/2.0922 and 11.7580 dB/2.1157, respectively, which were higher or very close to the results of wavelet algorithm. The retinex algorithm successfully corrected a nonuniform grayscale, enhanced contrast, corrected inhomogeneity, and clarified the deep brain structures of MR images captured by surface coils and outperformed histogram equalization, local histogram equalization, and a waveletbased algorithm, and hence may be a valuable method in MR image processing.
The usage of a fused image and compressed model in a VLSI implementation is demonstrated. In this study, distortion correction is also considered. In distortion correction models, least-squares estimate is utilized. The technique of picture fusion is widely employed in medical imaging. Many pictures are obtained from various sensors (or) multiple images are captured at different times by one sensor in the image fusion approach. CT scans give useful information on denser tissue with the least amount of distortion. The information obtained from a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of soft tissue with significant distortion is useful. The DWT-based image fusion approach employs discrete wavelet transforms, a novel multi-resolution analytic tool. Back mapping expansion polynomial is used to reduce computer complexity. Using 0.18um technology, the suggested VLSI design achieves 218MHz with 1480 logical components.
EFFICIENT IMAGE COMPRESSION USING LAPLACIAN PYRAMIDAL FILTERS FOR EDGE IMAGESijcnac
This project presents a new image compression technique for the coding of retinal and
fingerprint images. Retinal images are used to detect diseases like diabetes or
hypertension. Fingerprint images are used for the security purpose. In this work, the
contourlet transform of the retinal and fingerprint image is taken first. The coefficients of
the contourlet transform are quantized using adaptive multistage vector quantization
scheme. The number of code vectors in the adaptive vector quantization scheme depends
on the dynamic range of the input image.
Performance analysis of high resolution images using interpolation techniques...sipij
This paper presents various types of interpolation techniques to obtain a high quality image The difference
between the proposed algorithm and conventional algorithms (in estimation of missing pixel value) is that
if standard deviation of image is used to calculate pixel value rather than the value of nearmost neighbor,
the image gives the better result. The proposed method demonstrated higher performances in terms of
PSNR and SSIM when compared to the conventional interpolation algorithms mentioned.
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
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Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
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IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineering research
1. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 5
Image Interpolation Algorithm for Edge Detection Using Directional
Filters and Data Fusion
B.HIMABINDU
Asst.professor, Dept. of E.C.E, Chalapathi Institute of Technology, Guntur.
Abstract:
Preserving edge structures is a challenge to the image interpolation algorithms to reconstruct a high resolution image from a
low resolution counterpart. We propose a new guide edge linear interpolation technique via address filter and data fusion. For a
pixel to be interpolated, two sets of observation are defined in two orthogonal directions, and each set produces an estimated
value of the pixel. These estimates of direction, following the model the different measures of the lack of noisy pixels are fused
by linear least mean square estimation error (LMMSE) technique in a more robust estimate, and statistics two sets of
observations. It also presents a simplified version of Based LMMSE interpolation algorithm to reduce computational cost
without sacrificing much the interpolation performance. Experiments show that the new interpolation techniques can preserve
sharp edges and reduce artifacts call.
Keywords: Bicubical convolution interpolation, Data Fusion, Edge preservation, Image interpolation, Laplacian, Linear Mean
Square Estimation Error (LMMSE), optimal weight cubic interpolation.
1. Introduction
Many users of digital images desire to improve the native resolution offered by imaging hardware. Image Interpolation aims to
reconstruct a higher resolution (HR) image of the associated low-resolution (LR) capture. You have medical imaging
applications, remote sensing and digital Photos [3] - [4], etc. A number of image interpolation methods have been developed
[1], [2], [4], [5], [7] - [15]. While commonly used linear methods such as duplication, pixel bilinear interpolation and bicubic
interpolation convolution, have advantages in simplicity and fast implementation [7] who suffers from some inherent flaws,
including the effects of block, blur the details and call artifacts around the edges. With the prevalence of low cost and relatively
digital image LR devices and computing power increasingly interests and the demands of high quality, image interpolation
algorithms have also increased. The human visual systems are sensitive to edge structures, to transmit a large part of the
semantics of the picture, so that a re-key requirement for image interpolation algorithms to reconstruct faithfully the edges of
the original scene. The traditional linear interpolation methods [1] - [3], [4] [5], does not work very well under the criterion of
preserving the advantage. Some linear interpolation techniques [7] - [14] have been proposed in recent years to maintain Total
sharpness. The interpolation scheme of Jensen and Anastassiou [7] detects the edges and adapts them for some templates to
improve the visual perception of large images. Li and Orchard [8] uses the covariance of the estimate LR image covariance HR
image, which represents the edge direction information to some extent, and proposed a Wiener filter-as the interpolation
scheme. Since this method requires a relatively great window to calculate the covariance matrix for each offense sample, we
can introduce some artifacts due to local structures statistics shows the change and, therefore, incorrect estimation of
covariance. The interpolator of the image and Tenze Carrato [9] first replicates the pixels and then corrected by the use of some
March 3 pre-edge patterns and optimizing the parameters of the operator. Muresan [14] detected no advantage in diagonal and
diagonal addresses, and then recovered samples missing along direction detected by one-dimensional (1-D) polynomial
interpolation.Some linear interpolation methods try to extend a image by predicting the fine structures of the image of human
resources LR counterpart. For this, a multi-resolution representation image is needed. Takahashi and Taguchi [10] represents a
Laplacian pyramid image, and with two empirically determine the parameters, it is estimated that the unknown high frequency
components of the detail signal LR Laplacian. in the the last two decades, the wavelet transform (WT) theory [16] has been
well developed and provides a good framework for multiresolution for the representation of the signal. WT decomposes signal
different scales, along the sharp edges which have a signal correlation. Carey, et al. [11] exploits the Lipschitz property sharp
edges of the scales of wavelets. Module is used Maximum thicker scales information to predict the unknown wavelet
coefficients at the finer scale. Then the HR image is constructed by reverse WT. Muresan and Parks [13] extended this strategy
through the influence of a full cone sharp edge in the wavelet scale space, rather than just the top module, for estimation of the
best coefficients of scale through an optimal recovery theory. The wavelet interpolation method by Zhu et col. [12] uses a
discrete time parametric model to characterize major edges. With this model in the wavelet domain lost information on the edge
of the finest scale is recovered via minimum linear mean square estimation error (LMMSE). The previous schemes used,
implicitly or explicitly, an isolated sharp edge model as an ideal step edge or softened,in the development of algorithms. For
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real images, however, the wavelet coefficients of a sharp edge can be interfered with by the neighboring edges. In general,
linear interpolation methods better advantage in preserving the linear methods. In [15], Guichard Malgouyres and analyzed
some linear and nonlinear expanding imaging methods theoretically and experimentally. Compared with the discontinuities in
the signals of 1-D, Ringer images of two dimensional (2-D) has an additional property: the direction. In the methods of linear
interpolation, filtering is 1-D alternatively be made in horizontal and vertical directions without pay attention to the local edge
structures. In the presence of a strong advantage if a sample is interpolated fault rather than artifacts from the direction of the
edge, large and visually disturbing be introduced. A conservative strategy to avoid more serious devices is to use a 2-D
isotropic filter. This, however, reduces the sharpness of the edges. A more "assertive" approach is to interpolate estimated edge
in one direction. The problem with the latter is it worth the image quality is high if the estimated edge address is incorrect,
which may occur due to difficulty in determining the direction of the edge of the paucity of data provided image by LR.In this
paper we propose a new balanced approach to the problem. A sample is interpolated fault in not one but two orthogonal
directions. The results are treated as two estimates of the sample and using the statistics fused adaptively a local window.
Specifically, the partition of the neighborhood of each sample is missing in two orthogonal oriented subsets directions. The
hope is that the observation of two sets exhibit different statistics, since the sample has missing higher correlation with its
neighbors in the direction of the edge. Each oriented subset produces an estimate of the missing pixel. The finally pixel is
interpolated by combining the two directional estimates on the principle of LMMSE. This process can discriminate the two
subgroups according to their consistency absence of the sample, and make the subset perpendicular to the edge contribute less
to address the LMMSE estimate of the missing shows. The new approach over a significant improvement the linear
interpolation methods in preserving edge sharpness while the suppression of artifacts, by adapting the local interpolation
gradient image. A drawback of the interpolation method proposed computational complexity is relatively high. Also
interpolation algorithm to develop a simplified greatly reduced computing requirements, but without significant degradation in
performance.
2. Edge-Guided Lmmse-Based Interpolation
We take a picture LR image decreased from an image directly associated through human
resources . Concerning the fig. 1, the black dots represent the
samples available and white dots represent samples missing from .The problem of the interpolation is to estimate the
missing samples in HR image, whose size is 2N X 2M in the samples in LR image whose size NXM.
Fig. 1. Formation of an LR image from an HR image by directly down sampling.
The black dots represent the LR image pixels and the white dots represent the missing HR samples.
Fig. 2. Interpolation of the HR samples Ih (2n, 2m).
Two estimates of Ih (2n, 2m) are made in the 45 and 135 directions as two noisy measurements of Ih (2n, 2m).
The focus of the image interpolation is how to infer and use information about the shows that need to be hidden in neighboring
pixels. If the sign of the sub-sampled LR image exceeds the Nyquist sampling, convolution-Methods based on interpolation will
be affected by the alias problem in image reconstruction of human resources. This is the cause of artifacts such as ringing
effects of image interpolation that are common to the linear interpolation methods. Given that the human visual system is very
sensitive to the edges, especially in its spatial location is crucial to suppress interpolation artifacts, while retaining the sharpness
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of the edges and geometry.The edge direction information is most important for the interpolation process. To extract and use
this information, partitions of neighboring pixels of each sample of lack in two directional subsets are mutually orthogonal. In
subset, a directional interpolation is done, and then the two interpolated values are merged to arrive at an estimate of LMMSE
the sample is missing. We recover the HR image in two steps. First, the missing samples in the center locations
surrounded by four samples are interpolated LR. Secondly, the other samples that is missing and is interpolated with the help of
samples and recovered.
2.1. Interpolation of Samples
Referring to Fig. 2, we can interpolate the missing HR sample along two orthogonal directions: 45 diagonal and
135 diagonal. Denote by and the two results of interpolation direction from some of the linear
methods, as bilinear interpolation, bicubic interpolation convolution [1] - [5]. Note the direction of interpolation results as noisy
measurements of the sample failure HR
(2n, 2m)=
(2n,2m)= (1)
where the random noise variables and represent the interpolation errors in the corresponding direction.
To fuse the two directional measurements and into a more robust estimate, we rewrite (1) into matrix form
(2)
Where
Now, the interpolation problem is to estimate the unknown sample from the noisy observation Z. This estimation can be
optimized in minimum mean square-error sense. To obtain the minimum mean square-error estimation (MMSE) of , i.e.,
, we need to know the probability density function . In practice, however, it is very
hard to get this prior information or cannot be estimated at all. Thus, in real applications, LMMSE is often employed
instead of MMSE. To implement LMMSE, only the first and second order statistics of F h and Z are needed, which may be
estimated adaptively.
From (2), the LMMSE of can be calculated as [18]
(3)
Where is the co-variance operator, and we abbreviate as
, the variance operator. Through the LMMSE operation, fuses the information provided by directional measurements
and .
Let Through intensive experiments on 129 images, including outdoor and indoor images,
portraits, MRI medical images, and SAR images, etc., we found that and . Thus, noise vector U can be
considered to be zero mean. Denote by n1 and n2 the normalized correlation coefficients of u45 and u135 with Fh.
Our experiments also show that the values of n1 and n2 are very small. Thus, we consider u45 and u135 and, consequently, U to
be nearly uncorrelated with Fh. With the assumption that U is zero mean and uncorrelated with Fh, it can be derived from (3)
that
(4)
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Where and To implement the above LMMSE scheme for F h, parameters , , and need to be
estimated for each sample in a local window.
First, let us consider the estimation of and . Again, referring to Fig. 2, the available LR samples around are
used to estimate the mean and variance of . Denote by W a window that centers at and contains the LR
samples in the neighborhood of . For estimation accuracy, we should use a sufficiently large window as long as the
statistics is stationary in W. However, in a locality of edges, the image exhibits strong transient behavior. In this case, drawing
samples from a large window will be counterproductive. To balance the conflicting requirements of sample size and sample
consistency, we propose a Gaussian weighting in the sample window W to account for the fact that the correlation between
and its neighbors decays rapidly in the distance between them. The further an LR sample is from , the
less it should contribute to the mean value of . We compute as
Where is a 2-D Gaussian filter with scale ζ. The variance of is
computed as
Next, we discuss the estimation of RV, the co-variance matrix of U. Using (1) and the assumption that u 45 and u135 are zero
mean and uncorrelated with Fh, it can be easily derived that
(7)
Since has been estimated by (6), we need to estimate and in a local window to arrive at and
0
For this, we associate with a set of its neighbors in the 45 diagonal direction. Denote by Y45 the vector that
centers at
(8)
Set Y45 encompasses and its neighbors, i.e., the original samples and the directional (45 0 diagonal) interpolated samples.
Symmetrically, we define the sample set Y 135 for associated with interpolated results in the 1350 diagonal
(9)
The estimates of and are computed as
and
(10)
Where is a 1-D Gaussian filter with scale .
Now, and can be computed by (8), and finally the co-variance matrix RV can be estimated as
(11)
Where c3 is the normalized correlation coefficient of u45 with u135
Although and are nearly uncorrelated with , they are somewhat correlated to each other because and have
some similarities due to the high local correlation. We found that the values of are between 0.4 and 0.6 for most of the test
images. The correlation between and varies, from relatively strong in smooth areas to weak in active areas. In the
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areas where sharp edges appear, which is the situation of our concern and interests, the values of are sufficiently low, and we
can assume that and are uncorrelated with each other without materially affecting the performance of the proposed
interpolation algorithm in practice. In practical implementation , the correlation coefficient between and , can be set
as 0.5 or even 0 for most natural images. Our experiments reveal that the interpolation results are insensitive to . Varying
from 0 to 0.6 hardly changes the PSNR value and visual quality of the interpolated image.If a sharp edge presents in in or
near one of the two directions (the 45 0 diagonal or the 1350 diagonals), the corresponding noise variances and
will differ significantly from each other. By the adjustment of in (4), the interpolation value or ,
whichever is in the direction perpendicular to the edge, will contribute far less to the final estimation result . The presented
technique removes much of the ringing artifacts around the edges, which often appear in the interpolated images by cubic
convolution and cubic spline interpolation methods.
2.2. Interpolation of samples and
After the missing HR samples are estimated, the other missing samples and can be
estimated similarly, but now with the aid of the just estimated HR samples. Referring to Fig. 3(a) and (b), the LR image pixels
are represented by black dots “●” while the estimated samples by symbols “ ” The samples that are to be estimated
are represented by white dots “○” As illustrated in Fig. 3, the missing sample or can be
estimated in one direction by the original pixels of the LR image, and in the other direction by the already interpolated HR
samples. Similar to (2), the two directional approximations of the missing sample are considered as the noisy measurements of
and , and then the LMMSE of the missing sample can be computed in a similar way as described
in the previous section. Finally, the whole HR is reconstructed by the proposed edge-guided LMMSE interpolation technique.
3. Simplified Lmmse Interpolation Algorithm
In interpolating the HR samples, the LMMSE technique of (4) needs to estimate , , RV, and compute the inverse of a 2X2
matrix. This may amount to too heavy a computation burden for some applications that need high throughput. Specifically, if
we set be the average of the four nearest LR neighbors of to reduce computation, then computing needs three
additions and one division and computing needs seven additions, four multiplications, and one division. By setting the size
of vector Y45 and Y135 as 5 and setting and , i.e., , in (10) to reduce the computational
cost, we still need 20 additions and 20 multiplications to compute RV. The remaining operations in (4) include nine additions,
eight multiplications, and one division. In total, the algorithm needs 39 additions, 32 multiplications, and three divisions to
compute a with (4).One way to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm is invoked judiciously LMMSE only
for pixels where high local activities are detected, and use a simple linear interpolation method in smooth regions. Since edge
pixels represent the minority of the total population of the sample, this will result in significant savings in the calculations.
Furthermore, a simplified version of the algorithm based on LMMSE interpolation while only slightly decreasing the
performance.We can see that the LMMSE estimate of HR sample is actually a linear combination of , and .
Referring to (4) and let , then is a 2-D vector and we rewrite (4) as
(12)
Where and are the first and second elements of Γ. We empirically observed that is close to zero, and, hence,
has a light effect on . In this view, can be simplified to a weighted average of and , while the weights depend
largely on the noise covariance matrix RV.
Instead of computing the LMMSE estimate of , we determine an optimal pair of weights to make a good estimate of .
The strategy of weighted average leads to significant reduction in complexity over the exact LMMSE method. Let
(13)
Where The weights and are determined to minimize the mean square-error (MSE) of :
.
Although the measurement noises of , i.e., and , are Correlated to some Extent, Their correlation is
Sufficiently low to Consider and as being approximately uncorrelated. This assumption holds better in the areas of
Edges That Are Critical to the human visual system and of interests to us. In fact, if and are highly Correlated, That is
to say, the two estimates are close to each other, then varies little in and anyway. With the assumption
That and are approximately uncorrelated, we can show the optimal weights are That
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(14)
It is quite intuitive why weighting system works. For example, for an edge in or near the 135 ° diagonal direction, the variance
Var ( ) is greater than var ( ). Of (14), which is smaller than and will therefore have less influence in F. ,
and vice versa. To calculate var ( ) and var ( ) as described in Section II, however, we still have 30 additions, 24
multiplications and divisions, two. In order to simplify and speed up the calculation of and , we use the following
approximations:
where "≅" is almost equivalent. With the above simplification, we only need 23 additions, multiplications and divisions to two,
two to get and . Finally, with (13), only need 24 additions, multiplications and divisions of four, two to get . This
results in significant savings compared with computational (4), which requires 39 additions, 32 multiplications and divisions,
three. Table I shows the counts of the algorithm and the algorithm simplified LMMSE.
TABLE I
Operations needed for the LMMSE algorithm
And the simplified algorithm
Operation Addition Multiplication Division
LMMSE algorithm 39 32 3
Simplified algorithm 24 4 2
4. Experimental Results
The proposed interpolation algorithms were implemented and tested, and their performance was compared to some existing
methods. We welcome some images of human resources for the corresponding LR images, of which the original images were
reconstructed human resources by the proposed methods and competitive. Since the original images of HR are known in the
simulation, we compare the results with real images interpolated, and measure the PSNR of the interpolated images. The
interpolator based LMMSE introduced was compared with bicubic convolution interpolation, bicubic spline interpolator, the
subpixel edge detection based Anastassiou interpolator and Jensen [7], and the Wiener-like filter interpolator Orchard Li and
[8]. To assess the sensitivity of the proposed interpolation algorithms for different initial estimates of management before the
merger, which were tested when combined with interpolators bicubic and bilinear convolution, respectively. In the figure
legends, the LMMSE method developed in Section II is labeled LMMSE_INTR_linear LMMSE_INTR_cubic or, depending on
whether or bilinear bicubic convolution interpolation is used to obtain an initial estimate of direction. Similarly, the simplified
method of Section III is labeled OW_INTR_cubic (OW represents the optimal weight) or OW_INTR_linear. In the
experiments, sets the scale of 2-DG ζ Gaussian filter [referring to (5)] around 1 and ξ scale of1-D Gaussian filter g [referring to
(9)] in about 1.5. Our experimental results also draw attention to a fact that the proposed methods are insensitive to the choice
of initial directional interpolators. Even with bilinear interpolation, which normally get significantly worse results than bicubic
interpolation, the end result is merged very close to that of bicubic interpolation, especially in terms of visual quality. Figs. 3
and 4 show the interpolated images butterfly Lena and LMMSE_INTR_cubic and LMMSE_INTR_linear methods. In visual
effects, the two methods are almost indistinguishable. This shows the power of LMMSE strategy based on data fusion in
correcting much of interpolation errors of traditional linear methods.
(a) (b)
Fig.3. Interpolated image Lena by (b) LMMSE_INTR_linear.
(a) LMMSE_INTR_cubic and
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(a) (b)
Fig.4. Interpolated image Butterfly by
(a) LMMSE_INTR_cubic and (b) LMMSE_INTR_linear.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f)
Fig.5. Interpolation results of the image Lena. (a)Original image, interpolated image by (b)
the cubic convolution, (c)the method in [8], (d) the method in [9],(e)the proposed LMMSE_INTR_cubic, and
(f) the proposed OW_INTR_cubic.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f)
Fig.6. Interpolation results of the image blood. (a) Original image, interpolated image by (b) the cubic convolution, (c) the
method in [8], (d) the method in [9],(e) the proposed LMMSE_INTR_cubic, and (f) the proposed OW_INTR_cubic.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f)
Fig.7. Interpolation results of the image butterfly. (a) Original image, interpolated image by (b) the cubic convolution, (c) the
method in [8], (d) the method in [9],(e) the proposed LMMSE_INTR_cubic, and (f) the proposed OW_INTR_cubic.
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(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f)
Fig.8. Interpolation results of the image peppers. (a) Original image, interpolated image by (b) the cubic convolution, (c) the
method in [8], (d) the method in [9],(e) the proposed LMMSE_INTR_cubic, and (f) the proposed OW_INTR_cubic.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f)
Fig.9. Interpolation results of the image house. (a) Original image, interpolated image by (b) the cubic convolution, (c) the
method in [8], (d) the method in [9],(e) the proposed LMMSE_INTR_cubic, and (f) the proposed OW_INTR_cubic.
In Figs. 5-9, we compare the visual quality of the test interpolation methods for natural images: Lena, blood samples, butterfly,
Peppers, and house. The proposed methods remove many of the ringing and other visual artifacts of the other methods. The
OW_INTR_cubic method is slightly inferior to the LMMSE_INTR_cubic method in reducing the ringing effects, but this is a
small price to pay for the computational savings of the former. The interpolator of Jensen and Anastassiou [7] can reproduce
very thin edges in the object contour because it contains a subpixel edge detection process, but it causes visible artifacts when
the edge detector commits errors.This method leaves a considerable amount of ringing effects in the hat of Lena and the wing
of the Butterfly. The interpolator of Li and Orchard [8] can preserve large edge structures well, such as those in Lena; however,
it introduces artifacts in the finer edge structures, such as the drops of Splash and the head part of Butterfly. Another
disadvantage of Li and Orchard’s method is its high computational complexity. If an 8x8 window is used to compute the
covariance matrix, this algorithm requires about 1300 multiplications and thousands of additions. In comparison, the proposed
LMMSE_INTR_cubic algorithm requires only tens of multiplications and divisions. The down-sampling process considered in
this paper, through which an LR image is generated from the corresponding HR image, is ideal Dirac sampling. An alternative
model of LR images is that of low-pass filtering followed by down-sampling.
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5. Conclusion
We have developed an edge type guided LMMSE image interpolation technique. For each pixel to be interpolated, the partition
of their neighborhood into two subsets of observation in two orthogonal directions. Each subset observation was used to
generate an estimate of the missing sample. These two directional estimates were processed as two sample noisy measurements
missing. Using statistics and combination of the two subsets of observation merged the two measurements of noise in a more
robust estimation through linear minimum mean square estimation error. To reduce the computational complexity of the
proposed method was simplified to an optimal weighting problem and determines the optimum weights. The simplified method
had a competitive performance with significant computational savings. The experimental results showed that the methods
presented avoided interpolation against edge directions and, therefore, achieve remarkable reduction in timbre and other visual
artifacts.
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