Civil - Structural Works

QA/QC 2
What is Civil Engineering?
 Civil engineering is the second-oldest engineering discipline
after military engineering
DNEPL Pipeline Project
 Civil Engineering deals with the
design, construction, and
maintenance of structures or
public works as they related to
earth, water or in space

QA/QC 3
Who is Civil Engineer?
 A person who practices civil engineering application of
planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating
infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental
health
 Father of civil engineer
John Smeaton Mokshagundam
Visvesvaraya

QA/QC 4
What is Construction?
• Construction is the process of creating and
building infrastructure or a facility.
• It involves planning and
execution, transportation of
materials, site development
based on hydraulic,
environmental, structural and
geotechnical engineering.

QA/QC 5
What is Quality?
• Quality - Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics
fulfills requirements.
• Quality Assurance - Part of Quality Management focused on
providing confidence that Quality requirements will be
fulfilled.
• Quality Control - Part of Quality
Management focused on implementation &
fulfilling Quality requirements.

QA/QC 6
Codes & Standards
• Code is a standard that has been adopted by one or more
governmental bodies and is enforceable by law.
• Standard consists of technical
definitions and guidelines that
function as instructions for
designers/manufacturers and
operators/users of equipment.

QA/QC 7
Concrete Structural Works
 Survey
 Formwork
 Rebar Bending & Fixing
 Concreting
 Earthworks
 Piling

QA/QC 8
What is Surveying
 Surveying is the three-dimensional position of points and the
distances and angles between them. And it is a basic
requirement for all Civil Engineering projects
 To establish the bench marks,
fixing grids, transferring co-
ordinates and reduced level
 Total Station, Theodolite &
Leveling staff instruments are
using for Surveying works

QA/QC 9
Process of Surveying
 Clear the all grass, bushes etc. from site location
 Check validity of Instrument calibration before use
 AFC Drawings only used for setting out & Levels

QA/QC 10
Surveying
 Codes & Standards
IS Code 11134 - Code of practice for setting out of buildings
 Level Deviations
• ± 30 mm - Earthwork without any particular accuracy
• ± 12 mm - Earthwork subject to accuracy
• ± 5 mm - In Cast in Situ Concrete Structure
• ± 2 mm - Precast Concrete Structure & Steel Structure
 Position point Deviations
• ± 10 mm - Earthwork without any particular accuracy
• ± 5 mm - Earthwork subject to accuracy
• ± 2 mm - In Cast in Situ Concrete Structure
• ± 1 mm - Precast Concrete Structure & Steel Structure

QA/QC 11
Concrete Piles
 Type of Concrete Piles
• Pre-cast Piles
• Cast-in-situ Piles
• Bored-in-situ Piles
 Pile is like a column , It is installed in the ground to transfer the
structural loads to soils at some significant depth below the
base of the structure.

QA/QC 12
Concrete Piles
 Where it is Need ?
• Where the soil near the surface doesn’t have sufficient
bearing capacity (weak) to support the structural loads
• Where the soil is compressible
• Where the soil is Water logged

QA/QC 13
Pre-cast Piles
 Reinforced concrete piles, molded in circular, square,
rectangular or octagonal form.
 Cast and cured in the casting yard, then transported to the site
of driving.
 Function of reinforcement in a pre-cast pile is to resist the
stresses.

QA/QC 14
Cast-in-Situ Piles
 Cast in position inside the
ground.
 Then the soil from the bore
is drawn out
 Reinforce cage to be placed
in
 First of all a bore is dug  And finally filled with cement
concrete

QA/QC 15
Exposing of Concrete Piles

QA/QC 16
Concrete Piles
IS Code 2911 Part 1/ Sec 1 - Driven Cast-in-situ concrete piles
IS Code 2911 Part 1/ Sec 2 - Bored Cast-in-situ concrete piles
IS Code 2911 Part 1/ Sec 3 - Driven precast concrete piles
IS Code 2911 Part 1/ Sec 4 - Bored precast concrete piles
IS Code 2911 Part 4 - Load Test on Piles
 Tolerance
Position of Piles should not deviate more than deviate more
than 75 mm
Deviation from Vertical 1 in 75

QA/QC 17
Earthworks
 Processing it to meet location, elevation, density in moisture
content, etc.
 An excavation is a man-made cut, cavity, or depression in the
earth’s surface.

QA/QC 18
Excavation
 Excavated soil shall be
stacked in away from pit
or in stacking area
 Excavation shall be in required
dimension, Level & Slope.

QA/QC 19
Process of Excavation
 Check for Underground facility if any
 Side slopes as per drawing & working space.
 Excavated Earth shall be howled to dumping yard or placed at
least 2 mts from cutting edge.
 If you work in an excavation that’s five feet deep (or deeper)
you must be protected from a cave-in.

QA/QC 20
Backfilling
 Approval Source of Soil
 Free Swell Index, less than 50 %
 Lab Test results (MDD/OMC)
 Liquid Limit between 20-35
 Soil shall be laid in layers
 Plastic Index shall not more than 12

QA/QC 21
Compaction Process
By Roller By Plate Compactor
 Compaction shall be done to achieved as per customer requirement.

QA/QC 22
Compaction tests
IS Code 2720 Method of Test for Soils
Sand Replacement method Core Cutter Method Nuclear Density Gauge
Rapid Moisture Meter

QA/QC 23
Anti-Termite Treatment
 ATT should be carried out in the early stages of
construction of Buildings
 Start from sub structure to plinth level
 Chlorpyriphos 20% EC bearing ISI
certification . (1 Emulsion :19 Water )
 Indian pest control association
approved chemical shall be used

QA/QC 24
ATT - Masonry Foundations &
Basement
1. Foundations shall be completely
enveloped with chemical barrier.
2. Treatment shall be from sub
structure to plinth surface
3. Apply emulsion @ 5 Ltrs/ Sqm for
normal load bearing structures
4. Vertical surfaces @ 7.50 Ltrs/Sqm.
Legend
A - Bottom and sides of trench
B - Backfill in immediate contact with
foundation wall
C - Junction of wall and floor
D- External perimeter of building
7.50
Ltrs/Sqm
5
Ltrs/Sqm

QA/QC 25
ATT - RCC Foundations &
Basement
1. Treatment shall start at a depth of
500 mm below the ground
level/FML.
2. Apply emulsion for vertical surfaces
@ 7.50 Ltrs/Sqm.
Legend
A - Min 500 mm below ground level
B - Plinth Filling
D - FML to Grade Beam top
E - FFL to Plinth beam top
NGL - Natural Ground Level
FML - Formation Level
500 mm
below
NGL/FML
7.50
Ltrs/Sqm

QA/QC 26
ATT – Top Surface of Plinth fill
Holes @
150 mm
c/c
 Treatment shall be @ 5 Ltrs/Sqm before sub-base is laid.
 If consolidated soil doesn't allow the emulsion to seep through,
• Make holes using 12mm dia rod @ 150 mm c/c in both directions.
• Depth of hole shall be 50mm to 75 mm.
5
Ltrs/Sqm

QA/QC 27
ATT – External Perimeter of
Building
 The external perimeter of the building shall be
roded at 150 mm c/c on both ways to make holes.
 Minimum depth of hole shall be 300 mm.
 Pour the chemical emulsion in to the hole @ 7.5
ltr / Sqm of vertical surface.
 Tamp back the soil after treatment & consolidate.
External
Perimeter
Min 300
mm @ 7.5
Ltrs / Sqm

QA/QC 28
What is Formwork
 Formwork is a mould including all supporting structures, used to
shape and support the concrete until it attains sufficient strength
to carry its own weight
 It should be capable of carrying all imposed dead and live loads
apart from its own weight.
 Formwork is commonly made of
• Steel
• Timber

QA/QC 29
Type of Formwork
Timber Formwork Steel Formwork

QA/QC 30
Qualities of Formwork
 It should be water tight.
 It should be strong.
 It can be reusable.
 Its contact surface should be uniform.
 It should be according to the size of
member.

QA/QC 31
Advantages of Steel formwork
 It can be used for a no. of times.
 It is non absorbent.
 Smooth finish surface obtained.
 No shrinkage of formwork occurs.
 Easy to use.
 Its volume is less
 Its strength is more.

QA/QC 32
Stages of Formwork
 Assembly and erection
 Concrete placement
 Stripping & dismantling
Different Structure of Formwork
 Wall
 Column
 Slabs & Beam
 Stairs

QA/QC 33
Formwork for Wall
 After completing one side of
formwork reinforcement is
provided at the place then the
second side formwork is
provided.

QA/QC 34
Formwork for Column
 After completing one side of
Two end & two side planks
are joined by the yokes and
bolts.

QA/QC 35
Formwork for Slab & Beams
 Beam formwork rests on
head tree
 Slab form work rests on
battens and joists
 If prop height are more
than 8’ provide horizontal
braces.

QA/QC 36
Formwork for Stairs

QA/QC 37
Deviation of Formwork
Deviation in cross section of column & beams - 6mm to + 12 mm.
Deviation from dimensions of footings
Dimension in Plan +50 to -12 mm
Eccentricity
0.02 times the width of the footing in the direction of
Deviation but not more than 50mm
Thickness +/- 0.05 times the specified Thickness.
For Cast in-situ elements, the deviation of level of any point from the intended level +/- 10 mm
Deviation in length / Straightness (Single or Continuous Member)
In Length up to 3 m +/- 6 mm
In Length up 3 m to 4.5 m +/- 9 mm
In Length up 4.5m to 6m +/-12mm
In Length additional deviation for every subsequent 6m +/- 6mm
Deviation in Twist
Upto 600mm wide and upto 6m in length +/- 6 mm
Over 600mm wide and for any length +/-12mm

QA/QC 38
Removal of Formwork
Walls, columns and vertical faces of wall Structural members 16 to 24 hours
Slabs (props left under) 3 days
Beam Soffits (props left under) 7 days
Removal of props under slabs
Spanning upto 4.5m 7 days
Spanning over 4.5m 7 days
Removal of props under beams and arches
Spanning upto 6m 14 days
Spanning over 6m 21 days
• IS 456 - Code practice for Plain & Reinforcement Concrete
• IS 14687 - False work for concrete structures guidelines

QA/QC 39
Reinforcement bar
 Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing
steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension
device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry
structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension

QA/QC 40
Types & Grades of Rebar
 Strength grades of reinforcement steel
 Storage
 Reinforcements should not be left in direct contact with ground.
 Reinforcement should be stacked on elevated ground and on top of timber
sleepers, concrete sleepers or the like.

QA/QC 41
Bar Bending Schedule
 Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) is the
schedule of reinforcement bars prepared
in advance before cutting & bending of
rebar’s as per IS 2502.
 The schedule contains all details of size,
shape, numbers & dimension of rebar to be
cut as per the drawing requirements.

QA/QC 42
General Reinforcement
 Over lapping : It is done when length of reinforcement
bar is small but we need longer reinforcement
 Ties : Columns have closed lateral ties spaced
approximately uniformly across the column
 Hook : Used to resist expansion & Shall be bent 1350
 Stirrups : Used to resist shear and diagonal tension
stresses in a beam

QA/QC 43
Cutting & Bending of Reinforcement
 Bars shall be bent in accordance with the dimensions shown in
the schedule.
 The bar must be bend slowly to avoid capillary crack
 Samples may be check to avoid wastages

QA/QC 44
Fixing of Reinforcement
 After the cutting bar, tie bar work fine with the wire.
 Congestion of bars should be avoided at points
 Use bar bending table.

QA/QC 45
Fixing of Reinforcement
Fixing of Spacer BarFixing of Chairs
Fixing of Cover Block in Slab
Fixing of Cover
Block in Slab

QA/QC 46
Tolerance for Reinforcement
 Permissible Limits for cutting
of reinforcement bars (As per
IS 2502):
 Permissible Limits for placing
& Cover of reinforcement bars
(As per IS 456):

QA/QC 47
Codes & Standards of
Reinforcement
 IS 432 Part – 1 - Mild steel & medium tensile steel bars
 IS 456 - Code practice for Plain & Reinforcement Concrete
 IS 1786 - Code of practice for High Strength deformed Steel bars and
wires for concrete Reinforcement
 IS 2502 - Code of practice for bending and fixing of bars for concrete
reinforcement
 SP 34 - Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing

QA/QC 48
Concrete works
 Concrete is one of the most commonly used building materials.
 Concrete is a composite
material made from several
readily available constituents
(aggregates, sand, cement,
water).

QA/QC 49
Concrete Material
 Cement
 Fine Aggregate
 Coarse Aggregate
 Water
 Admixture

QA/QC 50
Mixing of Concrete

QA/QC 51
Manual mix of Concrete

QA/QC 52
Ready mix of Concrete

QA/QC 53
Placing of Concrete
• Pour cement slurry /bonding agent at
construction joint.
• Keep all things ready (labour /pump/
vibrator)
• Never pour too low slump concrete.
• Restrict Height of free fall through
reinforcement as much as possible.
• Place the concrete within stipulated
time.
• Avoid use of vibrator to spread the
concrete

QA/QC 54
Compaction of Concrete
 Vertical penetration a few inches into
previous lift (which should not yet be
rigid) of systematic regular intervals will
give adequate consolidation
 Check the direction of rotation of
vibrator.
 Never touch needle to Reinforcement /
Shutter.
 Insert Quickly and take out slowly.
 Insert the vibrator till previous layer.

QA/QC 55
Finishing of Concrete

QA/QC 56
Finishing of Concrete

QA/QC 57
Curing of Concrete
 Start Curing as soon as concrete is set.  Cure the concrete for minimum 7
days

QA/QC 58
Testing of Concrete

QA/QC 59
Permissible Limits of Concrete
works
 Water
• Shall be clear and free from injurious amounts of Oil, Acid, Alkali,
Organic matters or other harmful substances
• Cross Sectional +10mm / -5mm
• In position: ±10mm
• In Level: ±10mm
• The pH value of water shall not be less than 6.
• Limits for Solids shall be as per IS 456 (Clause 5.4) .
 Exposed Surface  Test Results
• The Individual variation should
not be more than ± 15mm

QA/QC 60
Codes & Standards for
Concrete works
IS:383 & IS 2386 - Coarse and fine aggregate
IS 456 - Code practice for Plain & Reinforcement Concrete
IS 516 - Method of test for strength of concrete

Civil - Structural Works

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