Cities exist to facilitate trade, production, and exchange. Three key conditions are needed for cities to develop: 1) agricultural surplus to support non-farm populations, 2) urban production of goods to trade for food, and 3) transportation networks to enable exchange. As agricultural productivity increases, more surplus can support larger cities where production benefits from agglomeration economies like shared inputs, labor pools, knowledge spillovers, and matching. Larger cities offer higher wages potentially due to sorting of more skilled workers and productivity gains from matching and knowledge spillovers between firms and industries.
Agglomeration refers to the concentration of people or economic activity in a particular location. When firms and industries locate near each other, they benefit from economies of agglomeration through increased interactions and lower transportation and coordination costs. This can lead to the formation of manufacturing clusters connected by transport corridors. Concentrating industry provides economic advantages like access to skilled labor and suppliers, but also disadvantages like increased unemployment if demand falls for a specialized industry. Quality of life is an assessment of an individual's well-being that considers factors like health, income, education, environment, and social relationships. It differs from economic measures of living standards and various indicators are used to measure and compare quality of life between places.
Where do we go from here? Fostering equitable urban development and sustainab...Ares Kalandides
This document discusses fostering equitable urban development and sustainable economic growth in Berlin. It summarizes Berlin's strong economy, driven by its growing startup scene, tourism industry, and leadership in sectors like healthcare, IT, and transportation. However, it notes challenges around housing shortages, infrastructure needs, and ensuring broader populations benefit from growth. It outlines Berlin's planning tools and organizations supporting economic development. Finally, it discusses challenges going forward around diversification, urban planning, infrastructure, tourism management, and participatory governance.
this is notes on chapter 2 of ten principles of economics by mankiw. topics covered:
THE ROLE OF ASSUMPTIONS
ECONOMIC MODELS
THE CIRCULAR-FLOW DIAGRAM
THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER
MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS
THE ECONOMIST AS POLICY ADVISER
this is short notes on chapter 2 of ten principles of economics by manikiw
Presentation Industrial & Labour Geographynspiropo
The document discusses the role of labor qualifications in urban competitiveness and geography. It argues that qualified labor is important for three reasons: it improves incomes and employment probabilities for individuals; increases productivity and competitiveness for employers; and leads to social cohesion and economic growth for cities. Cities that invest in developing skills through education will have more competitive firms and sustainable jobs, making their labor forces and overall economies more productive. Human capital in the form of an educated workforce is a core factor driving urban and regional economic growth.
1) Industries consider transportation costs of inputs and finished goods to locate in areas that minimize costs. They tend to locate near inputs if they are expensive to transport or near markets if finished goods are expensive to transport.
2) Site factors like land, labor, and capital costs also influence location. Industries prefer cheaper land, labor, power sources, and access to investment capital.
3) Weber's location theory holds that industries locate based on balancing transportation costs, labor costs, and benefits of clustering with other industries.
The document provides an overview of key marketing concepts including identifying customer needs, market segmentation, market research, the marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion), and marketing strategy. It also discusses types of markets, products, pricing strategies, distribution channels, and sales promotion techniques. The summary highlights the main goals of marketing like satisfying customer needs and maintaining loyalty while gaining customer information.
This document discusses how societies answer four key economic questions: what to produce, how to produce it, how much to produce, and who gets to consume goods and services. It explains that scarcity necessitates difficult decisions about allocating limited resources. The price mechanism and market forces help coordinate these decisions through price signals that incentivize efficient behavior and ration scarce resources based on ability to pay.
This document discusses several theories of international trade, including mercantilism, absolute advantage, and comparative advantage. It provides details on key aspects of each theory such as balance of payments for mercantilism and production possibility curves for comparative advantage. It also addresses limitations of the theories and additional factors that influence trade patterns between countries such as differences in country size, factor proportions, and product life cycles. Later sections explore strategic trade policy and Porter's diamond model for understanding why companies engage in international trade.
Agglomeration refers to the concentration of people or economic activity in a particular location. When firms and industries locate near each other, they benefit from economies of agglomeration through increased interactions and lower transportation and coordination costs. This can lead to the formation of manufacturing clusters connected by transport corridors. Concentrating industry provides economic advantages like access to skilled labor and suppliers, but also disadvantages like increased unemployment if demand falls for a specialized industry. Quality of life is an assessment of an individual's well-being that considers factors like health, income, education, environment, and social relationships. It differs from economic measures of living standards and various indicators are used to measure and compare quality of life between places.
Where do we go from here? Fostering equitable urban development and sustainab...Ares Kalandides
This document discusses fostering equitable urban development and sustainable economic growth in Berlin. It summarizes Berlin's strong economy, driven by its growing startup scene, tourism industry, and leadership in sectors like healthcare, IT, and transportation. However, it notes challenges around housing shortages, infrastructure needs, and ensuring broader populations benefit from growth. It outlines Berlin's planning tools and organizations supporting economic development. Finally, it discusses challenges going forward around diversification, urban planning, infrastructure, tourism management, and participatory governance.
this is notes on chapter 2 of ten principles of economics by mankiw. topics covered:
THE ROLE OF ASSUMPTIONS
ECONOMIC MODELS
THE CIRCULAR-FLOW DIAGRAM
THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER
MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS
THE ECONOMIST AS POLICY ADVISER
this is short notes on chapter 2 of ten principles of economics by manikiw
Presentation Industrial & Labour Geographynspiropo
The document discusses the role of labor qualifications in urban competitiveness and geography. It argues that qualified labor is important for three reasons: it improves incomes and employment probabilities for individuals; increases productivity and competitiveness for employers; and leads to social cohesion and economic growth for cities. Cities that invest in developing skills through education will have more competitive firms and sustainable jobs, making their labor forces and overall economies more productive. Human capital in the form of an educated workforce is a core factor driving urban and regional economic growth.
1) Industries consider transportation costs of inputs and finished goods to locate in areas that minimize costs. They tend to locate near inputs if they are expensive to transport or near markets if finished goods are expensive to transport.
2) Site factors like land, labor, and capital costs also influence location. Industries prefer cheaper land, labor, power sources, and access to investment capital.
3) Weber's location theory holds that industries locate based on balancing transportation costs, labor costs, and benefits of clustering with other industries.
The document provides an overview of key marketing concepts including identifying customer needs, market segmentation, market research, the marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion), and marketing strategy. It also discusses types of markets, products, pricing strategies, distribution channels, and sales promotion techniques. The summary highlights the main goals of marketing like satisfying customer needs and maintaining loyalty while gaining customer information.
This document discusses how societies answer four key economic questions: what to produce, how to produce it, how much to produce, and who gets to consume goods and services. It explains that scarcity necessitates difficult decisions about allocating limited resources. The price mechanism and market forces help coordinate these decisions through price signals that incentivize efficient behavior and ration scarce resources based on ability to pay.
This document discusses several theories of international trade, including mercantilism, absolute advantage, and comparative advantage. It provides details on key aspects of each theory such as balance of payments for mercantilism and production possibility curves for comparative advantage. It also addresses limitations of the theories and additional factors that influence trade patterns between countries such as differences in country size, factor proportions, and product life cycles. Later sections explore strategic trade policy and Porter's diamond model for understanding why companies engage in international trade.
Living in a Connected, Collaborative but “Dis-integrated” Society - Simone Ci...Simone Cicero
How is digital transformation impacting the potential of collaborative businesses? What does it really mean "collaborative economy"? This is just an expression of the transition towards a post industrial society!
This presentation was given as an opening of the first OuiShare Forum - OuiShare semestrial event for the corporates that want to understand how to transform to cope with the collaborative transformation and become players of change.
1. The document discusses how cities form and grow due to various economies of scale. Localization economies occur when firms cluster together in an industry and benefit from shared suppliers, labor pools, and information. Urbanization economies make cities larger as total urban output increases.
2. Differences in the strength of localization economies across industries can lead to differences in city size. Larger cities also benefit from providing local goods and services.
3. While telecommunications may replace some in-person meetings, face-to-face interaction will still be needed, so cities will continue to exist due to the physical proximity they provide.
This is part one of our view of modernising retail and the immediate changes taking place. The current challenges facing logistics now. www.forpartnership.com
This slide deck dives a bit in history to understand where IT comes from, where we are now and why we are there and what our options are. It starts with exploring the paradigms of the markets companies live in, travels through matching organizational approaches and finally looks at the history and current state of IT.
Based on that and after a quick look at Conway's law the market paradigms and organizational approaches are evaluated with respect to the drivers they imply on IT in general and architecture particularly.
And after all that foreplay (which is necessary to really understand where we are and what the forces are) several architectural styles and technologies are located on the scale that the market paradigms and organizational approaches span. This way sort of an "architectural fitness detector" is provided which helps to make architectural choices based on needs instead of hypes or habits (which are way to often the choice drivers).
The slide deck then finishes up with a few mismatches that are seen quite often in reality and it can be seen how the distance between architectural choices on the presented scale can be used to quickly determine potential mismatches.
As always the voice track is missing but I hope that the slides are still of some help for you.
This document provides an overview and analysis of cloud computing services opportunities for Dell in China. It summarizes China's rapidly growing economy and transition to domestic consumption. Cloud computing is an emerging trend, but not well understood in China. Major technology players like IBM, HP, Microsoft and Oracle are discussed. The document recommends Dell capitalize on cloud computing by creating a consulting team to drive demand, educate local companies, establish partnerships, and target large anchor customers to build out cloud infrastructure.
Lesson 3a & 3b measuring globalisation & tn cs and globalisationJames Foster
Here are potential responses to the questions:
Explain 2 ways in which TNCs promote globalisation (4):
1. TNCs spread their operations across multiple countries through foreign direct investment and opening new facilities. This connects different economies.
2. TNCs develop global supply chains that link suppliers and factories across borders. This increases the flow of goods, capital and information worldwide.
Assess the role of TNCs in the globalisation process (12):
TNCs have played a major role in driving the globalisation process through their extensive international operations and global supply chains. They have accelerated globalisation by offshoring and outsourcing production to lower cost countries, helping to industrialize
This document provides an overview of globalization and its impact on the Indian economy. It discusses how multinational corporations (MNCs) spread production across multiple countries to take advantage of lower costs. MNCs set up factories and offices in places with cheap labor and resources. Improved transportation and information technologies have enabled the integration of global production and markets. Liberalization of trade and foreign investment policies in India in the 1990s opened the economy and allowed greater global interconnection.
This document provides an introduction to global marketing and international trade theory. It discusses reasons for the growth of global marketing such as access to new markets and resources. It defines key concepts like globalization, global industries, and competitive advantages in global markets. It also summarizes different international trade theories including classical theories like absolute advantage and comparative advantage, as well as new trade theories addressing scale economies and first-mover advantages.
This document discusses globalization and international business. It defines key terms like international business, imports, exports, and e-business. It explores the forces driving globalization like falling trade barriers, technological innovation, and how measures like GDP are used. Debate topics around globalization's impact on jobs, wages, the environment and inequality are summarized. The roles of multinational corporations, small companies, and "born global" firms in international business are outlined.
This document summarizes the key findings and recommendations from a planning process for Lee County, Florida. The planning process assessed the feasibility of developing an "Innovation Diamond" concept to diversify the local economy through research and sustainable industries. Key recommendations included:
- Physically reshaping the city to attract innovators by fostering dense, walkable, mixed-use development near transit and creating activity centers.
- Adopting new development formats like walkable workplace districts, innovation clusters near universities, and revitalizing industrial areas to attract knowledge workers and small/medium firms.
- Focusing economic development efforts on target industries like aerospace, clean technology, life sciences and healthcare through investment, business encouragement,
1) The airline industry is a difficult business with thin profit margins due to high fixed costs, perishable inventory, and unstable demand. It has also become a commodity business with undifferentiated brands.
2) Airline marketing focuses on the 4 P's - product (schedules, service quality, network), price (dealing with competition and costs), place (sales channels and distribution costs), and promotion (building brands through loyalty programs and advertising).
3) Creating sustainable differentiation from competitors is a challenge given the commodity perception of the basic airline product and experience. Network breadth and service quality are areas the industry focuses on for differentiation.
This document discusses elements of city planning and urban land use patterns. It describes key components of a city plan including communications, transportation, public services, and amenities. It summarizes various models of urban land use patterns proposed by theorists like Burgess, Hoyt, and Harris-Ullman. It also describes characteristics of different urban land uses such as residential, commercial, industrial zones and the central business district. Key challenges faced in urban planning related to housing, transportation and land use are highlighted.
This document defines and discusses different types of market failure including allocative efficiency, technical efficiency, productive efficiency, and social efficiency. It then examines specific causes of market failure such as imperfect knowledge, differentiated goods, resource immobility, market power, inadequate provision of merit and public goods, external costs and benefits, and inequality. The document provides examples for each type of market failure and discusses potential measures governments can take to correct market failures.
The document summarizes how the international division of labor has changed over the last 30 years, with manufacturing shifting from more developed to less developed countries. Key points discussed include the rise of just-in-time delivery, flexible production models, outsourcing and offshoring to take advantage of lower costs overseas, and the growth of new industrial regions and clusters in developing nations like China, Mexico, Eastern Europe, and Asia. The impact on developed nations like the US has been deindustrialization and a shift to service sector jobs, while developing countries have experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth.
This document provides an agenda and learning objectives for a course on e-commerce. It will cover what e-commerce is, the key features that distinguish it, common business models, and how e-commerce has transformed marketing and business transactions. Specific topics to be discussed include m-commerce, building an e-commerce presence, social networking applications, and the roles of companies like Amazon, eBay and Alibaba. Case studies of companies like Craigslist, Zalando and Groupon will also be examined.
This document provides an overview of theories related to international trade and factor mobility. It discusses theories that support both laissez-faire and interventionist approaches to trade. Specifically, it covers theories of absolute advantage, comparative advantage, factor proportions, product life cycles, and the relationship between trade and international mobility of production factors like labor and capital. The goal is for students to understand different frameworks for analyzing international trade patterns, factors that influence countries' export capabilities, and why production resources move globally.
The document discusses various topics related to international business including:
- The key aspects of international business such as trade across borders and enterprises expanding activities globally.
- The differences between domestic and international business including currencies, geographical conditions, legal systems, and political barriers.
- The importance of international business for expansion, managing product lifecycles, accessing new opportunities and technologies, utilizing resources efficiently, and earning foreign exchange.
- Trends in international business like regional trade agreements, developing country trade, air cargo, global production networks, intra-firm trade, and e-commerce.
- Theories of international trade such as mercantilism, absolute cost advantage, and comparative cost advantage.
Marketing involves identifying customer needs and wants, developing products and services to meet them, and promoting and distributing those offerings. It is a process of creating value for customers to build profitable relationships. Effective marketing requires understanding factors like customer behavior, competitors, and the broader business environment. The goal is to choose target markets and grow customer base through superior customer value and satisfaction.
International business third sem-unit-3.pptx(1)Manisha Rajan
International trade theories aim to explain why trade occurs between countries. Classical theories focused on country advantages like absolute advantage and comparative advantage. New theories examine how natural advantages, government policies, and industry characteristics enable trade. Porter's diamond of national advantage analyzes how factor conditions, demand conditions, related/supporting industries, and firm strategy/rivalry determine a country's competitive advantage.
Does the us still make anything unemploymentAdam Jones
This document discusses unemployment statistics such as the labor force, unemployment rate, and natural rate of unemployment. It defines key terms like cyclical unemployment and structural unemployment. It also notes disparities in unemployment rates between demographics and provides unemployment rates and labor force participation rates for groups like whites, blacks, those with different education levels, and by sex. Graphics show unemployment rates and labor force participation rates over time and by county. The document discusses factors like trade and duration of unemployment.
Does the us still make anything gdp to distAdam Jones
GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. It includes consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G), and net exports (NX). While GDP indicates total output, real GDP corrects for inflation to measure changes in the quantity of output produced. Per capita GDP further adjusts for population size to serve as a measure of a country's standard of living.
Living in a Connected, Collaborative but “Dis-integrated” Society - Simone Ci...Simone Cicero
How is digital transformation impacting the potential of collaborative businesses? What does it really mean "collaborative economy"? This is just an expression of the transition towards a post industrial society!
This presentation was given as an opening of the first OuiShare Forum - OuiShare semestrial event for the corporates that want to understand how to transform to cope with the collaborative transformation and become players of change.
1. The document discusses how cities form and grow due to various economies of scale. Localization economies occur when firms cluster together in an industry and benefit from shared suppliers, labor pools, and information. Urbanization economies make cities larger as total urban output increases.
2. Differences in the strength of localization economies across industries can lead to differences in city size. Larger cities also benefit from providing local goods and services.
3. While telecommunications may replace some in-person meetings, face-to-face interaction will still be needed, so cities will continue to exist due to the physical proximity they provide.
This is part one of our view of modernising retail and the immediate changes taking place. The current challenges facing logistics now. www.forpartnership.com
This slide deck dives a bit in history to understand where IT comes from, where we are now and why we are there and what our options are. It starts with exploring the paradigms of the markets companies live in, travels through matching organizational approaches and finally looks at the history and current state of IT.
Based on that and after a quick look at Conway's law the market paradigms and organizational approaches are evaluated with respect to the drivers they imply on IT in general and architecture particularly.
And after all that foreplay (which is necessary to really understand where we are and what the forces are) several architectural styles and technologies are located on the scale that the market paradigms and organizational approaches span. This way sort of an "architectural fitness detector" is provided which helps to make architectural choices based on needs instead of hypes or habits (which are way to often the choice drivers).
The slide deck then finishes up with a few mismatches that are seen quite often in reality and it can be seen how the distance between architectural choices on the presented scale can be used to quickly determine potential mismatches.
As always the voice track is missing but I hope that the slides are still of some help for you.
This document provides an overview and analysis of cloud computing services opportunities for Dell in China. It summarizes China's rapidly growing economy and transition to domestic consumption. Cloud computing is an emerging trend, but not well understood in China. Major technology players like IBM, HP, Microsoft and Oracle are discussed. The document recommends Dell capitalize on cloud computing by creating a consulting team to drive demand, educate local companies, establish partnerships, and target large anchor customers to build out cloud infrastructure.
Lesson 3a & 3b measuring globalisation & tn cs and globalisationJames Foster
Here are potential responses to the questions:
Explain 2 ways in which TNCs promote globalisation (4):
1. TNCs spread their operations across multiple countries through foreign direct investment and opening new facilities. This connects different economies.
2. TNCs develop global supply chains that link suppliers and factories across borders. This increases the flow of goods, capital and information worldwide.
Assess the role of TNCs in the globalisation process (12):
TNCs have played a major role in driving the globalisation process through their extensive international operations and global supply chains. They have accelerated globalisation by offshoring and outsourcing production to lower cost countries, helping to industrialize
This document provides an overview of globalization and its impact on the Indian economy. It discusses how multinational corporations (MNCs) spread production across multiple countries to take advantage of lower costs. MNCs set up factories and offices in places with cheap labor and resources. Improved transportation and information technologies have enabled the integration of global production and markets. Liberalization of trade and foreign investment policies in India in the 1990s opened the economy and allowed greater global interconnection.
This document provides an introduction to global marketing and international trade theory. It discusses reasons for the growth of global marketing such as access to new markets and resources. It defines key concepts like globalization, global industries, and competitive advantages in global markets. It also summarizes different international trade theories including classical theories like absolute advantage and comparative advantage, as well as new trade theories addressing scale economies and first-mover advantages.
This document discusses globalization and international business. It defines key terms like international business, imports, exports, and e-business. It explores the forces driving globalization like falling trade barriers, technological innovation, and how measures like GDP are used. Debate topics around globalization's impact on jobs, wages, the environment and inequality are summarized. The roles of multinational corporations, small companies, and "born global" firms in international business are outlined.
This document summarizes the key findings and recommendations from a planning process for Lee County, Florida. The planning process assessed the feasibility of developing an "Innovation Diamond" concept to diversify the local economy through research and sustainable industries. Key recommendations included:
- Physically reshaping the city to attract innovators by fostering dense, walkable, mixed-use development near transit and creating activity centers.
- Adopting new development formats like walkable workplace districts, innovation clusters near universities, and revitalizing industrial areas to attract knowledge workers and small/medium firms.
- Focusing economic development efforts on target industries like aerospace, clean technology, life sciences and healthcare through investment, business encouragement,
1) The airline industry is a difficult business with thin profit margins due to high fixed costs, perishable inventory, and unstable demand. It has also become a commodity business with undifferentiated brands.
2) Airline marketing focuses on the 4 P's - product (schedules, service quality, network), price (dealing with competition and costs), place (sales channels and distribution costs), and promotion (building brands through loyalty programs and advertising).
3) Creating sustainable differentiation from competitors is a challenge given the commodity perception of the basic airline product and experience. Network breadth and service quality are areas the industry focuses on for differentiation.
This document discusses elements of city planning and urban land use patterns. It describes key components of a city plan including communications, transportation, public services, and amenities. It summarizes various models of urban land use patterns proposed by theorists like Burgess, Hoyt, and Harris-Ullman. It also describes characteristics of different urban land uses such as residential, commercial, industrial zones and the central business district. Key challenges faced in urban planning related to housing, transportation and land use are highlighted.
This document defines and discusses different types of market failure including allocative efficiency, technical efficiency, productive efficiency, and social efficiency. It then examines specific causes of market failure such as imperfect knowledge, differentiated goods, resource immobility, market power, inadequate provision of merit and public goods, external costs and benefits, and inequality. The document provides examples for each type of market failure and discusses potential measures governments can take to correct market failures.
The document summarizes how the international division of labor has changed over the last 30 years, with manufacturing shifting from more developed to less developed countries. Key points discussed include the rise of just-in-time delivery, flexible production models, outsourcing and offshoring to take advantage of lower costs overseas, and the growth of new industrial regions and clusters in developing nations like China, Mexico, Eastern Europe, and Asia. The impact on developed nations like the US has been deindustrialization and a shift to service sector jobs, while developing countries have experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth.
This document provides an agenda and learning objectives for a course on e-commerce. It will cover what e-commerce is, the key features that distinguish it, common business models, and how e-commerce has transformed marketing and business transactions. Specific topics to be discussed include m-commerce, building an e-commerce presence, social networking applications, and the roles of companies like Amazon, eBay and Alibaba. Case studies of companies like Craigslist, Zalando and Groupon will also be examined.
This document provides an overview of theories related to international trade and factor mobility. It discusses theories that support both laissez-faire and interventionist approaches to trade. Specifically, it covers theories of absolute advantage, comparative advantage, factor proportions, product life cycles, and the relationship between trade and international mobility of production factors like labor and capital. The goal is for students to understand different frameworks for analyzing international trade patterns, factors that influence countries' export capabilities, and why production resources move globally.
The document discusses various topics related to international business including:
- The key aspects of international business such as trade across borders and enterprises expanding activities globally.
- The differences between domestic and international business including currencies, geographical conditions, legal systems, and political barriers.
- The importance of international business for expansion, managing product lifecycles, accessing new opportunities and technologies, utilizing resources efficiently, and earning foreign exchange.
- Trends in international business like regional trade agreements, developing country trade, air cargo, global production networks, intra-firm trade, and e-commerce.
- Theories of international trade such as mercantilism, absolute cost advantage, and comparative cost advantage.
Marketing involves identifying customer needs and wants, developing products and services to meet them, and promoting and distributing those offerings. It is a process of creating value for customers to build profitable relationships. Effective marketing requires understanding factors like customer behavior, competitors, and the broader business environment. The goal is to choose target markets and grow customer base through superior customer value and satisfaction.
International business third sem-unit-3.pptx(1)Manisha Rajan
International trade theories aim to explain why trade occurs between countries. Classical theories focused on country advantages like absolute advantage and comparative advantage. New theories examine how natural advantages, government policies, and industry characteristics enable trade. Porter's diamond of national advantage analyzes how factor conditions, demand conditions, related/supporting industries, and firm strategy/rivalry determine a country's competitive advantage.
Does the us still make anything unemploymentAdam Jones
This document discusses unemployment statistics such as the labor force, unemployment rate, and natural rate of unemployment. It defines key terms like cyclical unemployment and structural unemployment. It also notes disparities in unemployment rates between demographics and provides unemployment rates and labor force participation rates for groups like whites, blacks, those with different education levels, and by sex. Graphics show unemployment rates and labor force participation rates over time and by county. The document discusses factors like trade and duration of unemployment.
Does the us still make anything gdp to distAdam Jones
GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. It includes consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G), and net exports (NX). While GDP indicates total output, real GDP corrects for inflation to measure changes in the quantity of output produced. Per capita GDP further adjusts for population size to serve as a measure of a country's standard of living.
China has a large population concentrated in the eastern half of the country due to lack of water and arable land in the west. It has transitioned from a command economy to a more market-based mixed economy through reforms, but still retains significant state control over large companies. The Great Leap Forward policy in the 1950s led to massive famine and over 25 million deaths before being abandoned. China has emphasized international trade and special economic zones to encourage growth, and joined the WTO to further integrate its economy globally.
Shift-share analysis decomposes regional economic growth into three components: national growth, industrial mix, and regional competitiveness. It divides growth between the national growth rate, differences due to the region's initial industry composition, and factors like infrastructure that attract industries. While the data is generally available, identifying the appropriate industry level and determining the causes of competitive differences can be challenging, as local industries may differ and past performance does not guarantee future growth.
This document discusses regional economics and rural economic decline. It begins with an outline and definitions of key topics such as rural communities and metropolitan vs non-metropolitan areas. It then discusses the significant economic decline seen in many rural communities across the country in recent decades, as shown by data on uneven growth and recovery across places. The document poses the question of what, if anything, states and localities should do to intervene when communities are struggling economically.
This document discusses using location quotients to analyze regional employment data. It explains that a location quotient compares an industry's local employment share to its national employment share, with values over 1 indicating the industry has a greater presence locally than nationally. The document provides location quotients for various industries in the Wilmington region for 2010 and 2018, noting cautions around determining if quotients differ meaningfully from 1 and the limitations of aggregated industry data.
There are three main types of regions: homogeneous regions which have internal similarity in culture or economics; administrative regions which are formed for management purposes and define service areas; and functional regions which are integrated economic areas not defined by official boundaries. Core Based Statistical Areas are one way regions are officially defined and measured based on population thresholds around urban cores for statistical analysis.
The document discusses the macroeconomic effects of war. It explores whether war is good for the economy by analyzing the impacts of war on economic growth, government spending, consumption, investment, debt, taxation, and inflation. While war temporarily increases GDP growth and reduces unemployment through higher government spending, it shifts resources away from private consumption and investment. War also results in higher debt, taxation, inflation, as well as deaths and destruction of capital. The document concludes that while war provides some economic benefits in the short-run, it imposes greater costs and is not beneficial for long-term economic welfare.
This document discusses how to encourage environmentally friendly behavior. It begins by outlining principles of decision making: people face tradeoffs; the cost of something is what you give up; rational people think at the margin and ignore sunk costs; and people respond to incentives. It then discusses how to apply these principles to environmental issues by framing tradeoffs, changing incentives through taxes or subsidies, and using nudges like information to influence choices. The key takeaway is that addressing scarcity, incentives, and rational decision making can help shift norms and protect the environment.
This document discusses how capitalism and free trade continue to dominate the global economic system. It explains that voluntary exchange through markets is usually the most efficient way to organize economic activity because it allows for decentralized decision making based on prices. However, governments can sometimes improve market outcomes by addressing issues like market failures from externalities or lack of competition. While markets may not distribute resources in the most equal way, tax and welfare policies can be used to alter the distribution, though this risks reducing efficiency. Overall, allowing individual creativity and incentives guided by market prices, i.e. free enterprise, has proven most efficient so far, but continued tweaking may be needed to also promote fairness.
This document contains a summary of key concepts from macroeconomics including:
- Business cycles and recessions can lead to increased drug use, unemployment, and mortality as people lose hope.
- Classical economic theory assumed markets would eventually clear on their own, but Keynes argued governments should use fiscal and monetary policy to stabilize economies in the short-run.
- The AD/AS model shows how aggregate demand and supply interact to determine output and inflation in both the short-run and long-run. Factors like consumer spending, investment, government spending, and exchange rates influence aggregate demand.
The document discusses government deficits and debt. It notes that government spending (G) reduces other categories like consumption and investment. It then discusses the size of the current US debt held by the public ($16 trillion) and total debt including social security ($20 trillion). A ratio of debt to GDP is used to measure indebtedness over time, which has historically risen during wars and fallen during peacetime, until recently. The document then discusses different ways to pay for government spending like taxes, borrowing, and money printing, noting each option has drawbacks.
Is govt investment productive for stud examAdam Jones
The document discusses government debt and deficits. It notes that government spending reduces other categories like consumption. It provides data showing US debt held by the public is around $16 trillion and total debt is $20 trillion. Historically, the debt to GDP ratio rises during wars and falls during peacetime. Large and persistent deficits can lead to continually rising government debt. Government budget deficits decrease investment by "crowding out" private investment, which can reduce long term economic growth.
While production growth and industrialization have lifted living standards globally, unrestrained growth poses environmental risks. Some key points:
- Industrialization and economic growth are relatively new phenomena historically. Most countries grew quickly after industrializing.
- Higher production and GDP per capita are generally associated with lower poverty, but environmental impacts must be addressed.
- Productivity gains, through more/better capital, skills, technology and resource use, are important for growth and living standards. But policies are needed to encourage sustainable practices.
- There are no simple answers, as both economic development and environmental protection are important objectives. Balanced and innovative solutions are needed.
This document provides an overview of aggregate demand and aggregate supply models. It discusses how recessions can lead to increased drug use and "despair" as unemployment rises and unemployment insurance expires. It then covers classical economic theory, the AD/AS framework, and the factors that can shift the aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves in both the short-run and long-run. The document also examines how monetary and fiscal policy tools can be used to stabilize the economy during fluctuations.
This document discusses how economic recessions can lead to increased drug use and related health issues. It notes that during recessions, unemployment rises and more people experience despair. When unemployment insurance expires, some turn to disability benefits or medications. When prescription opioid access is restricted, people may substitute other drugs. The document also briefly previews aggregate demand/aggregate supply economic models and concepts like how price level changes can impact consumption, investment, and net exports through wealth, interest rate, and exchange rate effects.
The document summarizes sources of revenue for different levels of government and taxes in the US and North Carolina. It notes that the federal government receives 48% of revenue from individual income taxes, 9% from corporate income tax, and 35% from payroll taxes. States rely heavily on sales and income taxes, while local governments rely most on property taxes, sales taxes, and intergovernmental transfers from states. It then focuses on sales and property taxes in more detail.
This document discusses economic development and increasing regional income through the export base theory of growth. It explains that a region must increase exports to outside areas to increase monetary inflow and generate additional income through the multiplier process. Activities that bring money into the region from outside, called "basic" or "traded" sectors, include recruiting traded firms, tourism, and attracting talented entrepreneurs. While population growth can help, simply increasing the number of residents is not sufficient for economic development without also increasing the traded sectors of the economy. The document also notes some criticisms of and limitations to the export base theory.
Supply and Demand practice baseball glovesAdam Jones
1. The document provides scenarios involving changes in the market for baseball gloves and instructions to analyze how each change would affect the price and quantity of gloves.
2. Readers are asked to draw supply and demand diagrams and label the original and new curves for each scenario.
3. Scenarios involve changes such as more kids joining little league, increases in the price of leather, and new competitors entering the market.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
4. Cities
• What is a city?
• City – a “densely” populated urban
area of “reasonably” large size
– How dense and minimum size up for
debate
– Frequent contact between different
economic activities, “functional areas”
– Dense population means agriculture will
not be a prominent activity
5. Cities
• Conditions for city to develop
1. Agricultural surplus
• Rural areas must produce enough food to
support rural and urban areas
2. Urban production
• City dwellers must produce something to
exchange with rural dwellers for food.
3. Transportation for exchange
• Transportation network must exist to facilitate
exchange of food urban products
11. Policy Implications
• Rural pop (globally) likely to peak in
next few years
• Urban will continue to grow
• Distribution of urbanization benefits
– 2016 election?
• Manage internal migration
– Slums…
• Sustainability
12. Drivers
• Growth being driven by:
– Increased agricultural surplus
– Increased productivity of urban workers
– Increased efficiency of exchange and
transportation
13. Axioms of Urban Economics
Five Axioms to Understand
Urban Dynamics and
Equilibrium
14. Axioms of Urban Economics
1. Prices adjust to achieve locational
equilibrium
– No reason to move, indifferent
– i.e. more expensive to live at Wrightsville
Beach
2. Self reinforcing effects generate
extreme outcomes
– Self reinforcing – a change in something
leading to additional changes in same
direction
– Auto sellers, artistic communities, etc...
17. Axioms of Urban Economics
3. Externalities Cause Inefficiency
– Buyers and sellers consider private benefits
and costs, not social costs
– Costs (benefits) falling on third party
inefficient outcomes
– Example:
• Cost – pollution, loss of greenspace, traffic...
• Benefit – beautification, education...
4. Production (firm level) is subject to
economies of scale
– Double inputs, production more than doubles
– Only design product once, spread cost across
large quantities Large firms!
18. Economies of Scale
• Two reasons for economies of scale
– Indivisible inputs
• Capital inputs are lumpy and do not scale well
– i.e. metal stamping machine, needed to make 1 or
1,000,000
– Cannot be scaled down for small operations
– Factor Specialization
• Factors of production (units of K or L) are used for
specific tasks
• “A jack of all trades is a master of none”
• Increase firm size divide production into smaller
tasks
19. Axioms of Urban Economics
5. Competition generates zero
economic profit
– No barriers to entry firms enter until
economic profit is zero
• Recall: zero economic profit means profit equals
opportunity cost
• i.e. suppose you have a $50k job, offered a
different $50k job
– Still make $50k but no “economic profit”
• Entrepreneurship – be careful not to “buy
yourself a job”
20. Axioms - Takeaways
• Cities tend toward a
“spatial” equilibrium
• “Economic Profit”
firm entry or land
price adjustments
• Increasing returns to
production, co-
location etc. density
and clustering
22. Thought exercise…
• With Amazon Prime (really the
internet), is there any reason to live
near stores anymore?
• Can trade over the internet…
23. Decentralized Shopping
• Richard Warren Sears (1863-
1914)
– Railroad station agent
– Box of watches from a jeweler
– Sold to station agents for
profit
– Ordered another batch
– Started selling via mail order
catalogs
– Moved to Chicago and added
other products...
26. Decentralized Markets
• Notice that “Sears” or warehouse needs
employees
– Employees live nearby
• Bid up land prices
– Residents economize on land density
increases
– City is forming…
• Not fully decentralized markets (yet)
– Transportation
– Touching products
• Produce, clothes…
27. Restrictive Assumptions
• 1. Households are equally
productive
– No need to trade
• 2. Constant Returns to
Exchange
– Fixed Exchange cost per item
– i.e. One trip = one item
• 3. Constant Returns to
Production
– Twice as many shirts means
twice as many employees and
looms
Too
Strong!!!
Will
Relax
36. Backyard Production Model
Assume:
Exchange is costly
1. Households
equally productive
2. Constant
returns to
exchange
3. Constant
returns to scale in
production
Makes sense to
trade!
Trade a lot trading
firms/towns
Produce more factories
and factory towns
37. Towns
• Historically:
– Trading cities formed first
• Think outposts, ports, trade route intersections
– Factory towns followed
• Assembly line
• Sewing Machine
– Early 19th century, 80% of clothing hand sewn
in home
– 1846, sewing machine patent
– Late 19th century, 90% of clothing made in
factories
38. System of Towns
• Each firm has a local monopoly on
market area
– Outside market area, opportunity for
another firm to enter
Even distribution of firms
• May be reasons for firms to cluster together
though…
– (More on this later)
49. Agglomeration Economies
Localization economies –
forces acting on firms in a
single industry (local to
industry)
Urbanization economies –
forces acting on firms
across industries (firms in
one industry attract those
of other industries)
Leads to development
of large diverse cities
Agglomeration
economies –
Location forces
acting on
multiple firms
• Localization
• Urbanization
55. Shared Inputs
• Intermediate goods – inputs
• i.e. shirt makers use buttons locate near
button factory
– Natural resources
– Transport costs lead “down stream”
firms to cluster
– Proximity – easy to visit suppliers
– Clustering/input demand allows for
variety (think colors and size of buttons)
56. Aside on Buttons
• Originally by hand
– Button hole added in 13th century
– Knights brought back from crusades…
• Today:
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Button.html
58. Sharing a Labor Pool
$16
$4
12
Supply of
Labor
High D
Low D
$10
3
Supply
of Labor
High D
Low D
Isolated Firm Clustered Firm
Wage
($)
Wage
Wage
Number of Workers Number of Workers
21
Wage
($)
59. Sharing a Labor Pool
• Film industry – Hollywood vs. ILM
• Isolated firms:
– Only game in town
– Must keep labor on board or it moves
– idle time and fluctuating wages
• Clustered
– Wages fixed by market
– Firms hire and fire from market
• Boom – hire more workers
• Bust – let them move to another firm
60. Labor Matching
• Firms need specific skills
– Hire as well as possible and train
• Training costs = f(skills gap)
• Total labor cost = wage + training
• minimize training costs
• Localization version of matching
– Locate near similar firms to hire trained
workers
• Lower training costs higher wages
attracting more skilled workers
more firms…
61. Knowledge Spillovers
• Industry over time
– Skills created and passed down
• Parents’ path?
– Ideas
• Improved upon by others
• Mixed with other ideas new ideas
– Small firms tend to cluster
• Network of interfirm relationships
• Self-reinforcing effects cause extreme
outcomes (clusters)
63. Urbanization Economies
• Input Sharing
– Some inputs used across industries
– i.e. HQs share legal services
• Labor Pooling
– Some industries expand while others
contract
– “Small” firms that don’t affect price
64. Urbanization Economies
• Matching
– Increase in skill density reduces costs for
skills across industries
• i.e. programmers moving b/n industries
• Knowledge Spillovers
– Cross-pollination
65. Urbanization Economies
• Other benefits
– Critical mass for entertainment
– Employment opportunities for dual
income households
– Learning opportunities
• Critical mass for educational institutions
• Role models and experience sharing
– Social interaction!
68. Large-Small City Wage Gap
• Observations:
– There appears to be a wage gap between
large cities and other areas (~38% w/ exp)
• Some debate about size, etc.
• Potential explanations:
– Sorting: skilled workers sort to cities
• May be unobservable skills
– Matching Higher Productivity
– Knowledge Spillovers Faster Human
Capital Accumulation
70. Wage Gap Decomposition
(Martellini)
• Sorting – 12% of premium
• Matching – 11% of premium
• Peer Effects – learning from
your peers
• Surrounding human
capital matters!
• Starts small and grows
• ~15% after 20 years
• Flow of Ideas – the rate of
knowledge diffusion
• Knowledge
everywhere…
72. Diseconomies of Agglomeration
• Resident costs
– Sprawling city – commute times/transport
costs
• Hour a day = 200 hours/year = 5 work weeks
– Dense (vertical) city – higher rents
• ~30% of HH expenditures
• Pollution levels
– Less CO2 per person, but more people
• Increased wages (good and bad)
• Crime
73. Policy
• Growth Pole Model
– From 1960s
– Investment by large firm or community
attracts other investment
• Think major industrial plant attracting suppliers
74. Policy
• Growth Pole Model
– From 1960s
– Investment by large firm or community
attracts other investment
• Think major industrial plant attracting suppliers
• NYC investing in Subway extention
• Short-run
– bids up local resource prices (land and labor)
– May crowd out existing bus. or res. – “backwash effect”
– Longer run – spread effect should dominate
– Many communities trying to incent large
investment
• Efficacy?
75. Policy
• Incubators or “Nursery” cities
– Large number of diversified small to
medium firms
• Create demand for professional and business
services which can also support other start-ups
– Think professional development
– Large firms often have services in house
• Porter model
– “Competitiveness” of region
– Clusters of small firms
• Allows visibility of competitors innovation
• Allows transfers of knowledge
77. Outcomes
Characteristics Pure Agglomeration Industrial Complex
(Vert Int.)
Firm size Small Large
Relations Informal
Unstable
Formal
Stable
Membership Open Closed
Spatial Effect Rents Bid Up No effect
Agglomeration Type Urban Local
Industrial Mix Diverse Concentrated
78. Clustering
• Benefits > Costs Cluster
• Empirical support, in clusters:
– More productive
– More firms starting up
– Quicker employment growth
81. Few Big, Many Small
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
NumberofCities
Number of Cities With a Pop of At Least ____ Million
Metro and Micro Areas by Size
85. Migration and City Size
• Suppose six million people and three
options
– Six cities: 1 million each
– Three cities: 2 million each
– Two cities: 3 million each
• What is the Equilibrium?
– Is it always optimal?
88. Not too small
• Start with six cities, 1m each
– If too small (S):
• One person moves agglomeration in new city
• Self-reinforcing effect
• Migration continues (S to G)
– # cities declines
– Remaining reach optimal size
89. Maybe Too Large
• Three cites, 2m each
– Grass is always greener or some shock and some people
move
– 2 cities of 2.5m and one of 1m
– U(2.5m) > U(1m) Res1m move to City2.5m
– Leads to 2 cities, 3m each
– Too large relative to optimal
– One person moves because city is too large
• From one city to other
– New location now worse because larger now than before
• One more car clogging the roads and resident bidding up rent
• “You aren’t sitting in traffic you are traffic”
– Moves back...
90. Maybe Too Large
• Could someone move out on their own?
– If moved on own:
• No agglomeration economies
• No critical mass
• Utility likely falls
• Moves back
• Cities larger than optimal is a stable
equilibrium
– Could be different sizes, but each larger
than optimal is a stable eqm
92. Transport Costs
• Utility = Income – (transport costs + rent)
• In mountains, transport costs increase rapidly
Chattanooga, TN
93. City Size
• No reason all cities must be same size
• Differences in:
– Localization forces
• Some exhausted quicker than others
– i.e. input supplier may only attract some firms
– Urbanization forces
• Tend to encourage larger cities
– Distribution of resources is uneven
– Geography commute times
96. Mega Cities
• New York is large but only 6.3% of pop
• But:
– Seoul is 10m of SK’s 50m pop, 20%
– Tokyo is 33.2m of Japan’s 127m pop, 26%
– Sao Paulo is 21.1m of Brazil’s 200m, 10.5%
97. Mega Cities
• Why such large cities?
– Economies of scale in trade
• Infrastructure
• Ports
• Airport
– Capital Cities
• Public investment centered on capital
• Especially true for dictators
– Appease those closest to avoid coup
100. Cities
• Why?
– Location for markets
• Factors of production – workers close to work
• Goods and services – intermediate inputs, etc.
– With Specialization
• Increasing returns to exchange
• Increasing returns to production
– Agglomeration Economies
• Localization economies (industry specific)
• Urbanization economies (across industries)
101. Cities
• Where?
– Trading towns – near intersections of
transportation or trade routes
– Factory towns
• Near resources
• Near customers/market area
Editor's Notes
Industries share hotels, restaurants, maintenance, insurance, etc.
Cross pollination – economists with psychologists started behavioral economics...
Industries share hotels, restaurants, maintenance, insurance, etc.
Cross pollination – economists with psychologists started behavioral economics...