IRJET- Positive Luo Converter Fed BLDC Motor Driven DPPO Control MPPT for Sol...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system using a positive Luo converter to maximize power extraction from a solar photovoltaic array and feed a brushless DC motor. A direct power perturb and observe algorithm is used for maximum power point tracking from the solar array. The positive Luo converter operates in discontinuous conduction mode and provides a 3-phase supply to a voltage source inverter that drives the brushless DC motor. The system aims to improve efficiency by eliminating current sensors, using fundamental frequency switching of the inverter, and providing speed control of the motor without additional control circuits. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented to validate the performance of the proposed system under different operating conditions.
Gamatronic manufactures modular UPS systems called Power+ that offer scalability, high efficiency, flexibility, redundancy, and reliability compared to conventional UPS systems. Power+ is designed for data center applications to lower costs of transportation, maintenance, service, operation, and storage. It provides benefits like scalability to user needs, efficiency up to 96%, easy serviceability, high power density, and green power features. Gamatronic has been making modular solutions since 1996 and Power+ systems are now installed in over 75 countries worldwide, totaling over 10,000 systems.
EPRI Activities for Energy Efficiency in Data Centers & Telecom Central Offic...Burton Lee
The document discusses EPRI's activities to improve energy efficiency in data centers and telecom central offices. It notes that while data centers and central offices share similarities like installing large amounts of IT equipment, they differ in aspects like operating voltages and equipment certifications. The document outlines EPRI's testing of more efficient power supplies and demonstration of air flow management software that saved 23% of energy in a data center. It also shows a comparison of 208 VAC and 380 VDC systems.
This document discusses power factor correction and harmonics in electrical systems. It introduces Power Factor Solution as a company that provides solutions to improve power factor and reduce harmonics. The document then provides background information on power factor, how it is measured, and how capacitors can be used to improve power factor. It also discusses harmonics, how they are generated by non-linear loads, the problems they can cause, and how to identify harmonic issues in a system.
Grid Connections And PPAs: Tim Foster, Smartest EnergySonia Large
This document discusses power purchase agreements (PPAs) for renewable energy generators connecting to the electricity grid. It provides an overview of the grid connection process, typical technical issues encountered, and elements of PPAs such as pricing electricity, embedded benefits, climate change levy exemptions, and renewable obligation certificates. PPAs establish the risk/reward structure for selling a generator's electricity output and renewable attributes to a licensed supplier over a set contract term.
This document discusses improving efficiency in electricity networks by reducing losses. It notes that worldwide electricity network losses amount to 1279 TWh/year and identifies technical losses from conductors and equipment as well as non-technical losses from issues like theft and billing practices. Specific strategies are proposed to reduce losses, including using remote metering, upgrading transformers, and establishing minimum efficiency standards and incentives for replacing outdated infrastructure. Replacing older transformers worldwide with high efficiency models is estimated to save 200 TWh annually. The total cost of ownership over an asset's lifetime should be considered rather than just upfront costs when procuring more efficient network equipment.
This document summarizes a presentation about power and energy management solutions from Green International Technology Service. It discusses how their GESPER solution can reduce utility bills by at least 10% by lowering kWh usage and demand charges and correcting poor power factor. It can also improve equipment productivity and lifespan. The document provides an overview of power quality issues like harmonics and how improperly applied power factor correction can exacerbate problems. It outlines how an energy audit and business case analysis can demonstrate the savings and quick return on investment of the GESPER solution within 6 months to 2 years.
IRJET- Positive Luo Converter Fed BLDC Motor Driven DPPO Control MPPT for Sol...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system using a positive Luo converter to maximize power extraction from a solar photovoltaic array and feed a brushless DC motor. A direct power perturb and observe algorithm is used for maximum power point tracking from the solar array. The positive Luo converter operates in discontinuous conduction mode and provides a 3-phase supply to a voltage source inverter that drives the brushless DC motor. The system aims to improve efficiency by eliminating current sensors, using fundamental frequency switching of the inverter, and providing speed control of the motor without additional control circuits. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented to validate the performance of the proposed system under different operating conditions.
Gamatronic manufactures modular UPS systems called Power+ that offer scalability, high efficiency, flexibility, redundancy, and reliability compared to conventional UPS systems. Power+ is designed for data center applications to lower costs of transportation, maintenance, service, operation, and storage. It provides benefits like scalability to user needs, efficiency up to 96%, easy serviceability, high power density, and green power features. Gamatronic has been making modular solutions since 1996 and Power+ systems are now installed in over 75 countries worldwide, totaling over 10,000 systems.
EPRI Activities for Energy Efficiency in Data Centers & Telecom Central Offic...Burton Lee
The document discusses EPRI's activities to improve energy efficiency in data centers and telecom central offices. It notes that while data centers and central offices share similarities like installing large amounts of IT equipment, they differ in aspects like operating voltages and equipment certifications. The document outlines EPRI's testing of more efficient power supplies and demonstration of air flow management software that saved 23% of energy in a data center. It also shows a comparison of 208 VAC and 380 VDC systems.
This document discusses power factor correction and harmonics in electrical systems. It introduces Power Factor Solution as a company that provides solutions to improve power factor and reduce harmonics. The document then provides background information on power factor, how it is measured, and how capacitors can be used to improve power factor. It also discusses harmonics, how they are generated by non-linear loads, the problems they can cause, and how to identify harmonic issues in a system.
Grid Connections And PPAs: Tim Foster, Smartest EnergySonia Large
This document discusses power purchase agreements (PPAs) for renewable energy generators connecting to the electricity grid. It provides an overview of the grid connection process, typical technical issues encountered, and elements of PPAs such as pricing electricity, embedded benefits, climate change levy exemptions, and renewable obligation certificates. PPAs establish the risk/reward structure for selling a generator's electricity output and renewable attributes to a licensed supplier over a set contract term.
This document discusses improving efficiency in electricity networks by reducing losses. It notes that worldwide electricity network losses amount to 1279 TWh/year and identifies technical losses from conductors and equipment as well as non-technical losses from issues like theft and billing practices. Specific strategies are proposed to reduce losses, including using remote metering, upgrading transformers, and establishing minimum efficiency standards and incentives for replacing outdated infrastructure. Replacing older transformers worldwide with high efficiency models is estimated to save 200 TWh annually. The total cost of ownership over an asset's lifetime should be considered rather than just upfront costs when procuring more efficient network equipment.
This document summarizes a presentation about power and energy management solutions from Green International Technology Service. It discusses how their GESPER solution can reduce utility bills by at least 10% by lowering kWh usage and demand charges and correcting poor power factor. It can also improve equipment productivity and lifespan. The document provides an overview of power quality issues like harmonics and how improperly applied power factor correction can exacerbate problems. It outlines how an energy audit and business case analysis can demonstrate the savings and quick return on investment of the GESPER solution within 6 months to 2 years.
Wattminder provides accurate solar power plant monitoring and diagnostics using data analysis and algorithms. Their software-as-a-service model detects and diagnoses underperformance to help operators maintain optimal performance and revenue. Commercial operators currently lack rigorous monitoring, resulting in poor visibility and unstructured metrics. Wattminder seeks funding to complete product development and begin beta testing.
1) The document discusses HP's Trilogy approach which provides the most comprehensive warranty, best management optimization for an IT environment, most flexible IT platform, and most energy efficient complete IT platform.
2) It then discusses how HP solutions like BladeSystems, dynamic smart cooling, power management tools, and virtualization can help reduce IT power usage and costs from the server chip to the data center level.
3) The document also explains HP Virtual Connect which reduces cable clutter by separating server connectivity from LAN and SAN administration through the use of modules.
POWER-CEOTM is an advanced power factor correction technology that uses dynamic capacitance to optimize power factor and savings at the load level, rather than just at the service entrance. It can be installed behind existing service entrance units to achieve additional savings. By correcting power factor "at load" rather than just at the service entrance, POWER-CEOTM reduces line losses between the meter and load, lowering demand charges and energy usage. It intelligently adjusts capacitance on each phase independently and precisely to maintain near-perfect power factor without over-correction or harmonic issues.
Clean power plans - the role of the smart gridPaul Alvarez
This presentation introduces the smart grid capabilities with the greatest CO2 reduction potential, the benefit-cost analysis associated with these capabilities, the ratemaking policies that discourage utilities from optimizing these capabilities, and potential solutions. To schedule a presentation for your state energy office or utility regulatory staff, please contact Wired Group President Paul Alvarez.
H&M Power Conversion Segmented Inverter 2010 R1Sammy Germany
The document discusses a proposed modular power conversion system for wind turbines to improve reliability and availability. It notes that lost revenue from non-operating turbines increases energy costs at large wind farms. The proposed system uses independent and redundant power modules to maximize uptime even if one module fails. Analysis shows that for a 30MW wind farm experiencing typical failure rates, the system could save over $165,000 per year by preventing lost energy capture from turbine downtime. With multiple annual failures averted over the farm's 20-year lifespan, the financial benefits outweigh the additional $42,000 cost per turbine for the modular system.
These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
Pat Tiernan, Executive Director of the Climate Savers Computing Initiative, presented at the 2009 Green IT Expo in London to address IT energy waste and the ROI on energy efficient computing.
Cutting costs with pc power management approaches, pitfalls and best practicesInterop
This document discusses approaches for cutting costs through PC power management. It outlines best practices including enabling power management settings, promoting shutdown policies, and using more efficient hardware. While IT energy waste is significant, costing companies billions annually, proper power management can reduce costs 50% and CO2 emissions 54 million tons per year. The document provides case studies and recommendations to help overcome barriers to deploying PC power management solutions at scale.
Product: Power Factor & Harmonics: StacoSine: TechnicalStaco Energy
This document discusses power factor, harmonics, and power quality issues. It defines power factor as the ratio of real power to apparent power, and explains how low power factor means electrical power is not being fully utilized. Common sources of harmonics and symptoms caused by harmonics are outlined. The document also provides an overview of power factor correction capacitors and considerations for their application, as well as basics of harmonics and potential economic impacts.
Faronics Power Save is software that allows organizations to centrally manage power settings and energy consumption of desktop computers to reduce IT energy costs and waste. It can intelligently power down computers when inactive without disrupting users or IT processes. Reports provide visibility into energy savings and return on investment is typically achieved within 4-8 months. The software offers features such as override of operating system power settings, scheduling of tasks, and wake on LAN capabilities.
16_Economic_assessment_of_PV_and_wind_for_energy_planning_Cairo_Egypt.pdfMohamed Salah
The document discusses levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) analysis for photovoltaic and wind energy projects. It provides worked examples of how LCOE can be used to assess the sensitivity of project costs to changes in key input parameters. The examples show that LCOE is highly sensitive to wind speed, solar irradiation data quality, and other economic assumptions. Relying on lower quality meteorological data can significantly increase estimated LCOE and power purchase agreement costs compared to using high-quality ground measurement data. Accurate resource and cost data are therefore critical for effective energy policymaking and project development.
The South African Income Tax Act of 1962 provides tax incentives for manufacturing projects that reduce energy demand by 10%. Industries can claim tax deductions for substantiated energy efficiency savings. MMEMME Solutions can dramatically improve overall efficiency, providing safer and more reliable operations with substantial reductions in both power consumption and maintenance costs. Improving a facility's power factor can result in lower utility fees by reducing peak energy demand and voltage drops that cause equipment inefficiencies.
IRJET- Modeling, Simulation and Implementation of D-STATCOM for Improveme...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modeling, simulation, and implementation of a D-STATCOM to improve power quality. It begins with an introduction to voltage sags as a common power quality issue. It then provides details on the operating principles of a D-STATCOM, which uses a voltage source converter to inject current and regulate voltage. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the D-STATCOM is effective at mitigating voltage sags and swells. Control algorithms like instantaneous reactive power theory allow the D-STATCOM to independently control real and reactive power flows.
IRJET- Automatic Power Factor CorrectionIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic power factor correction system that monitors the power factor of an electrical load and uses capacitors to correct the power factor as needed. The system includes components like a potential transformer, current transformer, capacitor bank, microcontroller, and relays. The microcontroller determines the power factor from voltage and current measurements. When the power factor is low, indicating a lagging load, the microcontroller activates relays to connect capacitors in parallel with the load. This improves the power factor by supplying reactive power to the circuit. The system was able to automatically correct the power factor from 0.85 lagging to 0.99 when an inductive load was used. Automatic power factor correction can help reduce electricity bills by improving
This document discusses the rising costs of powering data centers and some strategies to reduce those costs. It notes that in 2005, data centers accounted for 1.2% of total US power usage. Power costs for data centers nationwide were approximately $2.7 billion in 2006. The document then describes several approaches that data centers have used to lower electricity expenses, such as upgrading cooling equipment, adopting virtualization, installing variable frequency drives, improving hot/cold aisle layouts, and converting to DC power distribution.
IRJET- Automatic Load Sharing of TransformerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for automatic load sharing of transformers using a microcontroller. The system would share the load of one transformer, called the main transformer, to another secondary transformer, called a slave transformer, during times of peak load or faulty conditions to prevent overloading of the main transformer. It discusses transformers, LCD displays, power supplies, and other components that could be used to build such a load sharing system and monitors conditions at consumer sites. The system aims to improve reliability, efficiency and flexibility of the power distribution system while reducing costs and risks of equipment damage from overloading.
High level explanation of smart grids and battery energy storage systemsMircea Gingu
The document discusses how battery energy storage systems can help improve the performance and reliability of electrical grids. It notes that batteries can provide regulation and spinning reserves to balance generation and load, help maintain power supply during outages, and allow utilities to better manage demand and reduce peak loads. This helps improve grid efficiency, lower costs, and delay investments in new infrastructure.
The document describes the KVAR Energy Controller (EC) as a solution for rising energy costs. It saves energy by optimizing the power factor of electric motors and other inductive loads. The KVAR EC stores reactive power and recycles it to supply motors more efficiently. Tests show it can reduce energy bills by up to 25% on average with typical payback periods of under two years. By optimizing power factor, the KVAR EC reduces wasted electricity and lowers utility demand charges.
Power Supply & Demand, presentation given by Tony Ramunno, Director, Engineering & Project Management for Great River Energy.
Presented at the February 18, 2010 Maximize Minnesota event held at South Central College, North Mankato, MN
This is a CIDR 2009 presentation. See http://infoblog.stanford.edu/ for more information and http://www-db.cs.wisc.edu/cidr/cidr2009/program.html for downloads.
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Le Gruenwald)infoblog
This is a set of slides from the Claremont Report on Database Research, see http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/ for more details. These particular slides are from a "Research Directions" talk by "Le Gruenwald." (Uploaded for discussion at the Stanford InfoBlog, http://infoblog.stanford.edu/.)
Wattminder provides accurate solar power plant monitoring and diagnostics using data analysis and algorithms. Their software-as-a-service model detects and diagnoses underperformance to help operators maintain optimal performance and revenue. Commercial operators currently lack rigorous monitoring, resulting in poor visibility and unstructured metrics. Wattminder seeks funding to complete product development and begin beta testing.
1) The document discusses HP's Trilogy approach which provides the most comprehensive warranty, best management optimization for an IT environment, most flexible IT platform, and most energy efficient complete IT platform.
2) It then discusses how HP solutions like BladeSystems, dynamic smart cooling, power management tools, and virtualization can help reduce IT power usage and costs from the server chip to the data center level.
3) The document also explains HP Virtual Connect which reduces cable clutter by separating server connectivity from LAN and SAN administration through the use of modules.
POWER-CEOTM is an advanced power factor correction technology that uses dynamic capacitance to optimize power factor and savings at the load level, rather than just at the service entrance. It can be installed behind existing service entrance units to achieve additional savings. By correcting power factor "at load" rather than just at the service entrance, POWER-CEOTM reduces line losses between the meter and load, lowering demand charges and energy usage. It intelligently adjusts capacitance on each phase independently and precisely to maintain near-perfect power factor without over-correction or harmonic issues.
Clean power plans - the role of the smart gridPaul Alvarez
This presentation introduces the smart grid capabilities with the greatest CO2 reduction potential, the benefit-cost analysis associated with these capabilities, the ratemaking policies that discourage utilities from optimizing these capabilities, and potential solutions. To schedule a presentation for your state energy office or utility regulatory staff, please contact Wired Group President Paul Alvarez.
H&M Power Conversion Segmented Inverter 2010 R1Sammy Germany
The document discusses a proposed modular power conversion system for wind turbines to improve reliability and availability. It notes that lost revenue from non-operating turbines increases energy costs at large wind farms. The proposed system uses independent and redundant power modules to maximize uptime even if one module fails. Analysis shows that for a 30MW wind farm experiencing typical failure rates, the system could save over $165,000 per year by preventing lost energy capture from turbine downtime. With multiple annual failures averted over the farm's 20-year lifespan, the financial benefits outweigh the additional $42,000 cost per turbine for the modular system.
These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
Pat Tiernan, Executive Director of the Climate Savers Computing Initiative, presented at the 2009 Green IT Expo in London to address IT energy waste and the ROI on energy efficient computing.
Cutting costs with pc power management approaches, pitfalls and best practicesInterop
This document discusses approaches for cutting costs through PC power management. It outlines best practices including enabling power management settings, promoting shutdown policies, and using more efficient hardware. While IT energy waste is significant, costing companies billions annually, proper power management can reduce costs 50% and CO2 emissions 54 million tons per year. The document provides case studies and recommendations to help overcome barriers to deploying PC power management solutions at scale.
Product: Power Factor & Harmonics: StacoSine: TechnicalStaco Energy
This document discusses power factor, harmonics, and power quality issues. It defines power factor as the ratio of real power to apparent power, and explains how low power factor means electrical power is not being fully utilized. Common sources of harmonics and symptoms caused by harmonics are outlined. The document also provides an overview of power factor correction capacitors and considerations for their application, as well as basics of harmonics and potential economic impacts.
Faronics Power Save is software that allows organizations to centrally manage power settings and energy consumption of desktop computers to reduce IT energy costs and waste. It can intelligently power down computers when inactive without disrupting users or IT processes. Reports provide visibility into energy savings and return on investment is typically achieved within 4-8 months. The software offers features such as override of operating system power settings, scheduling of tasks, and wake on LAN capabilities.
16_Economic_assessment_of_PV_and_wind_for_energy_planning_Cairo_Egypt.pdfMohamed Salah
The document discusses levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) analysis for photovoltaic and wind energy projects. It provides worked examples of how LCOE can be used to assess the sensitivity of project costs to changes in key input parameters. The examples show that LCOE is highly sensitive to wind speed, solar irradiation data quality, and other economic assumptions. Relying on lower quality meteorological data can significantly increase estimated LCOE and power purchase agreement costs compared to using high-quality ground measurement data. Accurate resource and cost data are therefore critical for effective energy policymaking and project development.
The South African Income Tax Act of 1962 provides tax incentives for manufacturing projects that reduce energy demand by 10%. Industries can claim tax deductions for substantiated energy efficiency savings. MMEMME Solutions can dramatically improve overall efficiency, providing safer and more reliable operations with substantial reductions in both power consumption and maintenance costs. Improving a facility's power factor can result in lower utility fees by reducing peak energy demand and voltage drops that cause equipment inefficiencies.
IRJET- Modeling, Simulation and Implementation of D-STATCOM for Improveme...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modeling, simulation, and implementation of a D-STATCOM to improve power quality. It begins with an introduction to voltage sags as a common power quality issue. It then provides details on the operating principles of a D-STATCOM, which uses a voltage source converter to inject current and regulate voltage. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the D-STATCOM is effective at mitigating voltage sags and swells. Control algorithms like instantaneous reactive power theory allow the D-STATCOM to independently control real and reactive power flows.
IRJET- Automatic Power Factor CorrectionIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic power factor correction system that monitors the power factor of an electrical load and uses capacitors to correct the power factor as needed. The system includes components like a potential transformer, current transformer, capacitor bank, microcontroller, and relays. The microcontroller determines the power factor from voltage and current measurements. When the power factor is low, indicating a lagging load, the microcontroller activates relays to connect capacitors in parallel with the load. This improves the power factor by supplying reactive power to the circuit. The system was able to automatically correct the power factor from 0.85 lagging to 0.99 when an inductive load was used. Automatic power factor correction can help reduce electricity bills by improving
This document discusses the rising costs of powering data centers and some strategies to reduce those costs. It notes that in 2005, data centers accounted for 1.2% of total US power usage. Power costs for data centers nationwide were approximately $2.7 billion in 2006. The document then describes several approaches that data centers have used to lower electricity expenses, such as upgrading cooling equipment, adopting virtualization, installing variable frequency drives, improving hot/cold aisle layouts, and converting to DC power distribution.
IRJET- Automatic Load Sharing of TransformerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for automatic load sharing of transformers using a microcontroller. The system would share the load of one transformer, called the main transformer, to another secondary transformer, called a slave transformer, during times of peak load or faulty conditions to prevent overloading of the main transformer. It discusses transformers, LCD displays, power supplies, and other components that could be used to build such a load sharing system and monitors conditions at consumer sites. The system aims to improve reliability, efficiency and flexibility of the power distribution system while reducing costs and risks of equipment damage from overloading.
High level explanation of smart grids and battery energy storage systemsMircea Gingu
The document discusses how battery energy storage systems can help improve the performance and reliability of electrical grids. It notes that batteries can provide regulation and spinning reserves to balance generation and load, help maintain power supply during outages, and allow utilities to better manage demand and reduce peak loads. This helps improve grid efficiency, lower costs, and delay investments in new infrastructure.
The document describes the KVAR Energy Controller (EC) as a solution for rising energy costs. It saves energy by optimizing the power factor of electric motors and other inductive loads. The KVAR EC stores reactive power and recycles it to supply motors more efficiently. Tests show it can reduce energy bills by up to 25% on average with typical payback periods of under two years. By optimizing power factor, the KVAR EC reduces wasted electricity and lowers utility demand charges.
Power Supply & Demand, presentation given by Tony Ramunno, Director, Engineering & Project Management for Great River Energy.
Presented at the February 18, 2010 Maximize Minnesota event held at South Central College, North Mankato, MN
This is a CIDR 2009 presentation. See http://infoblog.stanford.edu/ for more information and http://www-db.cs.wisc.edu/cidr/cidr2009/program.html for downloads.
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Le Gruenwald)infoblog
This is a set of slides from the Claremont Report on Database Research, see http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/ for more details. These particular slides are from a "Research Directions" talk by "Le Gruenwald." (Uploaded for discussion at the Stanford InfoBlog, http://infoblog.stanford.edu/.)
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Eric A. Brewer)infoblog
This is a set of slides from the Claremont Report on Database Research, see http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/ for more details. These particular slides are from a "Research Directions" talk by "Eric A. Brewer". (Uploaded for discussion at the Stanford InfoBlog, http://infoblog.stanford.edu/.)
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Rakesh Agrawal)infoblog
Search and data have a virtuous cycle where more data leads to better search results which provides more data. New search applications in personal health data mining and distributed knowledge creation in education present opportunities for database research. Technologies now better support capturing personal information while cloud computing reduces storage costs. Personal health analytics and data mining raise privacy and customization challenges.
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Gerhard Weikum)infoblog
This is a set of slides from the Claremont Report on Database Research, see http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/ for more details. These particular slides are from a "Research Directions" talk by "Gerhard Weikum." (Uploaded for discussion at the Stanford InfoBlog, http://infoblog.stanford.edu/.)
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Beng Chin Ooi)infoblog
This is a set of slides from the Claremont Report on Database Research, see http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/ for more details. These particular slides are from a "Research Directions" talk by "Beng Chin Ooi." (Uploaded for discussion at the Stanford InfoBlog, http://infoblog.stanford.edu/.)
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Yannis E. Ioannidis)infoblog
This is a set of slides from the Claremont Report on Database Research, see http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/ for more details. These particular slides are from a "Research Directions" talk by "Yannis E. Ioannidis." (Uploaded for discussion at the Stanford InfoBlog, http://infoblog.stanford.edu/.)
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Donald Kossmann)infoblog
This is a set of slides from the Claremont Report on Database Research, see http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/ for more details. These particular slides are from a "Research Directions" talk by "Donald Kossmann." (Uploaded for discussion at the Stanford InfoBlog, http://infoblog.stanford.edu/.)
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Johannes Gehrke)infoblog
This is a set of slides from the Claremont Report on Database Research, see http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/ for more details. These particular slides are from a "Research Directions" talk by "Johannes Gehrke." (Uploaded for discussion at the Stanford InfoBlog, http://infoblog.stanford.edu/.)
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Alon Y. Halevy)infoblog
This is a set of slides from the Claremont Report on Database Research, see http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/ for more details. These particular slides are from a "Research Directions" talk by "Alon Y. Halevy." (Uploaded for discussion at the Stanford InfoBlog, http://infoblog.stanford.edu/.)
Claremont Report on Database Research: Research Directions (Anastasia Ailamaki)infoblog
This is a set of slides from the Claremont Report on Database Research, see http://db.cs.berkeley.edu/claremont/ for more details. These particular slides are from a "Research Directions" talk by "Anastasia Ailamaki." (Uploaded for discussion at the Stanford InfoBlog, http://infoblog.stanford.edu/.)
The document presents SpotSigs, a method for robust and efficient near-duplicate detection in large web collections. SpotSigs extracts signatures from documents using stopword-based n-grams to focus on natural language content. It then clusters similar documents using a self-tuning algorithm while partitioning the collection and pruning the inverted index to improve efficiency. Evaluation on news articles and TREC data shows SpotSigs achieves comparable or better recall than state-of-the-art techniques like shingling and locality-sensitive hashing, with better runtime performance.
Database Research Principles Revealed (Small Size)infoblog
This document summarizes four people who were instrumental to the speaker's research career. It discusses how her manager Laura Haas ensured she could focus on research, her collaborator Stefano Ceri combined details and intuition for success, and colleagues Hector Garcia-Molina and Jeff Ullman who mentored her, co-authored books with her, and supported her both professionally and personally.
The document discusses research principles from Jennifer Widom including choosing research topics by dropping fundamental assumptions, thoroughly developing the data model, query language, and system, and promptly disseminating results through publications and software. It provides examples of tricky semantics in new data models and emphasizes reusing relational semantics when possible and not being secretive with research work.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
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Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
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Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
CIDR 2009: James Hamilton Keynote
1. Where Does the Power Go
& What to do About it?
James Hamilton
Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research
2009/1/7
Amazon Web Services
e: James@amazon.com
w: mvdirona.com/jrh/work
b: perspectives.mvdirona.com
2. Agenda
• Services Inevitable
• Where does the power go?
– Power distribution systems &
optimizations
– Mechanical systems & optimizations
– Cooperative, Expendable, Micro-Slice
Servers
– Critical Load Optimizations
• Summary
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 2
3. Services Economies of Scale
• Substantial economies of scale possible
• Compare a very large service with a small/mid-sized: (~1000 servers):
Large Service [$13/Mbps]: $0.04/GB
Networking Medium [$95/Mbps]: $0.30/GB (7.1x)
Large Service: $4.6/GB/year (2x in 2 DC)
BLOB Storage Medium: $26.00/GB/year* (5.7x)
Large Service: Over 1.000 servers/admin
Administration Enterprise: ~140 servers/admin (7.1x)
2006 Chart data
• High cost of entry
– Physical plant expensive: 15MW ~$200M (infrastructure only)
• Summary: significant economies of scale but at high cost of entry
– Small number of large players likely outcome
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 3
4. Services Different from Enterprises
• Enterprise Approach:
– Largest cost is people -- scales roughly with servers (~100:1 common)
– Enterprise interests center around consolidation & utilization
• Consolidate workload onto fewer, larger systems
• Large SANs for storage & large routers for networking
• Internet-Scale Services Approach:
– Largest costs is server & storage H/W
• Typically followed by cooling, power distribution, power
• Networking varies from very low to dominant depending upon service
• People costs under 10% & often under 5% (>1000+:1 server:admin)
– Services interests center around work-done-per-$ (or joule)
• Observations:
• People costs shift from top to nearly irrelevant.
• Expect high-scale service techniques to spread to enterprise
• Focus instead on work done/$ & work done/joule
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 4
5. Agenda
• Services Inevitable
• Where does the power go?
– Power distribution systems &
optimizations
– Mechanical systems & optimizations
– Cooperative, Expendable, Micro-Slice
Servers
– Critical Load Optimizations
• Summary
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 5
6. PUE & DCiE
• Measure of data center infrastructure efficiency
• Power Usage Effectiveness
– PUE = (Total Facility Power)/(IT Equipment Power)
• Data Center Infrastructure Efficiency
– DCiE = (IT Equipment Power)/(Total Facility Power) * 100%
Advanced Data Centers
http://www.thegreengrid.org/gg_content/TGG_Data_Center_Power_Efficiency_Metrics_PUE_and_DCiE.pdf
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 6
7. Power & Related Costs Dominate
• Assumptions:
– Facility: ~$200M for 15MW facility (15-year amort.)
– Servers: ~$2k/each, roughly 50,000 (3-year amort.)
– Average server power draw at 30% utilization: 80%
– Commercial Power: ~$0.07/kWhr
Monthly Costs
$284,686
Servers
$1,042,440
Power & Cooling
Infrastructure
$2,997,090 Power
$1,296,902
Other Infrastructure
3yr server & 15 yr infrastructure amortization
• Observations:
• $2.3M/month from charges functionally related to power
• Power related costs trending flat or up while server costs trending down
Details at: http://perspectives.mvdirona.com/2008/11/28/CostOfPowerInLargeScaleDataCenters.aspx
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 7
8. Fully Burdened Cost of Power
• Infrastructure cost/watt:
– 15 year amortization & 5% money cost
– =PMT(5%,15,200000000,0)/(15,000,000)
=> $1.28/W/yr
• Cost per watt using $0.07 Kw*hr:
– =-0.07*1.7/1000*0.8*24*365=>
$0.83/W/yr (@80% power utilization)
• Fully burdened cost of power:
– $1.28 + $0.83 => $2.11
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 8
9. Where Does the Power Go?
• Assuming a pretty good data center with PUE ~1.7
– Each watt to server loses ~0.7W to power distribution
losses & cooling
• Power losses are easier to track than cooling:
– Power transmission & switching losses: 8%
• Detailed power distribution losses on next slide
– Cooling losses remainder:100-(59+8) => 33%
• Data center power consumption:
– IT load (servers): 1/1.7=> 59%
– Distribution Losses: 8%
– Mechanical load(cooling): 33%
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 9
10. Agenda
• Services Inevitable
• Where does the power go?
– Power distribution systems &
optimizations
– Mechanical systems & optimizations
– Cooperative, Expendable, Micro-Slice
Servers
– Critical Load Optimizations
• Summary
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 10
11. Power Distribution
IT Load (servers, storage, Net, …)
High Voltage
8% distribution loss
Utility Distribution
.997^3*.94*.99 = 92.2%
2.5MW Generator (180 gal/hr)
115kv
208V
~1% loss in switch
13.2kv
gear & conductors
UPS: Transformers
Transformers
Rotary or Battery
Transformers
13.2kv
13.2kv 480V
6% loss
0.3% loss 0.3% loss
0.3% loss
94% efficient, ~97% available
99.7% efficient 99.7% efficient
99.7% efficient
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 11
12. Power Redundancy to Geo-Level
• Over 20% of entire DC costs is in power redundancy
– Batteries supply over 10 min at some facilities (~2 min sufficient)
– N+2 generation (2.5MW) at over $2M each
• Instead use more, smaller, cheaper data centers
• Non-bypass, battery-based UPS in the 94% efficiency range
– ~900kW wasted in 15MW facility (4,500 200W servers)
– 97% available (still 450kW loss in 15MW facility)
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 12
13. Power Distribution Optimization
• Two additional conversions in server:
– Power Supply: often <80% at typical load
– Voltage Regulation Module: ~80% common
– ~95% efficient available & affordable
• Rules to minimize power distribution losses:
1. Avoid conversions (Less transformer steps & efficient or no UPS)
2. Increase efficiency of conversions
3. High voltage as close to load as possible
4. Size voltage regulators (VRM/VRDs) to load & use efficient parts
5. DC distribution potentially a small win (regulatory issues
• Two interesting approaches:
– 480VAC (or higher) to rack & 48VDC (or 12VDC) within
– 480VAC to PDU and 277VAC to load
• 1 leg of 480VAC 3-phase distribution
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 13
14. Agenda
• Services Inevitable
• Where does the power go?
– Power distribution systems &
optimizations
– Mechanical systems & optimizations
– Cooperative, Expendable, Micro-Slice
Servers
– Critical Load Optimizations
• Summary
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 14
15. Conventional Mechanical Design
Blow down & Evaporative Loss for
15MW facility: ~360,000 gal/day
Heat Primary
Exchanger Pump
Cooling (Water-Side Economizer)
Tower
CWS A/C A/C
Pump Condenser Evaporator
A/C
Compressor
Secondary
Pump
Diluted Hot/Cold Mix
Server fans 6 to 9W each
leakage
Air-side
Hot
Computer
fans
Economiz- Overall
Room Air
ation
Mechanical Losses
cold Handler
~33%
Air Impeller
Cold
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 15
16. Mechanical Optimization
• Simple rules to minimize cooling costs:
1. Raise data center temperatures
2. Tight control of airflow with short paths
3. Cooling towers rather than A/C
4. Air side economization (open the window)
5. Low-grade, waste heat energy reclamation
• Best current designs still use air but bring water near servers
– Lower heat densities could be 100% air cooled
• Common mechanical designs: 33% lost in cooling
• PUE under 1.0 within reach with some innovation
– Waste heat reclamation in excess of power distribution & cooling
overhead (~30% effective reclamation sufficient for <1.0 operation)
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 16
17. Agenda
• Services Inevitable
• Where does the power go?
– Power distribution systems &
optimizations
– Mechanical systems & optimizations
– Cooperative, Expendable, Micro-Slice
Servers
– Critical Load Optimizations
• Summary
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 17
18. CEMS Speeds & Feeds
• CEMS: Cooperative Expendable Micro-Slice Servers
– Correct system balance problem with less-capable CPU
• Too many cores, running too fast, for memory, bus, disk, …
• Joint project with Rackable Systems (http://www.rackable.com/)
CEMS V3 CEMS V2 CEMS V1
System-X (Athlon 4850e) Athlon 3400e) (Athlon 2000+)
CPU load% 56% 57% 57% 61%
RPS 95.9 75.3 54.3 17.0
Price $2,371 $500 $685 $500
Power 295 60 39 33
RPS/Price 0.04 0.15 0.08 0.03
RPS/Joule 0.33 1.25 1.39 0.52
RPS/Rack 1918.4 18062.4 13024.8 4080.0
•CEMS V2 Comparison:
•Work Done/$: +375%
•Work Done/Joule +379%
•Work Done/Rack: +942%
Update: New H/W SKU likely
will improve numbers by
factor of 2. CEMS still a win.
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 18
19. Power Yield Management
• “Oversell” power, the most valuable
Max utility power
resource: 10%
Max de-rated power
– e.g. sell more seats than airplane holds
• Overdraw penalty high:
– Pop breaker (outage)
Dynamic yield mgmt
Peak
Static yield mgmt
– Overdraw utility (fine)
Max server label
with H/W caps
Average
• Considerable optimization possible If
Max clamp
workload variation is understood
– Workload diversity & history helpful
– Graceful Degradation Mode to shed
workload
Power Provisioning in a Warehouse-Sized Computer, Xiabo Fan, Wolf Weber, Luize Borroso
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 19
20. Critical Load Optimization
• Power proportionality is great but full load or shut off is even better
– Idle server consumes ~60% power of full load
– Industry secret: “great” data center utilization around ~30%
– All solutions require changing where a workload is executed
• What limits dynamic workload migration?
– Networking constraints: VIPs can’t span L2 nets, ACLs static, manual config, etc.
– Data Locality: Hard to efficiently move several TB
– Workload management: Scheduling work over available resources
• Critical load optimizations, in order:
– Use the servers: any workload with marginal value over power
– Shut them off if you can’t use them
– Those servers on should be fully loaded but not all resources fully consumed
so use power management (e.g. dynamic voltage & frequency scaling)
• Efficient S/W algorithms as important as H/W
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 20
21. Resource Consumption Shaping
• Essentially yield mgmt applied to full DC
Egress charged at 95th percentile
• Network charged at 95th percentile: 3PM
– Push peaks to troughs 4AM PST
PST The
– Fill troughs for “free” Pacific
Ocean is
• e.g. Amazon S3 replication big.
– Dynamic resource allocation
• Virtual machine helpful but not needed
– Charged for symmetrically so ingress
effectively free
David Treadwell & James Hamilton / Treadwell Graph
• Power also charged at 95 th percentile
• Server idle to full-load range: ~65% (e.g. 158W to 230W )
• S3 (suspend) or S5 (off) when server not needed
• Disks come with both IOPS capability & capacity
• Mix hot & cold data to “soak up” both
• Encourage priority (urgency) differentiation in charge-back model
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 21
22. Agenda
• Services Inevitable
• Where does the power go?
– Power distribution systems &
optimizations
– Mechanical systems & optimizations
– Cooperative, Expendable, Micro-Slice
Servers
– Critical Load Optimizations
• Summary
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 22
23. Summary
• Current “good” data centers have considerable room
for improvement
• Where do the power go?
– 58% Servers and other IT equipment
– 33% mechanical systems
– 8% power distribution
• Lowest hanging fruit in servers & mechanical systems
• Server system optimizations
– Utilization levels and general scheduling optimizations
– Servers optimized for work done per joule & watt rather than raw
performance
• CEMS takes only a small step forward but achieves better than
3x improvement in work done/$ and work done/joule
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 23
24. More Information
• This Slide Deck:
– I will post these slides to http://perspectives.mvdirona.com later this week
• Designing & Deploying Internet-Scale Services
– http://mvdirona.com/jrh/talksAndPapers/JamesRH_Lisa.pdf
• Architecture for Modular Data Centers
• http://mvdirona.com/jrh/talksAndPapers/JamesRH_CIDR.doc
• Increasing DC Efficiency by 4x
• http://mvdirona.com/jrh/talksAndPapers/JamesRH_PowerSavings20080604.ppt
• Perspectives Blog
– http://perspectives.mvdirona.com
• Email
– James@amazon.com
2009/1/7 http://perspectives.mvdirona.com 24