Chronic otitis media and squamosal disease involve retraction pockets in the tympanic membrane that can develop into cholesteatomas. Cholesteatomas are benign keratinizing cysts that cause bone destruction through various mechanisms including osteoclastic bone resorption induced by cytokines and enzymes. Management depends on whether the disease is inactive with stable retraction pockets or active with a cholesteatoma. For inactive disease, follow up or suction may suffice while an intact canal wall mastoidectomy or canal wall down approach is used for active cholesteatomas to fully remove the disease while preserving hearing if possible.
This document discusses the approach to patients with cholesteatoma. It describes the typical symptoms of cholesteatoma such as persistent foul-smelling otorrhea and progressive hearing loss. Diagnosis involves otomicroscopy, CT imaging, and audiology testing showing conductive hearing loss. Surgical management aims to completely remove the cholesteatoma and may involve either canal wall up or canal wall down approaches depending on factors like disease extent and hearing status. Post-operative care and measures to prevent complications are also outlined.
This document discusses cysts of the jaw, including definitions, types, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes the two main types of cysts as true cysts lined by epithelium and pseudo cysts not lined by epithelium. Common jaw cysts discussed include dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, and radicular cysts. The pathogenesis and theories of cyst enlargement are explained. Diagnostic methods like radiography, FNAC, and biopsy are outlined. Surgical treatment options for cyst removal include marsupialization, enucleation, enucleation with chemical cauterization, and resection.
Otosclerosis is a primary disease of the bony otic capsule characterized by abnormal bone remodeling. It typically causes conductive hearing loss in adults and is most common in those aged 15-45 years old. Diagnosis involves a history of progressive hearing loss, examination demonstrating conductive hearing deficits, and imaging showing areas of abnormal bone. Treatment options include hearing aids, medical management to slow progression, and surgical procedures like stapedotomy to reconstruct hearing. Complications can include sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo, and facial nerve injury but surgery is often successful in improving hearing.
This document discusses cystic lesions of the jaw that can occur in children. It defines cysts and describes their classification, including true (epithelial) cysts and pseudo (non-epithelial) cysts. It focuses on odontogenic cysts, which develop from epithelial dental tissues. The two most common odontogenic cysts discussed are dentigerous cysts, which form around the crown of unerupted teeth, and eruption cysts, which occur when a tooth's eruption is impeded. The document outlines the clinical, radiographic, histological features and treatment of these cysts.
This document provides an outline and overview of osteosarcoma, including its epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. It begins with an introduction to osteosarcoma and outlines its surgical importance. Key points include that osteosarcoma most commonly affects the long bones of teenagers and young adults, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and limb salvage surgery have improved outcomes, and prognosis depends on several risk factors like tumor size and response to pre-op chemotherapy.
Based on the information provided, the key differentials would be:
- Radicular cyst: Most common cyst in jaws, associated with non-vital tooth. Location and association with tooth fits.
- Dentigerous cyst: Second most common, associated with crown of unerupted tooth. Location fits.
- Odontogenic keratocyst: Aggressive cyst, often multilocular radiolucency. Less likely based on description.
- Aneurysmal bone cyst: Often multilocular "soap bubble" appearance. Less likely based on description.
- Traumatic bone cyst: Often interradicular in location. Possible based on location described.
Further investigation with tooth
The document discusses hydatid cyst of the liver caused by the larva of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. It summarizes the life cycle, pathology, clinical features, investigations including imaging techniques, and treatment options for hydatid cyst. Treatment options include medical treatment with albendazole, percutaneous drainage using the PAIR technique, endoscopic management for biliary involvement, and surgical options. PAIR involves puncturing the cyst under imaging guidance, injecting a scolicidal agent, and reaspirating the contents.
This document discusses the approach to patients with cholesteatoma. It describes the typical symptoms of cholesteatoma such as persistent foul-smelling otorrhea and progressive hearing loss. Diagnosis involves otomicroscopy, CT imaging, and audiology testing showing conductive hearing loss. Surgical management aims to completely remove the cholesteatoma and may involve either canal wall up or canal wall down approaches depending on factors like disease extent and hearing status. Post-operative care and measures to prevent complications are also outlined.
This document discusses cysts of the jaw, including definitions, types, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes the two main types of cysts as true cysts lined by epithelium and pseudo cysts not lined by epithelium. Common jaw cysts discussed include dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, and radicular cysts. The pathogenesis and theories of cyst enlargement are explained. Diagnostic methods like radiography, FNAC, and biopsy are outlined. Surgical treatment options for cyst removal include marsupialization, enucleation, enucleation with chemical cauterization, and resection.
Otosclerosis is a primary disease of the bony otic capsule characterized by abnormal bone remodeling. It typically causes conductive hearing loss in adults and is most common in those aged 15-45 years old. Diagnosis involves a history of progressive hearing loss, examination demonstrating conductive hearing deficits, and imaging showing areas of abnormal bone. Treatment options include hearing aids, medical management to slow progression, and surgical procedures like stapedotomy to reconstruct hearing. Complications can include sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo, and facial nerve injury but surgery is often successful in improving hearing.
This document discusses cystic lesions of the jaw that can occur in children. It defines cysts and describes their classification, including true (epithelial) cysts and pseudo (non-epithelial) cysts. It focuses on odontogenic cysts, which develop from epithelial dental tissues. The two most common odontogenic cysts discussed are dentigerous cysts, which form around the crown of unerupted teeth, and eruption cysts, which occur when a tooth's eruption is impeded. The document outlines the clinical, radiographic, histological features and treatment of these cysts.
This document provides an outline and overview of osteosarcoma, including its epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. It begins with an introduction to osteosarcoma and outlines its surgical importance. Key points include that osteosarcoma most commonly affects the long bones of teenagers and young adults, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and limb salvage surgery have improved outcomes, and prognosis depends on several risk factors like tumor size and response to pre-op chemotherapy.
Based on the information provided, the key differentials would be:
- Radicular cyst: Most common cyst in jaws, associated with non-vital tooth. Location and association with tooth fits.
- Dentigerous cyst: Second most common, associated with crown of unerupted tooth. Location fits.
- Odontogenic keratocyst: Aggressive cyst, often multilocular radiolucency. Less likely based on description.
- Aneurysmal bone cyst: Often multilocular "soap bubble" appearance. Less likely based on description.
- Traumatic bone cyst: Often interradicular in location. Possible based on location described.
Further investigation with tooth
The document discusses hydatid cyst of the liver caused by the larva of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. It summarizes the life cycle, pathology, clinical features, investigations including imaging techniques, and treatment options for hydatid cyst. Treatment options include medical treatment with albendazole, percutaneous drainage using the PAIR technique, endoscopic management for biliary involvement, and surgical options. PAIR involves puncturing the cyst under imaging guidance, injecting a scolicidal agent, and reaspirating the contents.
Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by ingesting eggs from the Taenia solium tapeworm, which can lead to cyst formation in the brain and central nervous system. Symptoms include seizures, headaches, and vision changes. It is diagnosed through imaging tests, stool and blood tests, and biopsy. Treatment involves antiparasitic medications like albendazole and praziquantel to reduce cysts and seizures, along with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Outcomes depend on the location, size, and number of cysts present and the body's immune response.
Anatomy of ear
Anatomy of tympanic membran
Discuss middle ear
Definition of CSOM
Types of CSOM
CSOM atticoantral
Etiology of atticoantral type
Pathology of atticoantral CSOM
Signs/ symptoms of atticoantral CSOM
Assessment
Treatment of atticoantral CSOM
Adult tympanic membrane is about 9mm in diameter
Tympanic membrane is obliquely placed, forms an acute angle with the EAC
Composed of three
Outer squamous cell epithelial layer
Middle mucosal layer
Inner Fibrous layer , which fives the tympanic membrane it’s shape
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is an infection and inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity that persists for more than 6 weeks. It can lead to complications due to bone destruction and spread of infection. Key features include persistent ear discharge, hearing loss, and perforation of the tympanic membrane. Treatment involves surgical procedures like canal wall up or canal wall down mastoidectomy to thoroughly clean the infected areas and remove any cholesteatoma present. Non-surgical management may be used for limited disease in elderly patients. Features like pain, neurological symptoms, and abscesses indicate potential complications from the infection.
This presentation was made for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Dhaka Dental College and Hospital . This presentation includes basics of cystic lesions of jaw and their conventional management procedures.
This document provides information about osteomyelitis and osteoradionecrosis of the jaws. It defines osteomyelitis as an inflammatory condition of bone that begins as an infection of the medullary cavity. Predisposing factors include fractures, radiation damage, and systemic diseases. Acute osteomyelitis is characterized by pain, fever, and identifiable cause, while chronic osteomyelitis involves fistulas and induration. Imaging techniques include radiography and scintigraphy. Treatment involves antibiotics, sequestrectomy, decortication, and reconstruction. Infantile osteomyelitis usually involves the maxilla and is treated with drainage and antibiotics.
This document provides information about osteomyelitis and osteoradionecrosis of the jaws. It defines osteomyelitis as an inflammatory condition of bone that begins as an infection of the medullary cavity and spreads to involve the surrounding bone and periosteum. Predisposing factors include trauma, radiation damage, and systemic diseases. Imaging techniques useful for diagnosis include conventional radiographs, radionuclide scans, CT, and MRI. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery to drain abscesses or remove dead bone (sequestra), and reconstruction if large portions of bone need to be resected.
1. The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the external ear canal and discusses various types of otitis externa including acute otitis externa, chronic otitis externa, necrotizing external otitis, fungal otitis externa, and herpes zoster oticus.
2. It describes the symptoms, signs, causative agents, diagnosis, and treatment for each type of otitis externa. For acute otitis externa, examples of treatment mentioned include ear toilet, medicated wicks, antibiotic-steroid preparations, and analgesics.
3. Necrotizing external otitis is described
The document provides information on hydatid cyst of the liver caused by the larva of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. It discusses the life cycle of the parasite, symptoms, investigations including imaging techniques, classification of cysts, treatment options including surgery, percutaneous drainage (PAIR procedure), and chemotherapy. PAIR involves puncturing the cyst, injecting a scolicidal agent, and reaspirating the contents to treat the cyst minimally invasively.
This document summarizes different types of ear trauma, including auricular hematoma, external ear canal trauma, traumatic tympanic membrane perforations, ossicular trauma, temporal bone trauma, whiplash injury, and otic barotrauma. It describes the clinical features, investigations, and management for each type. The types of ear trauma are classified and potential complications are discussed, along with facial nerve injury and cerebrospinal fluid leaks, which can occur with temporal bone fractures. Evaluation involves imaging like CT and treatment depends on the severity but may include conservative management, surgery, or steroids.
This document provides information about otitis externa (ear infection of the outer ear canal). It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the outer ear, classifications and causes of otitis externa including bacterial, viral and fungal infections. It describes the signs and symptoms of acute and chronic otitis externa and treatments including ear cleaning, topical and oral antibiotics, antifungals and corticosteroids. Complications are outlined along with malignant otitis externa, a potentially lethal infection seen in immunocompromised individuals like diabetics.
Cysts of jaw- management oral and maxillofacial surgeryPrashanthSharma14
Management of cysts of the jaw involves marsupialization or enucleation. Marsupialization involves creating a window in the cyst wall to drain its contents and promote shrinkage, leaving the lining intact. Enucleation removes the entire cyst. Both have advantages and disadvantages. Marsupialization spares nearby structures but leaves tissue behind, while enucleation allows examination but risks fracture. Techniques include Partsch I marsupialization, Waldron's two-stage approach, and various enucleation modifications with or without bone grafting, depending on the cyst size and location. Complications can include injury, infection, and recurrence.
Maxillectomy and craniofacial resection Mamoon Ameen
all maxillectomy types in detail and maxillofacial resection ,indications ,contraindications ,preoperative asssessment and detail techniques and rehabilitations
I. Chronic osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by infection that remains debilitating, especially in developing countries, despite antibiotics.
II. It has multiple presentations and causes, can lead to complications like sequestrum and involucrum formation, and is diagnosed through history, exams, imaging and microbiology.
III. Treatment involves antibiotics, extensive surgical debridement of devitalized tissue, management of dead space, and sometimes reconstruction or amputation in severe cases.
management of metastasis_bone_tumour.pptxzawmyohan2
Bone metastases are a common cause of morbidity in advanced cancer patients. The most common sites of bone metastases are the vertebrae, pelvis, and femur. Patients usually present with pain, pathological fractures, or neurological deficits. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like x-rays, CT, MRI, PET, and biopsy. Treatment is multidisciplinary and aims to relieve symptoms, involving palliative care, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery to stabilize fractures or prevent impending fractures. Prognosis depends on primary cancer type, with lung cancer having the lowest 1-year survival and breast cancer having the highest.
This document discusses keratosis obturans, which is the accumulation of desquamated keratin in the external auditory meatus. It can occur in two types - silent and inflammatory. The silent type is not associated with infection, while the inflammatory type is caused by acute ear canal inflammation. Clinically, it presents as a white keratin plug occluding the ear canal, sometimes with accompanying granulations or bone erosion. Treatment involves using keratolytic agents to break down the plug, or surgical removal under general anesthesia, with canal plasty for recurrent cases or mastoidectomy if associated with primary cholesteatoma of the external canal.
This document discusses CSF rhinorrhea (leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the nose). It classifies CSF fistulas as either traumatic (often post-procedure) or non-traumatic. It describes the routes of CSF egress from different skull fracture patterns and surgical sites. Clinical features, investigations for locating the fistula, and management approaches including conservative care, timing of surgery, types of repair, and endoscopic techniques are outlined. The goal of treatment is to prevent serious complications like meningitis by achieving definitive repair of the CSF leak.
Diseases of middle ear;csom(safe&unsafe)&cholesteatoma dr.davis thoma...ophthalmgmcri
This document discusses chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), including the types, symptoms, signs, investigations, and treatment options. It describes CSOM as a long-standing middle ear infection characterized by continuous or intermittent ear discharge through a perforated eardrum. The two main types are tubotympanic disease, confined to the anterior middle ear, and atticoantral disease, involving the posterior middle ear and associated with bone erosion and possible cholesteatoma formation. Treatment involves medical management with antibiotics and surgery such as myringoplasty, tympanoplasty, and mastoidectomy depending on the severity and extent of disease.
A 35-year-old female presented with a swelling in her lower right jaw that had been gradually increasing in size over 6 months. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed a cystic lesion associated with missing tooth #45. Histologic examination of the surgically removed cyst confirmed the diagnosis of an odontogenic keratocyst. This type of cyst is known for its high recurrence rate due to the presence of satellite cysts and thin epithelial linings that can be left behind. Close follow-up for at least 5 years is recommended to monitor for recurrence.
1. There are two main methods for removing temporal bones - the skull base block method (SBBM) and the modified block method (MBM).
2. The SBBM uses two cuts to remove the temporal bone in one piece, containing cranial nerves II and III as well as portions of the middle and posterior cranial fossae.
3. The MBM makes four cuts, removing the temporal bone in multiple pieces, producing smaller specimens than the SBBM.
Anatomy of Skul base and Infratempoal fossaAVINAV GUPTA
This presentation briefly discusses the anatomy of skull base and infratemporal fossa. It describes the anatomical boundaries and relations of Skull base and infratemporal fossa.
Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by ingesting eggs from the Taenia solium tapeworm, which can lead to cyst formation in the brain and central nervous system. Symptoms include seizures, headaches, and vision changes. It is diagnosed through imaging tests, stool and blood tests, and biopsy. Treatment involves antiparasitic medications like albendazole and praziquantel to reduce cysts and seizures, along with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Outcomes depend on the location, size, and number of cysts present and the body's immune response.
Anatomy of ear
Anatomy of tympanic membran
Discuss middle ear
Definition of CSOM
Types of CSOM
CSOM atticoantral
Etiology of atticoantral type
Pathology of atticoantral CSOM
Signs/ symptoms of atticoantral CSOM
Assessment
Treatment of atticoantral CSOM
Adult tympanic membrane is about 9mm in diameter
Tympanic membrane is obliquely placed, forms an acute angle with the EAC
Composed of three
Outer squamous cell epithelial layer
Middle mucosal layer
Inner Fibrous layer , which fives the tympanic membrane it’s shape
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is an infection and inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity that persists for more than 6 weeks. It can lead to complications due to bone destruction and spread of infection. Key features include persistent ear discharge, hearing loss, and perforation of the tympanic membrane. Treatment involves surgical procedures like canal wall up or canal wall down mastoidectomy to thoroughly clean the infected areas and remove any cholesteatoma present. Non-surgical management may be used for limited disease in elderly patients. Features like pain, neurological symptoms, and abscesses indicate potential complications from the infection.
This presentation was made for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Dhaka Dental College and Hospital . This presentation includes basics of cystic lesions of jaw and their conventional management procedures.
This document provides information about osteomyelitis and osteoradionecrosis of the jaws. It defines osteomyelitis as an inflammatory condition of bone that begins as an infection of the medullary cavity. Predisposing factors include fractures, radiation damage, and systemic diseases. Acute osteomyelitis is characterized by pain, fever, and identifiable cause, while chronic osteomyelitis involves fistulas and induration. Imaging techniques include radiography and scintigraphy. Treatment involves antibiotics, sequestrectomy, decortication, and reconstruction. Infantile osteomyelitis usually involves the maxilla and is treated with drainage and antibiotics.
This document provides information about osteomyelitis and osteoradionecrosis of the jaws. It defines osteomyelitis as an inflammatory condition of bone that begins as an infection of the medullary cavity and spreads to involve the surrounding bone and periosteum. Predisposing factors include trauma, radiation damage, and systemic diseases. Imaging techniques useful for diagnosis include conventional radiographs, radionuclide scans, CT, and MRI. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery to drain abscesses or remove dead bone (sequestra), and reconstruction if large portions of bone need to be resected.
1. The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the external ear canal and discusses various types of otitis externa including acute otitis externa, chronic otitis externa, necrotizing external otitis, fungal otitis externa, and herpes zoster oticus.
2. It describes the symptoms, signs, causative agents, diagnosis, and treatment for each type of otitis externa. For acute otitis externa, examples of treatment mentioned include ear toilet, medicated wicks, antibiotic-steroid preparations, and analgesics.
3. Necrotizing external otitis is described
The document provides information on hydatid cyst of the liver caused by the larva of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. It discusses the life cycle of the parasite, symptoms, investigations including imaging techniques, classification of cysts, treatment options including surgery, percutaneous drainage (PAIR procedure), and chemotherapy. PAIR involves puncturing the cyst, injecting a scolicidal agent, and reaspirating the contents to treat the cyst minimally invasively.
This document summarizes different types of ear trauma, including auricular hematoma, external ear canal trauma, traumatic tympanic membrane perforations, ossicular trauma, temporal bone trauma, whiplash injury, and otic barotrauma. It describes the clinical features, investigations, and management for each type. The types of ear trauma are classified and potential complications are discussed, along with facial nerve injury and cerebrospinal fluid leaks, which can occur with temporal bone fractures. Evaluation involves imaging like CT and treatment depends on the severity but may include conservative management, surgery, or steroids.
This document provides information about otitis externa (ear infection of the outer ear canal). It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the outer ear, classifications and causes of otitis externa including bacterial, viral and fungal infections. It describes the signs and symptoms of acute and chronic otitis externa and treatments including ear cleaning, topical and oral antibiotics, antifungals and corticosteroids. Complications are outlined along with malignant otitis externa, a potentially lethal infection seen in immunocompromised individuals like diabetics.
Cysts of jaw- management oral and maxillofacial surgeryPrashanthSharma14
Management of cysts of the jaw involves marsupialization or enucleation. Marsupialization involves creating a window in the cyst wall to drain its contents and promote shrinkage, leaving the lining intact. Enucleation removes the entire cyst. Both have advantages and disadvantages. Marsupialization spares nearby structures but leaves tissue behind, while enucleation allows examination but risks fracture. Techniques include Partsch I marsupialization, Waldron's two-stage approach, and various enucleation modifications with or without bone grafting, depending on the cyst size and location. Complications can include injury, infection, and recurrence.
Maxillectomy and craniofacial resection Mamoon Ameen
all maxillectomy types in detail and maxillofacial resection ,indications ,contraindications ,preoperative asssessment and detail techniques and rehabilitations
I. Chronic osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by infection that remains debilitating, especially in developing countries, despite antibiotics.
II. It has multiple presentations and causes, can lead to complications like sequestrum and involucrum formation, and is diagnosed through history, exams, imaging and microbiology.
III. Treatment involves antibiotics, extensive surgical debridement of devitalized tissue, management of dead space, and sometimes reconstruction or amputation in severe cases.
management of metastasis_bone_tumour.pptxzawmyohan2
Bone metastases are a common cause of morbidity in advanced cancer patients. The most common sites of bone metastases are the vertebrae, pelvis, and femur. Patients usually present with pain, pathological fractures, or neurological deficits. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like x-rays, CT, MRI, PET, and biopsy. Treatment is multidisciplinary and aims to relieve symptoms, involving palliative care, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery to stabilize fractures or prevent impending fractures. Prognosis depends on primary cancer type, with lung cancer having the lowest 1-year survival and breast cancer having the highest.
This document discusses keratosis obturans, which is the accumulation of desquamated keratin in the external auditory meatus. It can occur in two types - silent and inflammatory. The silent type is not associated with infection, while the inflammatory type is caused by acute ear canal inflammation. Clinically, it presents as a white keratin plug occluding the ear canal, sometimes with accompanying granulations or bone erosion. Treatment involves using keratolytic agents to break down the plug, or surgical removal under general anesthesia, with canal plasty for recurrent cases or mastoidectomy if associated with primary cholesteatoma of the external canal.
This document discusses CSF rhinorrhea (leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the nose). It classifies CSF fistulas as either traumatic (often post-procedure) or non-traumatic. It describes the routes of CSF egress from different skull fracture patterns and surgical sites. Clinical features, investigations for locating the fistula, and management approaches including conservative care, timing of surgery, types of repair, and endoscopic techniques are outlined. The goal of treatment is to prevent serious complications like meningitis by achieving definitive repair of the CSF leak.
Diseases of middle ear;csom(safe&unsafe)&cholesteatoma dr.davis thoma...ophthalmgmcri
This document discusses chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), including the types, symptoms, signs, investigations, and treatment options. It describes CSOM as a long-standing middle ear infection characterized by continuous or intermittent ear discharge through a perforated eardrum. The two main types are tubotympanic disease, confined to the anterior middle ear, and atticoantral disease, involving the posterior middle ear and associated with bone erosion and possible cholesteatoma formation. Treatment involves medical management with antibiotics and surgery such as myringoplasty, tympanoplasty, and mastoidectomy depending on the severity and extent of disease.
A 35-year-old female presented with a swelling in her lower right jaw that had been gradually increasing in size over 6 months. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed a cystic lesion associated with missing tooth #45. Histologic examination of the surgically removed cyst confirmed the diagnosis of an odontogenic keratocyst. This type of cyst is known for its high recurrence rate due to the presence of satellite cysts and thin epithelial linings that can be left behind. Close follow-up for at least 5 years is recommended to monitor for recurrence.
1. There are two main methods for removing temporal bones - the skull base block method (SBBM) and the modified block method (MBM).
2. The SBBM uses two cuts to remove the temporal bone in one piece, containing cranial nerves II and III as well as portions of the middle and posterior cranial fossae.
3. The MBM makes four cuts, removing the temporal bone in multiple pieces, producing smaller specimens than the SBBM.
Anatomy of Skul base and Infratempoal fossaAVINAV GUPTA
This presentation briefly discusses the anatomy of skull base and infratemporal fossa. It describes the anatomical boundaries and relations of Skull base and infratemporal fossa.
This document discusses various chemotherapeutic agents used in ENT. It describes the different phases of chemotherapeutic trials and principles of chemotherapy. It discusses single agent versus multidrug combination therapy and covers cell cycle concepts. It then details specific chemotherapeutic drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, cytotoxic antibiotics, antimitotic plant products, and targeted therapies. It addresses limitations of cytotoxic agents in not being cancer-cell specific.
This document summarizes various benign tumors of the larynx that can cause hoarseness or difficulty breathing. It describes vocal nodules, which are caused by voice abuse and present with hoarseness. It also discusses vocal polyps caused by allergies or smoking. Reinke's edema is an oedema of the vocal cords caused by smoking or vocal abuse. Contact ulcers or granulomas can be caused by faulty voice production or gastric reflux. Intubation granulomas are due to rough intubation. Cystic lesions like saccular cysts may also involve the larynx. Juvenile papillomatosis is a recurrent papilloma of children caused by HPV infection. Adult papillo
This document discusses the fetal skull, including its key parts and landmarks. It describes the ability of the fetal skull to change shape and mold to the rigid maternal pelvis during birth. It also mentions potential complications like cephalhematoma, which is a subperiosteal hematoma affecting the skull bones. Finally, it discusses the relationships between the fetus and pelvis, including fetal lie, presentation, attitude, and position.
- Dopamine was first synthesized in 1910 and its role as a neurotransmitter was discovered in 1958. It belongs to the catecholamine family and is synthesized from tyrosine in the neural tissue and adrenal medulla.
- There are two families of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors, D1-like and D2-like, which have opposing effects on intracellular cAMP levels. Dopamine pathways like the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways are involved in reward, pleasure, and cognitive functions while the nigrostriatal pathway controls motor movements.
- Imbalances in dopamine signaling are implicated in disorders like schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson's disease, and addiction. For example,
This document discusses the history and applications of robotics in ENT surgery. It begins with definitions of medical robots and an overview of their history. It then focuses on specific ENT applications including:
1) TORS (Transoral Robotic Surgery) for tumors of the tongue base, tonsils, and throat which offers improved visualization and dexterity.
2) Robotic surgery for obstructive sleep apnea by allowing minimally invasive resection of excess tongue base tissue.
3) Robotic thyroidectomy techniques like RATS (Robotic Assisted Thyroidectomy) and robotic facelift thyroidectomy which allow smaller incisions.
4) Potential future applications in rhin
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Answers Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
3. • Multinucleated osteolasts
• Lipopolysaccharides
• Preosteoclastic cells, primed with receptor activator NF-kB (RANKL)
• TGF-β (stroma) [chronic wound healing process]
• TLRs lead to the mobilization of cytokines, chemokines and
interferons as well as proteases, defensins, collectins, lysozyme and
lactoferrin.
4. • TLRs can induce NF-κB as well as TNF-α
• TGF-α upregulate matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) which cause
bone distruction
• Epidermal growth factor, TNFα, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-6, INF B, and PTHrP.
• Nitric oxide type II, has been shown to enhance osteoclastic
activation
• Measure of proliferation: Ki67
6. • Secondary Acquired
• Squamous Metaplasia
• Epithelial migration (Habermann)
• Tertiary Acquired: Post traumatic, post tympanoplasty
7. Congenital Cholesteatoma
• Persistence of congenital rest cells in middle ear, petrous apex,
cerebello-pontine angle.
• Diagnosis:
• White mass behind intact Tympanic membrane
• Normal pars tensa and pars flacida
• No prior history of otorrhea or any ontological procedure
8. Why is pediatric cholesteatoma more
aggressive??
• More aerated mastoid
• Greater risk of otitis media and associated inflammatory process,
accelerate and stimulate cholesteatoma growth
• Perimatrix of pediatric cholesteatomas rich in mononuclear
inflammatory elements
• Higher levels of Ki-67 and matrix metalloproteinases
10. Active squamous epithelial Chronic Otitis
Media (Acquired Cholesteatoma)
• Cholesteatoma is a benign keratinizing epithelial lined cystic
structure found in the middle ear and mastoid
• Destruction of the local structures – ossicular chain and otic
capsule, thereby leading to complications
• Johannes Muller
• 2.3 times
• Apoptosis rate
11. Cause of bone distruction
• Hyperimic decalcification
• Osteoclastic bone resorption:
• Acid phosphatase, collagenase, acid protease, proteolytic
enzymes, leukotrienes, cytokeratin
• Pressure necrosis
• Bacterial toxins
12. Role of biofilm
• Sessile community of microbes, that are irreversibly
attached to a surface or to each other, and embedded in
a matrix of extracellular polymeric substance produced
by the organisms.
• Exhibits altered phenotype with respect to growth rate
and gene transcription
• Epithelial cell signaling, such as induction of epidermal
growth factors and upregulation of cytokines,
specifically IL-6
• 60%
• Squamous disease 82% vs 42% Mucosal disease
14. • Posterior mesotympanic
cholesteatoma invades the
sinus tympani and facial
recess
• Anterior epitympanic
cholesteatoma can involve
the geniculate ganglion of
facial nerve
15. History
• Hearing loss (83%)
• Otorrhoea (56%)
• Otalgia (39%)
• Childhood ear disease (43%)
22. • Vestibular assessment
• Imaging
• High Resolution Computed Tomography
• Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
• Endoscopy
• Bacteriology
23.
24. Inactive Squamous chronic otitis media
• Retraction of the pars flacida
• Fundus visible?
• Self cleansing?
• Retraction of pars tensa
• Self cleansing?
• Incudostapedial joint? Errosion?
• Boney External auditory cannal erosion?
• Other factors
25. Progression of retraction pockets
• Reach a big size
• Loss of elasticity and rigidity of tympanic membrane
• Cleft palate (20%)
• Turner syndrome (50%)
• Cystic fibrosis
27. Recommendation for management for an
inactive retraction
In Adult patients:
• Stable
• No significant hearing loss + retraction pocket is selfcleansing,
then follow-up
• Retraction pocket is not self-cleansing, then regular microscopic
suction clearance
• Conductive hearing impairment
• Wishes of the patient, the hearing in the other ear and the expertise of the surgeon
• Myringolpasty + Ossiculoplasty
28. In a child undetr 12 years
• Unstable
• Hearing normal, no intervention
• Treat otitis media with effusion
• Progressive retraction: surgery
29. Active Squamosal Chronic otitis
media(Cholesteatoma)
• Pneumatisation
• Progression toward healing
• Automastoidectomy
• No longer produce or accumulate squamous epithelium
• Progression of disease
• Hearing in Active Squamous disease
• Presentation
33. Cannal wall down mastoidectomy
• Modified radical mastoidectomy using the posterior to anterior
approach.
• Large cavity 1.4 cm3 vs 2.4 cm3
• high facial ridge
• sump in cavity below floor of external auditory canal
• perforation in tympanic membrane
• small external auditory meatus.
• Recurrence (5-15%)
34. Cannal wall up mastoidectomy
• Combined approach tympanoplasty
• Recurrence (20-50 %)
• Second look procedure can be avoided
• Both procedures have similar results
35. • Pars tensa cholesteatoma
• Confines to middle ear
• Ossiculoplasty
• Theoretical risk that use of incus could cause recurrence
• Complication of surgery
• 1% facial
• 2% dead ear
36. ROUTES OF SPREAD TO CRANIAL CAVITY
• Direct erosion of osteitic bone by the inflammatory process
• Infected thrombophlebitis of the emissary veins traversing the bone
and dura.
• Fractures and surgical defects.
• Oval and round windows, the internal auditory meatus and cochlear
aqueduct.
37. Definitions and Classifications of
Mastoidectomy
• " Approach" method of access to the middle ear through the soft tissues;
“Route" method of access to the middle ear through the bone.
• Atticotomy
• Denotes opening of the attic, performed through the transmeatal route. The
lateral wall of the attic is drilled away, and the lateral attic is exposed.
• Atticoantrotomy
• extension of the atticotomy in a posterior direction through the transmeatal
route. The lateral attic and aditus walls are removed, and the antrum is entered.
38. • Bondy's Operation
• An atticoantrotomy is described as Bondy's operation if the tympanic cavity is
not entered. The lateral part of the cholesteatoma matrix is removed and the
medial part is left in place, marsupializing the cholesteatoma
• Cortical Mastoidectomy
• The cortical mastoidectomy (Schwartze 1873) is a transcortical opening of the
mastoid cells and the antrum.
• Conservative Radical Operation
• Denoting a mastoidectomy with opening of the antrum and attic, removal of
the posterosuperior bony canal wall, either drilling away of the bony bridge
and lowering of the facial ridge or preserving the thinned-down bony bridge
39. • Classical Radical Operation
• Structures within the tympanic cavity are removed
• Closure of the eustachian tube
• Canal wall down mastoidectomy techniques are: Atticotomy, Bondy's
operation (1910), atticoantrotomy, classical radical operation, retrograde
mastoidectomy
• Canal wall-up techniques are simple mastoidectomy, cortical
mastoidectomy, classic intact canal wall mastoidectomy, combined-
approach tympanoplasty, or modifications of these canal wall-up
techniques.
40. Recent Advances
• Transcannal endoscopic ear surgeries
(TEES)
• Trans Mastoid endoscopic ear
surgeries (TMEES)
• Exoscopes or extracorporeal video
microscope
• Diffusion Weighted Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
Cholesteatoma is an erosive process defined by trapped squamous epithelium that produces and accumulates desquamated keratin debris.
Classify the retraction according to Tos. Can I see the fundus of the retraction pocket or not? Is this thought to be selfcleansing or not? Whether a retraction pocket is self-cleansing or not is a qualitative judgement based upon size and appearance. A small, clean retraction pocket in the pars flaccida or pars tensa is likely to be self-cleansing, but such judgements can only be confirmed over time by clinical review.
reach such a size and configuration that they cease to become self-cleansing and accumulate inactive squamous debris.
Retraction may lead to histological changes in the tympanic membrane with loss of elasticity and rigidity so that the tympanic membrane no longer ‘drives’ the ossicular chain or areas of the tympanic membrane may be eroded leaving a perforation.