This document discusses agriculture productivity drivers in Eastern and Southern Africa. It identifies key drivers such as population growth and density, poverty and hunger levels, natural resources and climate, access to energy, development of markets and trade, availability of information and education levels. These drivers shape the evolution of farming systems in the region. The document argues for a better understanding of differentiated farming systems and households to inform interventions that can foster innovation, boost adoption of new practices, and ultimately increase productivity and food security.