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1. Central Asia experiences frequent drought conditions as crop production and agriculture are adapted to the region's dry climate.
2. Climate change is increasing temperatures and altering precipitation patterns in Central Asia, with temperatures rising 0.1-0.3 degrees Celsius every decade and precipitation becoming more variable.
3. Anthropogenic or human-caused drought poses the most serious threat, as water withdrawals from rivers for irrigation have increased, exacerbating the impacts of natural drought cycles.
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1. Central Asia experiences frequent drought conditions as crop production and agriculture are adapted to the region's dry climate.
2. Climate change is increasing temperatures and altering precipitation patterns in Central Asia, with temperatures rising 0.1-0.3 degrees Celsius every decade and precipitation becoming more variable.
3. Anthropogenic or human-caused drought poses the most serious threat, as water withdrawals from rivers for irrigation have increased, exacerbating the impacts of natural drought cycles.
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International Conference on “Water- Harvesting, Storage and Conservation”,
November 23-24, 2009; IIT, Kanpur, India
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The aim of this report is to demonstrate and evaluate the potential of Elytrigia elongata to
avoid GHG emissions and obtain lower economic costs in marginal areas of Spain and the
Mediterranean region. Our research built scenarios based on experimental plots (2 years growth) in
three locations of Spain with very different climate conditions (provinces of Girona, Soria and
Palencia). In our experiences, we achieved an adequate establishment and biomass production in the
second year in the plots, and assumed yields until the end of the life cycle (estimated in 15 years in many
other studies in United States, Argentina and Eastern Europe). Using data from the experimental plots,
statistical information for economic inputs costs, and the scenarios built, we estimated GHG emissions
savings and compared them to the rank of biomass yields obtained from annual grasses (oats, triticale
and rye) in a large range of environmental conditions (yields of perennial grasses from 3 to 13
odt/ha.year). GHG emissions savings were calculated replacing natural gas electricity with electricity
from biomass combustion in a real centralised power plant in Spain. The assessment included GHG
emissions savings and energy balance for the mentioned yields rank, estimated economic costs for the
achieved biomass and compared with the biomass costs from the winter annual grasses of our previous
study. The preliminary evaluation results suggest that the use of C3 perennial crops, like tall wheatgrass
in marginal areas of Spain for electricity production might present a better performance in terms of
energy yields, costs of the electricity and GHG savings, than utilizing annual grasses
This study compares the effects of different crop management practices for growing rye as an energy crop in Spain on energy balances and greenhouse gas emissions from electricity production. Six management scenarios were analyzed: two sowing densities combined with three top fertilization rates. Field trials were conducted for each scenario and results were compared to electricity from natural gas. A nitrogen balance was also calculated to assess the sustainability of lower nitrogen fertilization rates on soil nitrogen levels.
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Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
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GreenStar novel seeds as feedstock by BioenergyCrop. Suitable perennial hardy grass with enhanced productivity in marginal lands in Temperate climatic conditions.
This document provides information on numerous bioenergy crop projects undertaken by Bioenergy Crops Ltd and its partners between 2002-2022. It summarizes over 30 projects involving the cultivation and processing of biomass crops for energy production. The projects spanned multiple countries and crops, involving the establishment of plantations from 180-7500 hectares to supply thermal energy plants, biogas facilities, and other biomass processing technologies. Bioenergy Crops Ltd provided consultancy, capacity building and seedstock/genetic materials to the various projects.
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Growing biomass with regenerative agriculture approaches becomes a solid and commercially mature opportunity by providing biofertilizers and a carbon negative solution and green energy, animal feed and biomaterials access to reduction costs. A growing bioeconomy in next 30 years becomes also influenced by carbon bonds reaching prices between 25 and 75 USD/tCO2 captured and/or sequestered. Biochar production and bio-coal filtering products take value added products between 400 and 2000 USD/ton and feedstock costs range 30 to 120 USD/ton. Coupled thermal applications are part of the system therefore allowing developers to process several fossil based products such as steel, cement or plastics into a lower footprint alternatives. Commercial applications are feasible and available in most markets with high level of demonstration (high Technology Readiness Index).
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The aim of this report is to demonstrate and evaluate the potential of Elytrigia elongata to
avoid GHG emissions and obtain lower economic costs in marginal areas of Spain and the
Mediterranean region. Our research built scenarios based on experimental plots (2 years growth) in
three locations of Spain with very different climate conditions (provinces of Girona, Soria and
Palencia). In our experiences, we achieved an adequate establishment and biomass production in the
second year in the plots, and assumed yields until the end of the life cycle (estimated in 15 years in many
other studies in United States, Argentina and Eastern Europe). Using data from the experimental plots,
statistical information for economic inputs costs, and the scenarios built, we estimated GHG emissions
savings and compared them to the rank of biomass yields obtained from annual grasses (oats, triticale
and rye) in a large range of environmental conditions (yields of perennial grasses from 3 to 13
odt/ha.year). GHG emissions savings were calculated replacing natural gas electricity with electricity
from biomass combustion in a real centralised power plant in Spain. The assessment included GHG
emissions savings and energy balance for the mentioned yields rank, estimated economic costs for the
achieved biomass and compared with the biomass costs from the winter annual grasses of our previous
study. The preliminary evaluation results suggest that the use of C3 perennial crops, like tall wheatgrass
in marginal areas of Spain for electricity production might present a better performance in terms of
energy yields, costs of the electricity and GHG savings, than utilizing annual grasses
This study compares the effects of different crop management practices for growing rye as an energy crop in Spain on energy balances and greenhouse gas emissions from electricity production. Six management scenarios were analyzed: two sowing densities combined with three top fertilization rates. Field trials were conducted for each scenario and results were compared to electricity from natural gas. A nitrogen balance was also calculated to assess the sustainability of lower nitrogen fertilization rates on soil nitrogen levels.
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Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
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Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...
1 co.9.4 maletta et al.2012 oral presentation
1. Perennial energy crops for semiarid lands in the
Mediterranean: Elytrigia elongata, a C3 grass with summer
dormancy to produce electricity in constraint environments
Emiliano Maletta*1, Carlos Martin-Sastre2, Pilar Ciria1, Aránzazu del Val1, Annabel Salvado4, Laura Rovira4, Rebeca Díez3,
Joan Serra4, Yolanda González-Arechavala2 and Juan Carrasco1
1
CEDER-CIEMAT. Energy Department. Biomass Unit
2
IIT. Institute for Research in Technology - ICAI School of Engineering - Comillas Pontifical University
3
ITACyL. Biofuels and Bioproducts Resarch Centre
4
IRTA, Mas Badia (17134) Girona, Spain. Phone: +34- 972780275, Fax: +34-972780517
* Corresponding author: emiliano.maletta@ciemat.es
2. Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Semiarid environments and marginal areas usually
produce
•Low yields
•High economic costs
•Low GHG emissions savings
•Low energy balances
About 4M ha of arable lands available in Spain
Cereal-grains yield (national average): 1.8 t/ha
3. Perennial grasses background in Spain
• C4 perennial grasses require water for establishment and long droughts
are the rule in that moment => C4 grasses need irrigation support
• Traditional C3 perennial grasses limited to northern cold areas
•Farmers grow winter cereals (grains+straw) to feed power energy plants
•Drought tolerant AND productive species required for semiarid lands to
supply biomass for industry
Marginal yields, marginal benefits
Previous study on rye and triticale for electricity in a real 25MW
power energy plant (Northern Spain).
Need at least 8 odt/ha to reach 60% GHG emissions savings
compared to natural gas electricity
4. Background
Power energy plant (25MW) for biomass combustion.
Demonstration plot (2 ha)
160,000 ton per year. Straw price for farmers: 75-85€/odt
(mostly agricultural residues and rye/triticale/oats).
5. Tall wheatgrass:
Scientific names: Elytrigia elongata (Host),
Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp)
•Origin: Eurasia
•C3: three photosynthetic metabolism pathway (a
“cool season” grass)
•Perennial summer dormancy: resist long summer
US Tall wheatgrass trials (Salon
drought periods, through senescence and buds et al, 2009)
dormancy recommencing growth in autumn
•Deep root system / suited for alkaline soils
•From 50s in US, Argentina and Australia as
feedstock for livestock on marginal areas and for
re-vegetation (green covers)
•Biomass characteristics allow co-firing and 2nd
generation biofuels
•Breeding programs and commercial seeds are
available worldwide
•Productions in literature: 3-16 odt/ha.year
US Tall wheatgrass (Photo:
USDA-NRSC, 2008)
6. Objective
Objective
Tall wheatgrass performance regarding biomass
costs at the farm level and LCA for power energy
What we did?:
Tall wheatgrass (TW): using data from 3 sites with experimental
plots established in 2009 and 2010 to feed scenario building
LCA on 15 scenarios assuming future yields and lifetime (15
years) for three regions
Economic costs at the farm level for TW and cereals
Comparison: TW vs Rye/triticale/oats (GHG, energy balance and
mean costs)
7. Materials and Methods
Locations – soil – climate
Girona
Ombrothermic diagram for
the period September 2010- 70 140
60 120
Temperature (ºC)
August 2011 in all three
Precipitation (mm)
50 100
40 80
sites. 30 60
20 40
10 20
0 0
Girona Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Months
Rains: 400-700mm
Palencia
Palencia Soria 70 140
60 120
Precipitation (mm)
Temperature (ºC)
50 100
40 80
30 60
20 40
10 20
0 0
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Months
Soil characteristics in 0-30 cm layer of the three Rains: 300-500mm
Soria
sites used for scenario building in this study
70 140
60 120
Temperature (ºC)
P K Organic 50 100
pH N (%) Texture 40 80
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) Matter (%) 30 60
20 40
Girona 8,2 0,11 28 192 1,65 loam 10 20
0 0
Palencia 8,5 0,09 50,4 0,22 1,37 Franc Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Months
Soria 6,8 0,03 6,6 61,2 0,6 sandy Rains: 300-600mm
Average Temperature (ºC) Precipitation (mm)
8. Tall wheatgrass
Mowed biomass let in the
ground in the first year
(Soria, 2010)
Wheatgrasses strips re-
Unfertile soil on a experimental parcel of growth (Palencia, March
wheatgrasses in Soria, (above: Jan 2009; 2012)
below: regrowth 2nd year, March 2010).
9. Tall wheatgrass trials
Establishment
year in
Palencia
(2009)
Small plots in Girona 2nd year in Soria,
(May 2011) (plots established
Second year harvest (Soria, Aug 2010)
in 2010)
10. Materials and Methods
Tall wheatgrass scenarios
Regions Soria Palencia Girona
Management and inputs 2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010
Experimental plot Strips Strips small plots Strips small plots small plots
Plot size (total in m2) 5000 4500 225 135 90 90
Tillage operations Chisel, harrowing, rotary tiller
Base (NPK in kg/ha) 350 500 none
Top fertilizers NAC27% (kg/ha)
1st year none none none
Succesive years 250 300 0 250
Sowing rate 40 20 30 20 20
Sowing date Nov.2009 Nov.2010 Oct.2009 Oct.2010 Oct.2009 Oct.2010
Herbicides
pre-emergence none Glifosate none
post-emergence none 2-4D 2-4D and MCPA
Weed control mowings 2010 2010 2009 and 2010 2010 and 2011
Cut numbers 1 1 1 1 2 (june - Oct) 1
Biomass yield range (odt/ha) 2.5 - 6 4 - 10 5 - 12 5 - 12 12 - 39 10 - 40
Yield scenarios (mean value for lifetime)
Regions Very low Low Middle High Very High
Palencia (odt/ha) 4,1 5,8 7,0 8,2 10,2
Girona (odt/ha) 6,2 8,1 9,5 10,9 12,8
Soria (odt/ha) 2,4 3,9 5,0 6,1 7,0
11. Tall wheatgrass scenarios
Evaluations:
•Economic costs data: Ministry of Agriculture and local
farmer costs. No subsidies taken into account.
•Energy balances and GWP: Simapro and Ecoinvent
•GHG emissions savings comparing biomass electricity to
replaced fossil reference (natural gas electricity in Spain)
•Winter grasses vs tall wheatgrass under rain fed conditions
12. Results & Discussion
Biomass economic cost comparison
Most frequent yields
in the study regions
Winter cereals in best areas produced biomass costs of about 80€/odt
Tall wheatgrass could be competitive with yields as low as 4 odt/ha.year
13. Energy inputs (TJ fossil per TJe)
0,002 0,002
Soria
0,011 0,011
5,0%
1,0%
4,4%
0,8%
Palencia
0,035
0,035 14,4%
16,5%
0,098
46,0%
0,051
20,7% 0,146
59,8%
0,067
31,5%
Seed and Pesticides Fertilizers Seed and Pesticides Fertilizers
Field Works Biomass transport Field Works Biomass transport
Power Plant Operation 0,001 Power Plant Operation
0,7%
Girona 0,011
6,4%
0,035
21,0%
0,085
50,7%
0,036
21,3%
Seed and Pesticides Fertilizers
Field Works Biomass transport
Power Plant Operation
14. Energy yields
Energy yields were higher in TW compared to winter cereals
In lower yields scenarios, TW can produce higher energy yields
15. Global warming potential (mg CO2eq/TJ)
Soria
0,6 0,2
2,3
0,6
1,8%
0,2
0,6%
2,3
5,2%
1,5% 0,4% Palencia
6,4%
3,5
8,0%
4,6
12,9%
14,5
40,8%
21,7
50,2%
15,0
34,7%
13,4
37,6%
Seed and Pesticides Fertilizers Seed and Pesticides Fertilizers
Nitrous Oxide Field Works Nitrous Oxide Field Works
Biomass transport Power Plant Operation Biomass transport Power Plant Operation
Girona
0,6 0,1
2,3% 0,4%
2,3
8,0%
2,4
8,6%
12,8
45,3%
10,0
35,4%
Seed and Pesticides Fertilizers
Nitrous Oxide Field Works
Biomass transport Power Plant Operation
16. Results & Discussion
Global Warning Potential (GWP)
Tall wheatgrass produce less GHG emissions (mg CO2eq/TJe) at similar biomass yields compared to
annual grasses when producing electricity
17. Results & Discussion
GHG emissions savings compared to
natural gas electricity
90%
Oat
80%
Lopsided Oat
70% Rye
60% Triticale
50% Tall wheatgrass
(Soria)
40% Tall wheatgrass
(Palencia)
30% Tall wheatgrass
(Gerona)
20% Tall wheatgrass
m
G
N
n
u
a
o
c
e
r
s
t
f
i
l
10%
%
m
H
G
C
B
d
p
n
S
y
o
g
v
a
c
e
r
s
t
)
(
l
i
0%
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Yield (kg d.m. ha-1)
Minimum GHG emissions savings for tall wheatgrass: 50% for lowest yields (average
above 70%) when replacing natural gas electricity
18. Conclusions
CONCLUSIONS
•According to the obtained results, the mean production
costs of TW at the farm level 40-60 €/odt for low and medium
yield scenarios (5-7 odt/ha.year). These costs are lower than
those of winter cereals. Under these conditions TW biomass
could be suitable to supply power energy plants in Spain
• Considering the explored range of crop yields and
management conditions, GHG emissions savings when using
TW biomass for producing electricity are significantly higher
(50-90%) of those of winter cereals (5-70%). Energy yields
ranged from 1.5-3 in winter cereals and 2.5-7.5 in TW.
•These results suggest that TW can have a significant
potential as energy crop in marginal lands in Spain.
19. Thank you for
your attention !
Acknowledgements:
This work has been developed in the framework of the Spanish National and Strategic Project “On Cultivos” co-funded by
the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiviness and the European Funds for Regional Development under the dossier
PSE-120000-2009-15.