The document discusses various teaching and learning methods (TLMs) and their effectiveness in achieving educational objectives. It emphasizes the importance of choosing appropriate TLMs based on factors like learning objectives, group size, and instructor capabilities. Additionally, it outlines the advantages and limitations of different TLMs, such as lectures, group discussions, and role plays, while encouraging active participation and use of varied teaching strategies.

1. Professor Shyama Prasad Mitra
Professor, CM, IH&FW
Choosing a teaching method for
objectives and competencies

2. “When one teaches , two learn.”
Robert Half

3. “Every teacher needs to improve not because they are
not good enough , but because they can be even better”.
- Dylan William

4. Learning objectives
At the end of the session the participants will be able to:
 Define teaching and learning
 Classify & describe various Teaching Learning Methods
(TLMs)
 Discuss Efficiency & Effectiveness of various TLM in
different situations
 Mention the advantages / limitations of each
 Choose the right TLM for objectives

5. What is teaching?
Interaction between teachers and students so as to
bring about desirable change in students’ behaviour
under the supervision of teacher

6. What is learning?
A process that results in some modification,
relatively permanent, of the way of thinking, feeling
and doing of the learner

7.  Objectives: Expected outcome of learning
 Competency: A measurable set of knowledge , skill &
attitudes that a person needs to perform effectively

8. Selection of teaching learning methods
 Learning objectives
 Target audiences
 Size of the group
 Ability of the instructor
 Time available for instruction
 Budget allocation

9. TLM
Irrespective of which method is used, one
needs:
Expertise in subject
Communication skills
 Command on language
 Voice modulation
 Body Language

10. Teaching learning methods: Why so many?

11. TLM for large groups
Lecture
Panel discussion
Symposium
Seminar
Conference

12. Lecture
Advantages:
For imparting information/knowledge
Can address large groups , saves time
 By using multimedia - can show
images/videos

13. Disadvantages of lecture:
Can’t teach all competencies
Passive learning
Minimum student involvement
If not interactive, students may lose interest

14. Often Lecture becomes -
“A process by which information is transferred
from the notes of the lecturer to the notes of
students without going through the minds of
either”.
SIR JOSEPH BANCROFT

15. How to make lectures effective?
Structuring the Content - Logical flow
In the Beginning
 Get attention: shock, humor, question, story,
facts
 Promote Active Listening

16. Aids for Lecture: Board/OHP/PPT
Black board/White board

17. Overhead projectors

18. Multi Media
A presentation using PowerPoint

19. Chalk board/White board
Advantages
 Simple, Cheap
 Speed allows students to take notes
Limitations
 Time consuming
 Difficult to display complex table/chart/diagram
 Difficult to face audience while writing on board
 Irritation due to chalk dust

20. Chalk board/White board
Suggestions for Effective use
Good illumination
Ensure clarity in writing
Don’t overcrowd the board: only key points
Position of teacher

21. Overhead projector
Advantages:
Instructor can face audience
Easy to prepare and cheap
X-ray, CT may be shown
Stepwise projection by masking
Limitations:
Must know how to use equipment &
troubleshoot
Room must be darkened somewhat

22. Overhead projector
Effective use
Computer Printing - colour or B/W
Use 6 lines,6 words in each line, Alphabets 5-
7 mm tall
While teaching- show one point at a time

23. Power point presentation
Advantages:
Good for large rooms & audiences
Can be creative
Limitations:
Expensive equipment
Room must be darkened somewhat

24. Power point presentation
Suggestions for better use
 Font size: >18
 Avoid ALLCAPS
 Font style: Heading-Verdana , Text- Times Arial,
Calibri
 Rule of 6 : 6 lines per visual & 6 words per line
 Use Short sentences & bullets
 Avoid light colours
 Use animation judiciously

25. Panel discussion
 A group of 4-8 persons meet under a moderator
having a special knowledge about a topic
 Group sits in front of an audience & holds orderly
& logical conversation on the topic
 After presentation , audience is invited to take
part

26. Symposium
A series of prepared speeches given by
limited number of experts or spokesmen on
various aspects of a common theme:
Supervised by a chairperson
Talks are short and to the point (10-15 mins)
No discussion between speakers
Audience can interact after

27. Seminar
 An activity in which a group of persons engaged in
research / advanced study of a subject matter meet
 under the general direction of an expert staff
member
 for a discussion leading to an in-depth
consideration of the subject/problem

28. Seminar
Advantage
 In-depth study
 Student participation
Disadvantages
 Only few students can take part
 Leader should be effective

29. Conference
 Held on a regional, national or state level
 Range from 1 day to even 7 days
 Use variety of formats to aid learning process

30. TLM for small groups
Tutorial
Group discussion
Demonstration
Workshop
Role play
Others

31. Tutorial
 Relatively small homogenous group meets under
supervision of a tutor
Tutor imparts training in interactive manner
Feedback to learners
Informal assessment may be undertaken

32. Group discussion
A face-to-face mutual interchange of ideas & opinions
 between 5-20 members
 Structured
 can still be democratic regarding information , problem
solving & taking decision
 a group leader initiates subject, help discussion ,
encourage everyone & sums up at end
 a recorder prepares report on issues discussed &
agreement reached

33. Group Discussion
Leader
Recorder
Participants

34. Group discussion
Advantage:
 Interactive
 Learners discover own strength & weakness
Disadvantage:
 Good for selected topics
 Time consuming
 Some students may dominate

35. Demonstration
 Carefully prepared presentation to show how to
perform a skill or procedure
 Dramatize arousing interest
 Upholds the principles of learning by doing,
 Example: Lumber puncture, demonstration of oral
rehydration technique to mothers
 have high educational & motivational value

36. Workshop
Unique learning experience consisting of
series of meeting at least four or more
Emphasis on individual work
Divided into small groups under chairmanship
of consultants and resource personnel
Finally some plan comes out in solving a
particular problem

37. Role play
 Based on assumption that communication can be
more effective if the situation is dramatized by
the group
 The group members enact their roles
 Audience is actively concerned with the drama
 Maximum size of the group is 25
 Audience may be invited to enact as thought proper
by them after role-playing

38. Role play
Advantage:
 Stimulates interest
 Present vividly
 Creates long lasting impression
Disadvantage:
 More recreational than educational
 Time consuming
 Depends on students’ power of imagination

39. Bed Side Teaching/Ward Round
Advantage
 Real life situation
Disadvantage
 Time consuming

40. Effective bedside teaching
Suggestions:
 Provide good teaching environment
 Involve students / Observe students
 Patient oriented & Not disease oriented
 Role Modeling

41. Self Directed Learning
Advantage
 Better learner
 Confidence building
Disadvantage
 Can loose track
 Lack of validation of content

42. Skill labs
Hands on training- Practical labs
DOAP: Demonstrate/Observe /Assist/ Perform
Mannequins/Models/ Simulation devices

43. Aids for small group teaching: Flip Charts
Advantage
 Provide a written record of points
Disadvantage
 Limited writing space / changes are messy
For Effective use
 Good illumination
 Position of teacher

44. Flash cards
Advantages:
Holds attention in group discussion
Handy
Can be reused
Disadvantages:
Needs skill

45. Flanellograph
Flannel board and cutouts/ pictures/ text/
drawing
Useful flexible aid –used stepwise
Immediate use/repetition
Inexpensive

46. Models & Simulation Devices
Advantage
 Three-dimensional
Disadvantages
 Often expensive
 Usable in small groups

47. Real objects & specimens
Advantage
 Present reality, not substitutes
Disadvantages
 Not easily obtainable
 Usable in small groups

48. Choosing TLM for a Competency
Competency: Diagnose a case of pulmonary tuberculosis
Objectives Domain Method of teaching
Epidemiology
M.tuberculosis
Clinical features
Knowledge Lecture: Power point,
Video
Bed-side teaching
Laboratory
diagnosis
Skill Practical lab: Make
sputum smear/
Stain/Microscopy
(DOAP)
Taking history
Educating on
prevention
Attitude/Communication Role play / Field trip
/Bedside teaching

49. Exercise
Each group choose objectives, domains and
Teaching Learning methods for one competency
Time : 3 mins

50. Competency
(KSAC model)
Objectives Domains TLM Assessme
nt
What is
injection,
types
Knowledg
e
Lecture: Power
Point/video strip
Bed side teaching
SEQ, MCQ
Counselling
for injection
Attitude/C
ommunic
ation
Role Play/Bed side
teaching
OSCE
Giving
injection
Skill DOAP/Simulation OSCE/OSP
E
Competency: Giving an injection

51. Thank you