Creation of family gardens and school gardens can contribute to the extenuation of child malnutrition. Container gardening is an inexpensive way to alleviate hunger and poverty.
Helen Keller International: Reducing Malnutrition WorldwideCarolWinsor
At Helen Keller International, we are dedicated to reducing malnutrition by providing low-cost vitamin A supplementation to millions of the world’s most vulnerable people and working with communities and local partners to make simple changes in food production and consumption. For more information, see http://www.hki.org.
Helen Keller International: Reducing Malnutrition WorldwideCarolWinsor
At Helen Keller International, we are dedicated to reducing malnutrition by providing low-cost vitamin A supplementation to millions of the world’s most vulnerable people and working with communities and local partners to make simple changes in food production and consumption. For more information, see http://www.hki.org.
“Healthy Living Made Easy” is a 14-lesson curriculum designed to help older adults explore nutrition concepts through activities and discussions. “Healthy Living Made Easy” is a guide to convening discussions and sharing skills to support healthy habits. These discussion and activity guides center the conversation on older adults’ lived experience and emphasize experiential co-education among peers as well as between volunteers and older adults. This is the full "Healthy Living Made Easy" curriculum, handouts to accompany each lesson plan, individual lesson plans, and pretests to gauge your clients knowledge of the nutrition subject.
Power point presentation used during the Menu of Change: Healthy Food in Health Care workshop. Presentation given by Roberta Anderson (Food Alliance), Suzanne Briggs (Kaiser Permanente), Eecole Copen (Oregon Health and Science University Food and Nutrition Services) and Emma Sirois (Oregon Center for Environmental Health).
It took 3500 people almost three years to come up with A People's Food Policy for Canada (2nd Edition, 2015). This grassroots response to the crises in our food systems – millions hungry, millions obese, declining numbers of farmers and fishers – offers a menu of workable policies that can put us on the right path.
Ellen G. Piwoz
MARTIN J. FORMAN MEMORIAL LECTURE
Virtual Event - Seizing Opportunity from the Jaws of Crisis: A Playbook for Nutrition
DEC 10, 2020 - 10:00 AM TO 11:30 AM EST
Partnering Farm to School with the USDA Fresh Fruit & Vegetable ProgramF2C 2009 Conference
Power Point presentation prepared by Joanne Burke, Director of UNH Dietetic Internship Program, University of New Hampshire and El Farrell, Office of Sustainability, University of New Hampshire for the Partnering Farm to School with the USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program.
From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's Nat...Rad Fsc
Food Secure Canada releases discussion paper on national food policy: From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's National Food Policy. The federal government is expected to launch its consultation on a national food policy in the coming weeks and Food Secure Canada is releasing today a discussion paper, From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's National Food Policy, outlining the key principles and priorities that need to be addressed as the policy is developed.
Some people have questions concerning the possible invasive nature of some vegetables or fruits. To the best of my knowledge there are no invasive vegetables. My logic says: if one or another “foreign” vegetable invades a new area where it is cultivated, no harm would be done because more vegetables would mean more food. Would people really mind such an invasive vegetable to spread easily, in particular the rural people in the drylands? Would such an invasive vegetable be an ecological catastrophe or would the local population appreciate the proliferation of that new kind of “free fresh food”?
In all the drylands harvested water should be stored in big barrels. Thousands of barrels are destroyed in the industry. It would be nice to save these barrels for aid delivery to developing countries. They should be made available for rural people to create possibilities to produce fresh food in kitchen gardens.
Poor people living in difficult conditions can easily produce fresh food by gardening on sacks. It can be recommended to create tunnels with drought-tolerant Navajo willows to improve the gardening conditions (shadow, air humidity). More yield equals less poverty and less desertification.
“Healthy Living Made Easy” is a 14-lesson curriculum designed to help older adults explore nutrition concepts through activities and discussions. “Healthy Living Made Easy” is a guide to convening discussions and sharing skills to support healthy habits. These discussion and activity guides center the conversation on older adults’ lived experience and emphasize experiential co-education among peers as well as between volunteers and older adults. This is the full "Healthy Living Made Easy" curriculum, handouts to accompany each lesson plan, individual lesson plans, and pretests to gauge your clients knowledge of the nutrition subject.
Power point presentation used during the Menu of Change: Healthy Food in Health Care workshop. Presentation given by Roberta Anderson (Food Alliance), Suzanne Briggs (Kaiser Permanente), Eecole Copen (Oregon Health and Science University Food and Nutrition Services) and Emma Sirois (Oregon Center for Environmental Health).
It took 3500 people almost three years to come up with A People's Food Policy for Canada (2nd Edition, 2015). This grassroots response to the crises in our food systems – millions hungry, millions obese, declining numbers of farmers and fishers – offers a menu of workable policies that can put us on the right path.
Ellen G. Piwoz
MARTIN J. FORMAN MEMORIAL LECTURE
Virtual Event - Seizing Opportunity from the Jaws of Crisis: A Playbook for Nutrition
DEC 10, 2020 - 10:00 AM TO 11:30 AM EST
Partnering Farm to School with the USDA Fresh Fruit & Vegetable ProgramF2C 2009 Conference
Power Point presentation prepared by Joanne Burke, Director of UNH Dietetic Internship Program, University of New Hampshire and El Farrell, Office of Sustainability, University of New Hampshire for the Partnering Farm to School with the USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program.
From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's Nat...Rad Fsc
Food Secure Canada releases discussion paper on national food policy: From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's National Food Policy. The federal government is expected to launch its consultation on a national food policy in the coming weeks and Food Secure Canada is releasing today a discussion paper, From Patchwork to Policy Coherence: Principles and Priorities of Canada's National Food Policy, outlining the key principles and priorities that need to be addressed as the policy is developed.
Some people have questions concerning the possible invasive nature of some vegetables or fruits. To the best of my knowledge there are no invasive vegetables. My logic says: if one or another “foreign” vegetable invades a new area where it is cultivated, no harm would be done because more vegetables would mean more food. Would people really mind such an invasive vegetable to spread easily, in particular the rural people in the drylands? Would such an invasive vegetable be an ecological catastrophe or would the local population appreciate the proliferation of that new kind of “free fresh food”?
In all the drylands harvested water should be stored in big barrels. Thousands of barrels are destroyed in the industry. It would be nice to save these barrels for aid delivery to developing countries. They should be made available for rural people to create possibilities to produce fresh food in kitchen gardens.
Poor people living in difficult conditions can easily produce fresh food by gardening on sacks. It can be recommended to create tunnels with drought-tolerant Navajo willows to improve the gardening conditions (shadow, air humidity). More yield equals less poverty and less desertification.
The drought-resistant bamboo species, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, can successfully be used for erosion control and windbreaks. It is an efficient tool in the combat of desertification and, because of its numerous applications and high economic value, it has a lot of potentials to alleviate poverty.
Why would we invest in research on production of climate-resilient food crops, if all over the world such food crops already exist? Distribution of seeds and introduction of crops 'new to the region' can solve most of the food problems. Enhancing biodiversity of food crops in the drylands can even be a solution for hunger, malnutrition and poverty. it is a question of making the right choices.
Container gardening is related to agroforestry. Vegetables and trees can be grown in bottles and pots. It is an inexpensive and simple method to alleviate hunger and poverty, and a contribution to limit global warming through reforestation.
Growing young trees in plastic bottles instead of polybags offers significant advantages : less irrigation water needed, higher survival rates. Important step forward in the combat of drought and desertification.
Successful food production programmes or projects should be duplicated all over the world, e.g. the Pro-Huerta programme. Combating hunger and malnutrition would yield far more better results with such programmes than with food aid alone.
The drought-resistant bamboo species, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, can successfully be used for erosion control and windbreaks. It is an efficient tool in the combat of desertification and, because of its numerous applications and high economic value, it has a lot of potentials to alleviate poverty.
The drought-resistant bamboo species, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, can successfully be used for erosion control and windbreaks. It is an efficient tool in the combat of desertification and, because of its numerous applications and high economic value, it has a lot of potentials to alleviate poverty.
Apoiar a Amamentação para um planeta mais saudável
#WBW2020 Support breastfeeding for a healthier planet
A WABA - World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (Aliança Mundial para Ação de Aleitamento Materno) acaba de definir o tema e o slogan para a #SMAM2020 (#WBW2020).
A Semana Mundial de 2020 se concentrará no impacto da alimentação infantil no meio ambiente, nas mudanças climáticas e na necessidade urgente de proteger, promover e apoiar o aleitamento materno para a saúde do planeta e de seu povo.
O slogan para #WBW2020 é
Apoiar a amamentação para um planeta mais saudável
Em breve, publicaremos o fôlder em português.
Amamentar é um ato Ecológico!
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
http://www.aleitamento.com/promocao/conteudo.asp?cod=2491
Why Nutrition Education Matters
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Child Malnourishment in India and its Scientific Solutionsijtsrd
Malnutrition in children is responsible for more than 3.5 million deaths every year and is thus a serious threat globally 1 . Despite the rapid economic growth and development of India, it remains burdened with an unfinished agenda of undernutrition. Estimates by the National Family Health Survey NFHS show that 48 , or 61 million, under five age group children in the country are stunted they have low height for their age 43 , or 53 million, are underweight and nearly 20 , or 25 million, are wasted low weight for height 2 . Its imperative to focus on production diversity as well as food fortification at a macro level e.g. millets are 4 5 times more nutritious than rice and wheat in terms of proteins minerals and vitamins 3 . The ready to use food supplement RUTF is equivalent to F 100 formula milk based used at hospitals across India but is instead made in a paste that can be safely given to a child at home. Besides, the initiatives taken by the Government of India some innovative ideas proposed can also be practiced. More than half of the malnourishment is due to poor sanitation than lack of nutrition so awareness and cleanliness measures on a large scale play an important role as well. Misbah Khan ""Child Malnourishment in India & its Scientific Solutions"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23836.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/23836/child-malnourishment-in-india-and-its-scientific-solutions/misbah-khan
Presentation by Perrihan Al-Raffai at the event: “Tackling food security and nutrition in Egypt: challenges and opportunities” Launch of the findings from the Household, Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey , Tuesday 21 May in Cairo, Egypt.
Food Scarcity In India
Food Insecurity Essay
Food Security Regulations
Food Insecurity Essay
Food Security Essay
Indian Food
Food Insecurity Essay
The Importance Of Food Security And Hunger
The Importance Of Food Security
Food Security Papers
Food Security Essay
A discourse the ideal feeding practices from pregnancy to infancy with a closer look into malnutrition, breastfeeding, complementary feeding and related interventions.
Shall we wait until scientists have developed sufficient climate-resilient food crops or shall we disperse existing ones, adapted to specific climate zones, if the climate change is forcing us to look for other food crops?
Allotment gardens, survival or victory gardens, it are the nicest success stories in the combat of hunger and child malnutrition. Applied in World War I and II, they still exist and show it is the best strategy to help the one billion of hungry people.
Development aid should concentrate on initiatives to boost food security through small-scale family gardens instead of international food aid on which the most of the recipients remain totally dependent
New vegetables and fruit trees are not dangerous or invasive. On the contrary, they are interesting tools to improve public health and annual income. By the way, once potatoes, tomatoes and maize were 'new' vegetables or fruits on our market, didn't they ?
Presentation of some good examples of container gardening to produce trees, vegetables, herbs, succulents, cactus seedlings etc. at home. Large-scale application can be helpful to combat desertification and to improve survival rates in reforestation.
The drought-resistant bamboo species, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, can successfully be used for erosion control and windbreaks. It is an efficient tool in the combat of desertification and, because of its numerous applications and high economic value, it has a lot of potentials to alleviate poverty.
The drought-resistant bamboo species, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, can successfully be used for erosion control and windbreaks. It is an efficient tool in the combat of desertification and, because of its numerous applications and high economic value, it has a lot of potentials to alleviate poverty.
The drought-resistant bamboo species, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, can successfully be used for erosion control and windbreaks. It is an efficient tool in the combat of desertification and, because of its numerous applications and high economic value, it has a lot of potentials to alleviate poverty.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. Child malnutrition, nutritional programmes, stop-gap measures and container gardening in family gardens<br />Very concerned about the problem of child malnutrition in developing countries, in particular in the drylands, I read with great attention IRIN’s article on ‘GUINEA: Child malnutrition - moving beyond stop-gaps’ <http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=88233><br />To make things clear, I republish here the definition of Malnutrition terms used in the text:<br />Wasting is the main characteristic of acute malnutrition. It occurs as a result of recent rapid weight loss, malnutrition or a failure to gain weight within a relatively short period of time. Wasting occurs more commonly in infants and younger children. Recovery from wasting is relatively quick once optimal feeding, health and care are restored. Wasting occurs as a result of deficiencies in both macronutrients (fat, carbohydrate and protein) and some micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).<br />Chronic malnutrition, on the other hand, is commonly referred to as quot;
stuntingquot;
, i.e. a failure to grow in stature, which occurs as a result of inadequate nutrition over a longer time period. It is a slow, cumulative process, the effects of which are not usually apparent until the age of two years. Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is the most dangerous form of malnutrition. If left untreated, SAM can result in death.<br />Source: Action contre la faim<br />In this article on child malnutrition IRIN said that nutrition experts in Guinea are studying options for treating moderately malnourished children as funding shortages disrupt normal programmes using fortified flour. Local health centres ran out of supplies and had to use corn-soya blend (CSB), which is normally only used in cases of moderate acute malnutrition and provided through the UN World Food Programme (WFP).<br />It is said that WFP seeks funds to maintain CSB stocks in Guinea, although humanitarian workers and nutrition experts underline the need to find alternative and long-term solutions and a more sustainable strategy.<br />IRIN also confirmed that local nutrition workers are debating the viability of using ‘Plumpy'nut’ or using local foods, prepared specially for children's nutritional needs.<br />Sheryl Martin of Helen Keller International in Guinea told IRIN: quot;
Stop-gap measures may be better than nothing but a plan is needed to assure adequate funding for the CSB …………………quot;
quot;
We are all frustrated by the lack of funding and are doing the best we can in the short term.quot;
<br />According to IRIN Kasraï, Head of Action contre la Faim (ACF, Action against Hunger) stated that it is important to use an integrated approach - not only therapeutic feeding but also programmes to address the principal causes of undernutrition in Guinea, by boosting people's livelihoods, ensuring proper breastfeeding and weaning practices and improving home hygiene and access to health services, sanitation and safe water. quot;
The challenge is in finding a reliable way of ensuring that moderately malnourished children receive fortified [with vitamins and other micronutrients] and high-caloric diets in the home.quot;
<br />Mamady Daffé, Health Ministry head of nutrition, underscored that the combination of poverty and a lack of knowledge of children's nutritional needs contributes to child malnutrition. He said even if families understand children's nutritional needs, many do not have the means to meet them. quot;
People's living conditions must improve. Without this we will not be able to tackle malnutrition,quot;
he told IRIN. quot;
The cost of living is up; people cannot buy what they need to eat properly.quot;
<br />As you can see, there are a lot of interesting ideas and views in this article. Trying to summarize the points made by different people and groups, I came to the following personal conclusions:<br />Together with the nutritional experts, the humanitarian workers and the ACF (see above) I believe that child malnutrition in developing countries (not only in Guinea) can only be reduced or extenuated if alternative and long-term solutions can be combined in a integrated approach to develop a sustainable strategy. The funding of stocks of CSB is only a small part of this approach.<br />Boosting livelihoods of every family living in poverty and threatened by hunger and malnutrition should be based upon the following major fields of activity:<br />(a) Improvement of home hygiene and health services.<br />(b) Production of local fresh food, applying container gardening in a family garden for every affected family.<br />(c) Alleviation of poverty.<br />The best practices for improving home hygiene and health services are well known. Funding of these practices is a conditio sine qua non.<br />Sustainable production of fresh food in a small family garden or a school garden can be achieved with a minimum of financial resources. One can always start with small-scale pilot projects to show the efficiency of this method and then apply it gradually at a larger scale until chronic hunger situations in the country are completely extenuated.<br />It should not be too difficult to find donors interested in partnerships for the build-up of such a strategy. The growing interest in container gardening, recently shown by global attention for “sacks gardening”, indicates time has come to accept that locally producing fresh food, full of macronutrients, vitamins and micronutrients, is far more preferable for meeting the children’s needs than continuing delivery of fortified flour, corn-soya blend (CSB), Plumpy’nut or any other sophisticated therapeutic foods, used to treat malnutrition.<br />If one wants to eradicate hunger, malnutrition and poverty, using an integrated approach, therapeutic feeding should surely be maintained as a safety belt for acute malnutrition situations, but more importance should be given to addressing the basic causes of hunger and poverty. That’s where family gardening and school gardening, with container gardening in all its inexpensive but very efficient forms, are coming into the picture. Give every family, every school a chance to produce in its own small garden vegetables and fruits, and there be no deficiencies of macro- and micronutrients anymore. Mothers having at least one decent meal every day will be happier with improved breastfeeding. Vitamin deficiencies will not weaken their babies anymore.<br />Let us foresee for a moment that people and school children will take good care of their own kitchen garden and produce a bit more vegetables or fruits than what they need. That surplus can be taken to the market and offer opportunities for a growth of the annual income. Alleviation of poverty can thus be incorporated in a sustainable strategy. No more expensive nutritional programmes, no more need for stop-gap measures, no more child malnutrition? It sounds unbelievable, but small-scale pilot projects have shown that it can be achieved in the future. Why not giving it a chance? Seeing is believing.<br />