The document discusses the use of Opuntia cactus fences for rehabilitating degraded land and establishing grazing enclosures in Kenya. Local communities and individual farmers have established private enclosures ranging from 1 to 50 acres in size using Opuntia fences, with benefits including grazing resources, fodder, and beekeeping. These fences have proven highly effective at rehabilitating the land by trapping sediments, slowing flood waters, and providing a vegetation cover, in sharp contrast to surrounding degraded open rangelands.
Opuntia littoralis is a species of cactus known as coastal pricklypear. It is native to coastal areas along the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern United States. The coastal pricklypear has flat, oval pads covered in sharp spines and produces yellow flowers.
Atlas Capital Advisors LLC is an investment firm founded in 2003 managing $125 million in assets. The firm uses a value and momentum-based strategy investing in U.S. and international equities using ETFs and individual stocks. The strategy aims to outperform the S&P 500 index over the long run through a low cost approach. Performance since 2004 has exceeded the S&P 500 in most years with a maximum dispersion of 8.6% between client portfolios.
Este documento contiene una lista de vocabulario en español con sus traducciones al inglés. La lista incluye términos comunes relacionados con la familia, objetos, lugares, emociones, acciones y adjetivos.
Container gardening can help combat desertification and hunger by providing a simple and inexpensive way to grow trees, vegetables, herbs, and other plants anywhere, including arid regions. Large-scale use of container gardening could allow significant food production in adverse conditions and improve survival rates for reforestation projects compared to traditional methods. The document provides examples of growing various plants like avocados, dragonfruit, and tomatoes in containers like bottles, pots, and trays with higher success than in open soil.
Opuntia littoralis is a species of cactus known as coastal pricklypear. It is native to coastal areas along the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern United States. The coastal pricklypear has flat, oval pads covered in sharp spines and produces yellow flowers.
Atlas Capital Advisors LLC is an investment firm founded in 2003 managing $125 million in assets. The firm uses a value and momentum-based strategy investing in U.S. and international equities using ETFs and individual stocks. The strategy aims to outperform the S&P 500 index over the long run through a low cost approach. Performance since 2004 has exceeded the S&P 500 in most years with a maximum dispersion of 8.6% between client portfolios.
Este documento contiene una lista de vocabulario en español con sus traducciones al inglés. La lista incluye términos comunes relacionados con la familia, objetos, lugares, emociones, acciones y adjetivos.
Container gardening can help combat desertification and hunger by providing a simple and inexpensive way to grow trees, vegetables, herbs, and other plants anywhere, including arid regions. Large-scale use of container gardening could allow significant food production in adverse conditions and improve survival rates for reforestation projects compared to traditional methods. The document provides examples of growing various plants like avocados, dragonfruit, and tomatoes in containers like bottles, pots, and trays with higher success than in open soil.
1. The document discusses John Dewey's 1917 pamphlet "Enlistment for the Farm" which argued for involving school children in food production through school farms/gardens to address wartime food shortages.
2. It summarizes Dewey's key points which emphasized the educational, health, and economic benefits of this approach.
3. The document suggests Dewey's arguments for school farms/gardens remain remarkably relevant today for addressing global food problems and malnutrition.
Este documento contiene una lista de palabras en inglés y su traducción al español sobre países, colores, partes de la casa, electrodomésticos y otras palabras comunes. Incluye términos como China, falso, encantado de conocerle, ¿cómo se pronuncia esta palabra?, ¿dónde estoy?, tu mismo, sobre, ¿por qué?, ¿qué es esto?, ahora, carnicero, policía, en todas partes, nos vemos pronto, el mundo, todo, por supuesto, arquitecto, sala de estar, cuarto de baño
Este documento contiene una lista de vocabulario en español con sus traducciones correspondientes al inglés. La lista incluye palabras como "casa", "libro", "error", y frases como "¿Puede decirlo otra vez, por favor?" y "Para trabajar en parejas". La lista parece ser para practicar vocabulario básico y frases útiles para conversaciones.
1. Salicornia, or glasswort, is a salt-tolerant plant genus that can grow using seawater irrigation and thrive on saline soils unsuitable for traditional agriculture.
2. It can be commercially cultivated to provide food, livestock fodder, edible oil, and other products, helping to combat desertification and improve agriculture.
3. Salicornia has been successfully grown in many countries as a source of food, animal feed, edible oil, and biomass for fuel or paper production, and can serve as a carbon sink to mitigate climate change.
Este documento fornece informações sobre cactos e suculentas, incluindo sua evolução, morfologia, reprodução e cultivo. Discute as características das cactáceas como raízes, caules, espinhos e flores. Também aborda o cultivo destas plantas, com dicas sobre substrato, rega, pragas e reprodução por estacas e sementes.
O documento discute a origem e características dos cactos. Explica que o nome cacto vem do grego e significa planta com espinhos. Detalha que cactos podem ter formas diversas, viver até 200 anos, medir 20 metros ou apenas 0,5 cm. Além disso, fala sobre a importância dos espinhos e que existem mais de 2 mil espécies catalogadas, sendo 300 só no Brasil.
Eutrophication is caused by excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus entering water bodies from sources like agricultural and urban runoff. This causes harmful algae blooms which can reduce oxygen levels and kill fish and aquatic life. Two examples are the hypoxic "Dead Zone" in the Gulf of Mexico caused by Mississippi River runoff and a large "Dead Zone" in the Baltic Sea from Swedish and Finnish fertilizer use. Preventing eutrophication requires reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and sewage as well as planting vegetation to absorb excess nutrients.
The document discusses volunteering land for conservation in Australia's National Estate. It provides three case studies of land acquisitions that increased the size of national parks. It also describes a habitat conservation project that tracks koalas and their tree usage, and an environmental education program called Backyard Buddies that encourages protecting wildlife in backyards.
This document provides a stewardship plan for restoring the North Creek Forest site. It describes 5 polygons within the site that will be restored. The goals are to remove invasive species, plant native species to improve ecological functions, increase wildlife habitat, and engage the community. For each polygon, the document outlines the existing conditions, restoration objectives, and specific native plant and tree species chosen for planting. The plan also provides details on installing trails, removing hazards, controlling erosion, and monitoring the long-term success of the restoration project.
Comparison of the forests of puerto rico= yunque bosque secogustavomartinezmuniz
The document compares the Dry Forest of Guanica and El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico. It summarizes that the Dry Forest of Guanica receives less rainfall than El Yunque and has adapted flora and fauna with adaptations like vertical leaf orientation and deeper roots. El Yunque receives more rainfall and its vegetation can grow taller. Both forests face threats from tourism, construction, global warming, and deforestation.
Martin's Pond Nature Reserve in Nottingham, England contains various habitats including open water, marsh, grassland, and woodland. The open water provides a home for birds like mallards and swans, as well as fish. Around the water's edge is a marsh community with plants adapted to wet conditions that offer shelter for pond wildlife. A boardwalk allows visitors to walk over the marsh and view the diverse plant and animal life. Woodland covers an island in the center of the pond.
About 11,000 years ago, before humans learned agriculture, forests covered much of the Earth's land. Today, after widespread deforestation, forests cover only about one-fifth of the planet's surface. Deforestation occurs for many reasons like using trees for fuel, timber, or cleared land for livestock or agriculture. The large-scale removal of trees without replanting has damaged habitats and biodiversity while increasing carbon dioxide emissions and soil erosion. Currently 12 million hectares of forest are cleared annually.
The document summarizes the causes and effects of deforestation. It notes that 11,000 years ago, forests covered most of the Earth but now cover only one-fifth due to clearing for fuel, commodities, livestock, and settlements. Deforestation results in habitat loss, biodiversity loss, soil erosion, disrupted water cycles, increased flooding and drought, and climate change through reduced carbon storage. Efforts are needed to reduce dependency on forests, practice reforestation, and educate communities on sustainable forest management.
Poor people living in difficult conditions can easily produce fresh food by gardening on sacks. It can be recommended to create tunnels with drought-tolerant Navajo willows to improve the gardening conditions (shadow, air humidity). More yield equals less poverty and less desertification.
In all the drylands harvested water should be stored in big barrels. Thousands of barrels are destroyed in the industry. It would be nice to save these barrels for aid delivery to developing countries. They should be made available for rural people to create possibilities to produce fresh food in kitchen gardens.
Successful food production programmes or projects should be duplicated all over the world, e.g. the Pro-Huerta programme. Combating hunger and malnutrition would yield far more better results with such programmes than with food aid alone.
1. The document discusses John Dewey's 1917 pamphlet "Enlistment for the Farm" which argued for involving school children in food production through school farms/gardens to address wartime food shortages.
2. It summarizes Dewey's key points which emphasized the educational, health, and economic benefits of this approach.
3. The document suggests Dewey's arguments for school farms/gardens remain remarkably relevant today for addressing global food problems and malnutrition.
Este documento contiene una lista de palabras en inglés y su traducción al español sobre países, colores, partes de la casa, electrodomésticos y otras palabras comunes. Incluye términos como China, falso, encantado de conocerle, ¿cómo se pronuncia esta palabra?, ¿dónde estoy?, tu mismo, sobre, ¿por qué?, ¿qué es esto?, ahora, carnicero, policía, en todas partes, nos vemos pronto, el mundo, todo, por supuesto, arquitecto, sala de estar, cuarto de baño
Este documento contiene una lista de vocabulario en español con sus traducciones correspondientes al inglés. La lista incluye palabras como "casa", "libro", "error", y frases como "¿Puede decirlo otra vez, por favor?" y "Para trabajar en parejas". La lista parece ser para practicar vocabulario básico y frases útiles para conversaciones.
1. Salicornia, or glasswort, is a salt-tolerant plant genus that can grow using seawater irrigation and thrive on saline soils unsuitable for traditional agriculture.
2. It can be commercially cultivated to provide food, livestock fodder, edible oil, and other products, helping to combat desertification and improve agriculture.
3. Salicornia has been successfully grown in many countries as a source of food, animal feed, edible oil, and biomass for fuel or paper production, and can serve as a carbon sink to mitigate climate change.
Este documento fornece informações sobre cactos e suculentas, incluindo sua evolução, morfologia, reprodução e cultivo. Discute as características das cactáceas como raízes, caules, espinhos e flores. Também aborda o cultivo destas plantas, com dicas sobre substrato, rega, pragas e reprodução por estacas e sementes.
O documento discute a origem e características dos cactos. Explica que o nome cacto vem do grego e significa planta com espinhos. Detalha que cactos podem ter formas diversas, viver até 200 anos, medir 20 metros ou apenas 0,5 cm. Além disso, fala sobre a importância dos espinhos e que existem mais de 2 mil espécies catalogadas, sendo 300 só no Brasil.
Eutrophication is caused by excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus entering water bodies from sources like agricultural and urban runoff. This causes harmful algae blooms which can reduce oxygen levels and kill fish and aquatic life. Two examples are the hypoxic "Dead Zone" in the Gulf of Mexico caused by Mississippi River runoff and a large "Dead Zone" in the Baltic Sea from Swedish and Finnish fertilizer use. Preventing eutrophication requires reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and sewage as well as planting vegetation to absorb excess nutrients.
The document discusses volunteering land for conservation in Australia's National Estate. It provides three case studies of land acquisitions that increased the size of national parks. It also describes a habitat conservation project that tracks koalas and their tree usage, and an environmental education program called Backyard Buddies that encourages protecting wildlife in backyards.
This document provides a stewardship plan for restoring the North Creek Forest site. It describes 5 polygons within the site that will be restored. The goals are to remove invasive species, plant native species to improve ecological functions, increase wildlife habitat, and engage the community. For each polygon, the document outlines the existing conditions, restoration objectives, and specific native plant and tree species chosen for planting. The plan also provides details on installing trails, removing hazards, controlling erosion, and monitoring the long-term success of the restoration project.
Comparison of the forests of puerto rico= yunque bosque secogustavomartinezmuniz
The document compares the Dry Forest of Guanica and El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico. It summarizes that the Dry Forest of Guanica receives less rainfall than El Yunque and has adapted flora and fauna with adaptations like vertical leaf orientation and deeper roots. El Yunque receives more rainfall and its vegetation can grow taller. Both forests face threats from tourism, construction, global warming, and deforestation.
Martin's Pond Nature Reserve in Nottingham, England contains various habitats including open water, marsh, grassland, and woodland. The open water provides a home for birds like mallards and swans, as well as fish. Around the water's edge is a marsh community with plants adapted to wet conditions that offer shelter for pond wildlife. A boardwalk allows visitors to walk over the marsh and view the diverse plant and animal life. Woodland covers an island in the center of the pond.
About 11,000 years ago, before humans learned agriculture, forests covered much of the Earth's land. Today, after widespread deforestation, forests cover only about one-fifth of the planet's surface. Deforestation occurs for many reasons like using trees for fuel, timber, or cleared land for livestock or agriculture. The large-scale removal of trees without replanting has damaged habitats and biodiversity while increasing carbon dioxide emissions and soil erosion. Currently 12 million hectares of forest are cleared annually.
The document summarizes the causes and effects of deforestation. It notes that 11,000 years ago, forests covered most of the Earth but now cover only one-fifth due to clearing for fuel, commodities, livestock, and settlements. Deforestation results in habitat loss, biodiversity loss, soil erosion, disrupted water cycles, increased flooding and drought, and climate change through reduced carbon storage. Efforts are needed to reduce dependency on forests, practice reforestation, and educate communities on sustainable forest management.
Similar to Range rehabilitation using opuntia enclosures in lake baringo basin (7)
Poor people living in difficult conditions can easily produce fresh food by gardening on sacks. It can be recommended to create tunnels with drought-tolerant Navajo willows to improve the gardening conditions (shadow, air humidity). More yield equals less poverty and less desertification.
In all the drylands harvested water should be stored in big barrels. Thousands of barrels are destroyed in the industry. It would be nice to save these barrels for aid delivery to developing countries. They should be made available for rural people to create possibilities to produce fresh food in kitchen gardens.
Successful food production programmes or projects should be duplicated all over the world, e.g. the Pro-Huerta programme. Combating hunger and malnutrition would yield far more better results with such programmes than with food aid alone.
1) While some scientists argue intensive research is needed to develop new drought-resistant crop varieties, the author argues that many drought-tolerant plants already exist in nature that could be introduced to areas affected by climate change.
2) The author believes that instead of spending billions developing new crops through genetic modification, existing drought-tolerant plants from other regions, like the spineless prickly pear cactus, could be introduced to places like Africa through inexpensive research and seed distribution.
3) The author has started a program called "Seeds for Food" to distribute seeds of drought-tolerant fruits and plants to dryland areas, arguing this could improve conditions without long research and is not invasive as the plants
- The document discusses concerns about the chemical BPA leaching from plastic containers into soil and being absorbed by food crops grown in those containers.
- Several experts responded that there is no clear evidence that BPA leaches into soil at levels that would be absorbed and transported through plants.
- While more research is needed, current evidence suggests growing food in plastic containers does not pose a direct danger to public health.
- The document discusses the ongoing drought in Ethiopia that is affecting an estimated 2 million people and calls for increased aid.
- The UN and partners are distributing food, water, healthcare and livestock support but need more resources to expand operations and avoid gaps in aid delivery.
- The author suggests using unused industrial barrels to transport and store water and supplies for drought-stricken communities, as well as teaching people container gardening techniques to locally produce food with minimal water.
1) The document discusses growing vegetables and trees in simple containers on windowsills as a way to combat desertification and lack of nutrition.
2) It promotes growing food in pots inside houses and classrooms as an inexpensive way to have access to fresh food without needing water or fertile soil.
3) The document argues that growing container gardens could help solve malnutrition simply and cheaply if implemented on a wider scale, especially in desert regions.
Mini-greenhouses made from inexpensive and widely available materials like plastic pots, bottles, and bags can be used to efficiently grow seedlings with minimal water and fertilizer. These seedlings can then be transplanted into gardens or fields, improving survival rates over traditional practices. Producing seedlings in mini-greenhouses is a good first step for combating desertification and issues with drought and poor soil as it maximizes seedling production while minimizing water and fertilizer use.
The document summarizes an organic gardening initiative called Pro-Huerta that began in Argentina in 1990 and has since expanded to other South American countries and Haiti. The program teaches families how to grow their own organic food to meet some or most of their nutritional needs. In Haiti, where food insecurity is widespread, the program has helped families avoid hunger and dependence on food aid after disasters like the 2010 earthquake by having their own garden production. The initiative is considered a successful example of international cooperation and empowering families with the skills for self-sufficiency and food security through small-scale organic agriculture. The document calls for expanding the program globally to combat hunger and malnutrition.
Microfinancing of rural mechanisms can help combat hunger, malnutrition, poverty, and health problems by providing microcredits to small-scale farmers and women gardeners. While microfinancing has been shown to improve lives of urban poor, efforts should focus on enhancing access to microcredits for rural populations, especially smallholder farmers. Doing so would not only help fight hunger and malnutrition but also promote job creation and productive activities in rural agricultural sectors for the benefit of the poorest communities and society overall.
This document discusses hunger and efforts to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal of halving hunger by 2015. It questions whether a petition to attract 1 million signatures will actually motivate political leaders to prioritize hunger. It suggests political leaders are already focused on achieving the MDGs but targets for reducing hunger prevalence may still be missed. The document argues the petitioners should propose practical solutions instead of just signatures, drawing on existing best practices like urban farming that have successfully reduced hunger for many.
This document discusses hunger and efforts to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal of halving hunger by 2015. It questions whether a petition to attract 1 million signatures will actually motivate political leaders to prioritize hunger. It suggests political leaders are already focused on achieving the MDGs but targets for reducing hunger prevalence may still be missed. The document argues the petitioners should propose practical solutions instead of just expressing anger, and that sustainable small-scale food production strategies could be more effective than current political approaches in reducing the number of hungry people worldwide.
Allotment gardens, survival or victory gardens, it are the nicest success stories in the combat of hunger and child malnutrition. Applied in World War I and II, they still exist and show it is the best strategy to help the one billion of hungry people.
The document discusses how small-scale gardening and farming can help combat desertification, hunger, and poverty. It argues that development aid should focus on initiatives to boost food security through family gardens rather than international food aid. Countries with community, family, and school gardens have seen better food security outcomes. The document also highlights the success of allotment gardens during times of crisis. It calls on organizations like FAO and WFP to support the creation of urban and rural family gardens through microloans of tools and seeds. Smallholder farming is presented as the best protection against climatic and economic hardships by ensuring a source of fresh food.
New vegetables and fruit trees are not dangerous or invasive. On the contrary, they are interesting tools to improve public health and annual income. By the way, once potatoes, tomatoes and maize were 'new' vegetables or fruits on our market, didn't they ?
1) The document discusses the potential of using Jatropha plants as an energy source for poor communities but questions whether producing biofuel or food should come first for those communities.
2) It argues that establishing small kitchen gardens to ensure food security should be the priority before asking poor families to work in biofuel production on marginal lands where food cannot be grown.
3) The document notes that more research is still needed on Jatropha and that expecting it to significantly replace oil imports is unrealistic, as many investments have been made without sufficient scientific knowledge.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Range rehabilitation using opuntia enclosures in lake baringo basin
1. Range Rehabilitation using Opuntia Enclosures in Lake Baringo Basin, Kenya<br />Stephen MUREITHI, Elizabeth MEYERHOFF and Willem VAN COTTHEM)<br />Background<br />Land in the Njemps Flats in the Lake Baringo Basin in Kenya is legally community owned. Uncontrolled utilization, overgrazing and mismanagement have precipitated in decades a ‘tragedy of the commons’-scenario, manifested in severe land degradation.<br />To address the socio-economic problems caused by severe soil degradation, the Rehabilitation of Arid Environments (RAE) Trust, initiated in 1982, established large-scale “communal” enclosures, rehabilitating the land following a participatory approach.<br />Communal enclosures, varying in size from 6 to 400 ha, are perimeter-fenced using a solar-powered electric fence. After de-branching the noxious woody vegetation, mainly Acacia mellifera, the land was prepared for planting through chiseling to break the surface crust and through construction of micro-catchments, e.g. embankments.<br />A mixture of drought-resistant trees and grasses, such as the fast-growing exotic Prosopis and Leucaena tree species and the indigenous grasses Cenchrus ciliaris, Enteropogon macrostachyus and Eragrostis superba, had been selected for planting and reseeding respectively.<br />Direct benefits derived from the enclosures include grazing resources, sale of cut grass for fodder or thatching, grass seed, poles and fuelwood, and bee keeping, amongst others. The rehabilitation success attained in these communal enclosures soon fostered many local inhabitants to establish “private” enclosures. This gave rise to a mosaic of enclosures, differing with respect to the years since establishment, and based on two distinct management types.<br />A good vegetation cover has been reported (see here HYPERLINK quot;
http://tinyurl.com/6eje59uquot;
quot;
_blankquot;
http://tinyurl.com/6eje59u) within these enclosures, resulting in a very sharp contrast between the enclosure and the surrounding open rangeland. The private enclosures, reseeded and managed by individual farmers with limited financial and technical resources, range in size from less than 1 to 13 ha. Fencing of these private enclosures is done using cut thorn bushes (Acacia and Prosopis sp.) and/or planted Pricky Pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica). Read more about the enclosure story here (http://www.springerlink.com/content/p5058m7107034l5m).<br />2005-08 : Private enclosure without any fence in Lamalok, Lake Baringo Basin (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : The same private enclosure using an Opuntia live fence (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Another private enclosure established using Opuntia live fence in Lamalok, Lake Baringo Basin (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Again a private enclosure established using Opuntia live fence in Lamalok, Lake Baringo Basin (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Private enclosure established using Opuntia live fence in Lamalok, Lake Baringo Basin. The road left is susceptible to gulley erosion during rain storms. (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Private enclosure established using Opuntia live fence in Lamalok, Lake Baringo Basin (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Private enclosure established using Opuntia live fence in Lamalok, Lake Baringo Basin (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Open degraded communal rangelands, being invaded by Prosopis juliflora (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Open degraded communal rangelands, being invaded by Prosopis juliflora <br />2011-01 : Opuntia fence established to the left of an open communal grazing land being invaded by Prosopis juliflora. Note, Opuntia is also potential weed/invader in degraded areas <br />2011-01 : A homestead enclosed with Opuntia cactus. Note the cut-thorn bush placed on top of the juvenile live fence by the owner to protect it from being uprooted by livestock. The gulley in the foreground is naturally recovering following the trapping of sediments and slowing down of flood water by the Opuntia fence (Photo Stephern Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Some few private enclosures in the Lake Baringo Basin are as large as 50 acres or more (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : A pricky pear (Opuntia) cactus fence established before the solar electric fence in Field 13, Lamalok was put in place (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : University of Nairobi Researchers sampling soils inside Field 13 Communal enclosure at Lamalok (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Rain water harvesting embankment inside a reseeded communal enclosure Field 13 at Lamalok (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2005-08 : Field 13 Lamalok before the establishment of the Opuntia fence (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : The same entrance of Field 13 communal enclosure, but now with a well established Opuntia fence, planted as demarcation, as later a solar electric fence was to be fixed inside. However, the Opuntia became a better living fence (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : A homestead enclosed by a living Opuntia cactus fence in Lamalok, Lake Baringo Basin. Due to the proximity to a communal enclosure, the homestead is a custody of the solar-electric apparatus serving the communal enclosure with electric power. ‘It is safer here against vandalism’. (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2005-08 : At Lamalok, Lake Baringo Basin there was no sight of any Prosopis juliflora invasion, though the place was severely degraded without any herbaceous cover (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Severe invasion of the same degraded communal grazing land in Lamalok (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Most households keep many goats, while the number of cows has reduced due to lack of pastures and loss during droughts. Here, 11.00 a.m., a farmer’s flock has just been let out heading to pasture (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : The Opuntia cactus fence offers right condition for germination of Prosopis juliflora seeds below it, due to moisture trickling from accumulating dew at night, and shading from scorching sun during day. However, the ‘unthankful Prosopis shrubs’ aggressively invades the Opuntia cactus fence, denying it sunlight, and eventually choking it to death (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : Fluvisols are the dominant soils in the Njemps Flats. Some pockets with Vertisols, like the one featured here exist. Vertisols are characterised by serious cracking during the dry season (Photo Sterphen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : University of Nairobi Researchers carrying out sampling biomass and cover using transects and quadrats inside a private enclosure at Lamalok (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : A well fenced private enclosure at Meisori, Njemps Flats, Lake Baringo Basin (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : A flock of goats in a private enclosure at Meisori, Njemps Flats (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2011-01 : A well established Pricky Pear (Opuntia cactus) fence not only protects, but is also a source of food. Notice the ripened fruits (also known by the local people in Baringo as the ‘wild-blood-bank’). The plant relies on pollination by bees and other insects, and produces colourful flowers to attract its pollinators (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2005-09 : A private enclosure protected by a live Opuntia cactus fence, with the farmer’s cows grazing in the background. Notice the invading Prosopis juliflora around the fence (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2005-09 : Establishing a live Opuntia fence starts with lying of the paddles (some farmers slightly burry the cut-tip for faster establishment of the roots). The rains are ‘good news’ for every plant in the arid areas (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2005-09 : Lying of the paddles to establish an Opuntia fence (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />Once the paddles are rooted to the ground, it marks the start of an Opuntia fence. Most farmers place cut-thorn bush on top of juvenile Opuntia to protect it from easily being uprooted by livestock as they bite the ‘flesh-juicy paddle’ of a young cactus plant (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />2005-09 : Field 13 communal enclosure in the background, protected by both Opuntia cactus fence and solar electric (not visible) fences. In this photo, the driver of the small pick-up was about to ‘sleep in the bush’, the vehicle not coping with the wet Fluvisols (Photo Stephen Mureithi)<br />