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1. Key Words, & Bond Fission &
Reactive Intermediate Species
(RIS)
Dr Blanshard
GENEX Education Consultancy 1
Lesson 1
CHEM 113 Unit 2
Organic Reactions of
Homologous Series

2. Chem 113 U2:
ORGANIC
REACTIONS
Key Terms,
Bond Fission
& RIS
Reaction pathways,
Preparation &
Extraction of org. cpd.
Functional Groups,
Types & e.g. of
Overall Reactions
Predicting Types of
Mechanisms of
Homologous series
D
A
C B

3. Bond Fission, RIS & Overall Reactions
Learning Objectives:
To develop an understanding the basis of organic reactions.
Learning Outcomes:
All – State the different types of Bond Fissions, RIS and
Overall Reactions
Most- Define & describe the different types of Bond Fissions, RIS and
Overall Reactions.
Some- Demonstrate secure understanding of Bond Fissions,
RIS and Overall reactions by using relevant illustrations and
examples.

4. 1) Introducing Organic Compounds - New Words/Phrases:
1. Carbon-Carbon Backbone:
2. Functional Group:
3. Homologous Series:
4. Alkyl Group:
5. Acyl Group:
6. Aryl Group:
7. Substituent:
8. Aliphatic:
9. Alicyclic
10. Aromatic
11. Nomenclature

5. 1) Introducing Organic Compounds - New Words/Phrases:
12. Structural Formula:
13. Displayed Formula:
14. Skeletal Formula:
15. Overall Reaction:
16. Substitution Reaction:
17. Addition Reaction:
18. Elimination Reaction:
19. Polar Covalent Bond:
20. Non-Polar Covalent Bond
21. Pi Bond
22. Delocalisation

6. Key Words/Phrases in this Unit:
23. Resonance:
24. Heterolytic Fission:
25. Nucleophilic Fission:
26. Reactive Intermediate
Species (RIS):
27. Curly Arrow:
28. Electrophile:
29. Nucleophile:
30. Free Radical:
31. Carbocation
32. Inductive Effect GENEX Education Consultancy 6

7. 1) Introducing Organic Compounds:
• The two main parts are :
–
–
Organic compounds are substances consisting usually of at least two main parts
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8. 2a) Name Of The STEM (C-C backbone)
Number of
Carbon
Name
(Alkanes & Alkenes)
Name
(Alcohols, Carboxylic
acids & Esters)
1
2
3
4
5
6 GENEX Education Ltd

9. 2b) The Functional Group:
• The Functional Group is the ......................... of the
molecule
• It determines the ........................................ of the
compound.
• Compounds with the same functional group undergo
........................... chemical reactions.
• Therefore compounds with the same functional
group are said to belong to the same
............................... ...........................
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10. 2c) Homologous Series:
They have the same functional group.
– E.g. Alkenes Alcohols
• They can be represented by a general formula.
– E.g. Alkanes = Alkenes =
Alcohols = Carboxylic =
Acids
THREE KEY POINTS
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11. 2c) Homologous Series studied at WASSCE/GCSE:
These are:
Homologous Series Simple Formula
1. Alkanes Saturated C
2. Alkenes R2C=CR2
3. Alcohols ROH
4. Carboxylic acids RCOOH
5. Esters RCOOR’
Where R generally stands for the ALKYL branch
(carbon-carbon backbone).
In this slide sometimes it also stands for H (not in the
case of alcohols or the R’ in esters
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12. 2d) Functional Groups and Homologous Series: A Review
Atoms In
Functional Group
Functional
Group
Homologous
Series
1. Carbon &
Hydrogen
-C-
C=C
2. Oxygen +
Hydrogen &/or
Carbon,
-OH
-C=O
OH
-C=O
O-
3) Name two other homologous series with oxygen; give their functional groups
4) Name two homologous series with Nitrogen, C & H; give their functional groups
5) Name two other homologous series missing; give their functional groups
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13. 3) Bond Fission
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Organic compounds, including their functional groups, consists largely of ……….
…………………………………………………………………………………………
When the bonds of the functional group breaks, it does so in one of two ways.
i)
ii)
In i) the species produced as a result are as follows – in
i) ii)

14. 4) Curly Arrows
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Curly arrows are used to
They present TWO important information.
i)
ii)
Therefore the two types of Bond Fission can be represented as follows
:
i) ii)

15. 5) Overall Reaction Types
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An overall reaction is one in which only the reactants we start with and the
products formed at the end, are considered
There are generally THREE main types of overall reactions. These are.
i)
ii)
iii)

16. 6) Reactive Intermediate Species (RIS)
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During a chemical reaction involving an organic molecule, a suitable reactive
intermediate species (RIS) in the reaction mixture, attacks the organic molecule
at it’s functional group.
There are generally THREE main types of RIS. These are.
i)
ii)
iii)

17. LEARNING ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
• Learn the list of functional groups and their
structures
• Make sure that you are able to tell which
functional group an organic compound
contains.
• Fully Understand the key reactions of the
Homologous Series
Three Key Steps
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