Abstract Respiration Rate is one of the vital signs which require regular monitoring among diseased people. There are a number of medical devices developed to monitor human health condition among them RR monitor is one. The Respiration rate monitor is a device that measures the subject’s respiration rate non-invasively. The objective of the proposed work is to design and develop a low cost Respiration rate monitor for clinical applications. The main parameter to be used is the temperature of respired air i.e. both inspired and expired air. Hence this device uses Thermistor as the source sensor which will provide the temperature feedback of the inspired and expired air. The proposed work uses the ATMEL AT89S52 microprocessor with external ADC0809. The magnitude voltage during the inhalation and exhalation is converted into digital signal using ADC. The further process involves a peak detection technique. The number of peaks obtained in duration of one minute gives the Respiration Rate. The so obtained Respiration Rate is sent to the concerned physician’s cell phone through GSM modem. The device gives an alarm and sends request via SMS if there is tachyopnea and bradyapnea. Keywords: Respiratory Rate, Peak Detection, ADC, GSM, SM, Threshold.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Half Gaussian-based wavelet transform for pooling layer for convolution neura...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Pooling methods are used to select most significant features to be aggregated to small region. In this paper, anew pooling method is proposed based on probability function. Depending on the fact that, most information is concentrated from mean of the signal to its maximum values, upper half of Gaussian function is used to determine weights of the basic signal statistics, which is used to determine the transform of the original signal into more concise formula, which can represent signal features, this method named half gaussian transform (HGT). Based on strategy of transform computation, Three methods are proposed, the first method (HGT1) is used basic statistics after normalized it as weights to be multiplied by original signal, second method (HGT2) is used determined statistics as features of the original signal and multiply it with constant weights based on half Gaussian, while the third method (HGT3) is worked in similar to (HGT1) except, it depend on entire signal. The proposed methods are applied on three databases, which are (MNIST, CIFAR10 and MIT-BIH ECG) database. The experimental results show that, our methods are achieved good improvement, which is outperformed standard pooling methods such as max pooling and average pooling.
Stereo vision-based obstacle avoidance module on 3D point cloud dataTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper deals in building a 3D vision-based obstacle avoidance and navigation. In order for an autonomous system to work in real life condition, a capability of gaining surrounding environment data, interpret the data and take appropriate action is needed. One of the required capability in this matter for an autonomous system is a capability to navigate cluttered, unorganized environment and avoiding collision with any present obstacle, defined as any data with vertical orientation and able to take decision when environment update exist. Proposed in this work are two-step strategy of extracting the obstacle position and orientation from point cloud data using plane based segmentation and the resultant segmentation are mapped based on obstacle point position relative to camera using occupancy grid map to acquire obstacle cluster position and recorded the occupancy grid map for future use and global navigation, obstacle position gained in grid map is used to plan the navigation path towards target goal without going through obstacle position and modify the navigation path to avoid collision when environment update is present or platform movement is not aligned with navigation path based on timed elastic band method.
Performance Comparison of Power Quality Evaluation Using Advanced High Resolu...IOSRJEEE
Most of the conventional methods of power quality assesment in power systems are almost exclusively based on Fourier Transform that suffer from various inherent limitations. First limitation of an FFT based method is that of frequency resolution, whereas the second limitation is due to no coherent signal sampling of the data which proves itself as a leakage in spectrum domain. These two performance limitations of FFT or similar methods are particularly troublesome when analyzing short data records. To overcome from this problem, high regulation spectrum estimation methods can be used where resolution problem is not found. In this thesis, high resolution methods, such as MUSIC, root MUSIC and ESPRIT are discussed that use a different approach to spectral estimation; instead of trying to estimate the power spectral density (PSD) directly from the data, they model the data as the output of a linear system driven by white noise, and then attempt to estimate the parameters of that linear system. Detail Matlab simulations are carried out in order to investigate the performance of MUSIC, Root MUSIC and ESPRIT methods in estimating amplitude, power (squared amplitude) and frequency estimation of synthetic power signal both in clean and noisy conditions. Using mean square error (MSE) as the evaluation criterion, the variation of amplitude, power (squared amplitude) and frequency estimation are shown with respect to data sequence length and SNR and their influences on MSE are compared for the different methods as mentioned above.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Half Gaussian-based wavelet transform for pooling layer for convolution neura...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Pooling methods are used to select most significant features to be aggregated to small region. In this paper, anew pooling method is proposed based on probability function. Depending on the fact that, most information is concentrated from mean of the signal to its maximum values, upper half of Gaussian function is used to determine weights of the basic signal statistics, which is used to determine the transform of the original signal into more concise formula, which can represent signal features, this method named half gaussian transform (HGT). Based on strategy of transform computation, Three methods are proposed, the first method (HGT1) is used basic statistics after normalized it as weights to be multiplied by original signal, second method (HGT2) is used determined statistics as features of the original signal and multiply it with constant weights based on half Gaussian, while the third method (HGT3) is worked in similar to (HGT1) except, it depend on entire signal. The proposed methods are applied on three databases, which are (MNIST, CIFAR10 and MIT-BIH ECG) database. The experimental results show that, our methods are achieved good improvement, which is outperformed standard pooling methods such as max pooling and average pooling.
Stereo vision-based obstacle avoidance module on 3D point cloud dataTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper deals in building a 3D vision-based obstacle avoidance and navigation. In order for an autonomous system to work in real life condition, a capability of gaining surrounding environment data, interpret the data and take appropriate action is needed. One of the required capability in this matter for an autonomous system is a capability to navigate cluttered, unorganized environment and avoiding collision with any present obstacle, defined as any data with vertical orientation and able to take decision when environment update exist. Proposed in this work are two-step strategy of extracting the obstacle position and orientation from point cloud data using plane based segmentation and the resultant segmentation are mapped based on obstacle point position relative to camera using occupancy grid map to acquire obstacle cluster position and recorded the occupancy grid map for future use and global navigation, obstacle position gained in grid map is used to plan the navigation path towards target goal without going through obstacle position and modify the navigation path to avoid collision when environment update is present or platform movement is not aligned with navigation path based on timed elastic band method.
Performance Comparison of Power Quality Evaluation Using Advanced High Resolu...IOSRJEEE
Most of the conventional methods of power quality assesment in power systems are almost exclusively based on Fourier Transform that suffer from various inherent limitations. First limitation of an FFT based method is that of frequency resolution, whereas the second limitation is due to no coherent signal sampling of the data which proves itself as a leakage in spectrum domain. These two performance limitations of FFT or similar methods are particularly troublesome when analyzing short data records. To overcome from this problem, high regulation spectrum estimation methods can be used where resolution problem is not found. In this thesis, high resolution methods, such as MUSIC, root MUSIC and ESPRIT are discussed that use a different approach to spectral estimation; instead of trying to estimate the power spectral density (PSD) directly from the data, they model the data as the output of a linear system driven by white noise, and then attempt to estimate the parameters of that linear system. Detail Matlab simulations are carried out in order to investigate the performance of MUSIC, Root MUSIC and ESPRIT methods in estimating amplitude, power (squared amplitude) and frequency estimation of synthetic power signal both in clean and noisy conditions. Using mean square error (MSE) as the evaluation criterion, the variation of amplitude, power (squared amplitude) and frequency estimation are shown with respect to data sequence length and SNR and their influences on MSE are compared for the different methods as mentioned above.
Orientation Spectral Resolution Coding for Pattern RecognitionIOSRjournaljce
In the approach of pattern recognition, feature descriptions are of greater importance. Features are represented in spatial domain and transformed domain. Wherein, spatial domain features are of lower representation, transformed domains are finer and more informative. In the transformed domain representation, features are represented using spectral coding using advanced transformation technique such as wavelet transformation. However, the feature extraction approach considers the band coefficients; the orientation variation is not considered. In this paper towards inherent orientation variation among each spectral band is derived, and the approach of orientation filtration is made for effective feature representation. The obtained result illustrates an improvement in the recognition accuracy, in comparison to conventional retrieval system.
Path Loss Prediction by Robust Regression Methodsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Histogram Equalization for Improving Quality of Low-Resolution Ultrasonograph...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 150 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.
Photoacoustic technology for biological tissues characterizationjournalBEEI
The existing photoacoustics (PA) imaging systems showed mixed performance in imaging characteristic and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This work presents the use of an in-house assembled PA system using a modulating laser beam of wavelength 633 nm for two-dimensional (2D) characterization of biological tissues. The differentiation of the tissues in this work is based on differences in their light absorption, wherein the produced photoacoustic signal detected by a transducer was translated into phase value that corresponds to the peak amplitude of optical absorption of tissue namely fat, liver and muscle. This work found fat tissue to produce the strongest PA signal with mean ± standard deviation (SD) phase value = 2.09 ± 0.31 while muscle produced the least signal with phase value = 1.03 ± 0.17. This work discovered the presence of stripes pattern in the reconstructed images of fat and muscle resulted from their structural properties. In addition, a comparison is made in an attempt to better assess the performance of the developed system with the related ones. This work concluded that the developed system may use as an alternative, noninvasive and label-free visualization method for characterization of biological tissues in the future.
Density Driven Image Coding for Tumor Detection in mri ImageIOSRjournaljce
The significant of multi spectral band resolution is explored towards selection of feature coefficients based on its energy density. Toward the feature representiaon in transformed domain, multi wavelet transformations were used for finer spectral representation. However, due to a large feature count these features are not optimal under low resource computing system. In the recognition units, running with low resources a new coding approach of feature selection, considering the band spectral density is developed. The effective selection of feature element, based on its spectral density achieve two objective of pattern recognition, the feature coefficient representiaon is minimized, hence leading to lower resource requirement, and dominant feature representation, resulting in higher retrieval performance.
The paper presents a nature inspired algorithm that copies the big bang theory of evolution.
This algorithm is simple with regard to number of parameters. Embedded systems are powered by
batteries and enhancing the operating time of the battery by reducing the power consumption is vital.
Embedded systems consume power while accessing the memory during their operation. An efficient
method for power management is proposed in this work. The proposed method, reduce the energy
consumption in memories from 76% up to 98% as compared to other methods reported in the
literature.
Real-time PMU Data Recovery Application Based on Singular Value DecompositionPower System Operation
Phasor measurement units (PMUs) allow for the enhancement of power system monitoring and control applications and they will prove even more crucial in the future, as the grid becomes more decentralized and subject to higher uncertainty. Tools that improve PMU data quality and facilitate data analytics workflows are thus needed. In this work, we leverage a previously described algorithm to develop a python application for PMU data recovery. Because of its intrinsic nature, PMU data can be dimensionally reduced using singular value decomposition (SVD). Moreover, the high spatio-temporal correlation can be leveraged to estimate the value of measurements that are missing due to drop-outs. These observations are at the base of the data recovery application described in this work. Extensive testing is performed to study the performance under different data drop-out scenarios, and the results show very high recovery accuracy. Additionally, the application is designed to take advantage of a high performance PMU data platform called PredictiveGrid™, developed by PingThings.
KEYWORDS
Abstract Ocean energy can be harnessed in different ways. One of those ways is the kinetic energy in water flows. This form of energy is present in ocean currents and tidal streams created when water is forced to flow between coastal barriers. This form of energy corresponds to a significant portion of total energy present in the oceans and very interesting features it presents better predictability and less variability over time, compared with other forms of energy. This article reviews the main settings available to convert energy from currents and discusses some projects in various stages of development. Keywords: Ocean Energy; Sea Currents; Tides; Energy Conversion; Equipments; State of the Art.
Optimization of process parameters for l asparaginase production by aspergill...eSAT Journals
Abstract L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amido hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an extra cellular enzyme that has received considerable attention since it is used as an anticancer agent. L-asparaginase belongs to an amidase group that hydrolyses the amide bond in L-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. The clinical action of this enzyme as an anti-carcinogenic is attributed to the reduction of L-asparagine; tumour cells unable to synthesise this amino acid are selectively killed by L-asparagine deprivation. L-Asparaginase has its application in food industry also. It helps in reducing the content of acrylamide in baked food products by hydrolysing the L-asparagine. L-Asparaginase is majorly produced by microorganisms including bacteria, yeast and fungi. The potential of Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using cauliflower stalk: corn ears (3.75: 1.25) as substrate under SSF is the purpose of the study. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a very effective technique opposed to submerged fermentation in various aspects. Various fermentation parameters such as types of agro material, their ratios, carbon source, nitrogen source, inoculum level, moisture content, temperature, pH, fermentation time, metal salts, and L-asparagine concentration, which influence the rate of enzyme production under SSF, were optimized. The optimized production of L-asparaginase has been obtained at 35°C for 4 days with a pH of 9.0, along with 50% moisture content, and 20% inoculum volume as the optimized fermentation conditions. The optimization was done using a ‘one-factor-at-a-time’ approach. The highest yield was obtained with, sucrose (1%w/v), ammonium sulphate (1%w/v), NaCl (1%w/v), L-asparagine (1%w/w), added to the fermentation medium, as supplements. Use of cauliflower stalk along with corn ear as potential raw materials for enzyme production could be of great commercial significance. Keywords: L-asparaginase, chemotherapeutic agent, Aspergillus terreus, SSF, mixed substrate, optimization
An exhaustive survey of reinforcement learning with hierarchical structureeSAT Journals
Abstract Today reinforcement learning (RL) is holding the attention in research area under Machine Learning and AI. Hierarchical
Reinforcement Learning (HRL) that break down the RL problem into sub-problems where solving of each sub-problem will be
more powerful than solving the whole problem will be present in this paper. A review of the characteristics of HRL has been
investigated as well as different domains have been highlighted those are based on HRL. Different domains must have different
problems; some proposed solutions have been addressed. It has been discovered that HRL has not yet been that much discussed in
the current existing research; the reason that motivated to work on this scenario. Some ideas have been come out into view during
the work on this research and have been proposed for follow in future research.
Keywords: Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning; Q-learning; Reinforcement Learning
Hard water regimes during pre monsoonal period in rajnagar block, odisha, ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From the hydrochemical analysis of 53 representative groundwater samples along coastal Kendrapara district, Odisha, the current research establishes widespread occurrences of moderately hard to hard groundwater within the subsurface water bearing horizons. There exists a distinct belt of moderately hard ground water in the Rajnagar block of the district whereas soft water occurrence is practically absent in the study area. The analysis also points to no specific interrelationship between the hardness of groundwater to that of the physical parameters including pH and electrical conductance.
Keywords: Aquifer, Total Hardness, SRTM, GIS
Comparative study of classification algorithm for text based categorizationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Text categorization is a process in data mining which assigns predefined categories to free-text documents using machine
learning techniques. Any document in the form of text, image, music, etc. can be classified using some categorization techniques.
It provides conceptual views of the collected documents and has important applications in the real world. Text based
categorization is made use of for document classification with pattern recognition and machine learning. Advantages of a number
of classification algorithms have been studied in this paper to classify documents. An example of these algorithms is: Naive Bayes'
algorithm, K-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Tree etc. This paper presents a comparative study of advantages and disadvantages of
the above mentioned classification algorithm.
Keywords: Data Mining, Text Mining, Text Categorization, Machine Learning, Pattern Analysis, Naive Bayes’, KNN,
Decision Tree.
Orientation Spectral Resolution Coding for Pattern RecognitionIOSRjournaljce
In the approach of pattern recognition, feature descriptions are of greater importance. Features are represented in spatial domain and transformed domain. Wherein, spatial domain features are of lower representation, transformed domains are finer and more informative. In the transformed domain representation, features are represented using spectral coding using advanced transformation technique such as wavelet transformation. However, the feature extraction approach considers the band coefficients; the orientation variation is not considered. In this paper towards inherent orientation variation among each spectral band is derived, and the approach of orientation filtration is made for effective feature representation. The obtained result illustrates an improvement in the recognition accuracy, in comparison to conventional retrieval system.
Path Loss Prediction by Robust Regression Methodsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Histogram Equalization for Improving Quality of Low-Resolution Ultrasonograph...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 150 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.
Photoacoustic technology for biological tissues characterizationjournalBEEI
The existing photoacoustics (PA) imaging systems showed mixed performance in imaging characteristic and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This work presents the use of an in-house assembled PA system using a modulating laser beam of wavelength 633 nm for two-dimensional (2D) characterization of biological tissues. The differentiation of the tissues in this work is based on differences in their light absorption, wherein the produced photoacoustic signal detected by a transducer was translated into phase value that corresponds to the peak amplitude of optical absorption of tissue namely fat, liver and muscle. This work found fat tissue to produce the strongest PA signal with mean ± standard deviation (SD) phase value = 2.09 ± 0.31 while muscle produced the least signal with phase value = 1.03 ± 0.17. This work discovered the presence of stripes pattern in the reconstructed images of fat and muscle resulted from their structural properties. In addition, a comparison is made in an attempt to better assess the performance of the developed system with the related ones. This work concluded that the developed system may use as an alternative, noninvasive and label-free visualization method for characterization of biological tissues in the future.
Density Driven Image Coding for Tumor Detection in mri ImageIOSRjournaljce
The significant of multi spectral band resolution is explored towards selection of feature coefficients based on its energy density. Toward the feature representiaon in transformed domain, multi wavelet transformations were used for finer spectral representation. However, due to a large feature count these features are not optimal under low resource computing system. In the recognition units, running with low resources a new coding approach of feature selection, considering the band spectral density is developed. The effective selection of feature element, based on its spectral density achieve two objective of pattern recognition, the feature coefficient representiaon is minimized, hence leading to lower resource requirement, and dominant feature representation, resulting in higher retrieval performance.
The paper presents a nature inspired algorithm that copies the big bang theory of evolution.
This algorithm is simple with regard to number of parameters. Embedded systems are powered by
batteries and enhancing the operating time of the battery by reducing the power consumption is vital.
Embedded systems consume power while accessing the memory during their operation. An efficient
method for power management is proposed in this work. The proposed method, reduce the energy
consumption in memories from 76% up to 98% as compared to other methods reported in the
literature.
Real-time PMU Data Recovery Application Based on Singular Value DecompositionPower System Operation
Phasor measurement units (PMUs) allow for the enhancement of power system monitoring and control applications and they will prove even more crucial in the future, as the grid becomes more decentralized and subject to higher uncertainty. Tools that improve PMU data quality and facilitate data analytics workflows are thus needed. In this work, we leverage a previously described algorithm to develop a python application for PMU data recovery. Because of its intrinsic nature, PMU data can be dimensionally reduced using singular value decomposition (SVD). Moreover, the high spatio-temporal correlation can be leveraged to estimate the value of measurements that are missing due to drop-outs. These observations are at the base of the data recovery application described in this work. Extensive testing is performed to study the performance under different data drop-out scenarios, and the results show very high recovery accuracy. Additionally, the application is designed to take advantage of a high performance PMU data platform called PredictiveGrid™, developed by PingThings.
KEYWORDS
Abstract Ocean energy can be harnessed in different ways. One of those ways is the kinetic energy in water flows. This form of energy is present in ocean currents and tidal streams created when water is forced to flow between coastal barriers. This form of energy corresponds to a significant portion of total energy present in the oceans and very interesting features it presents better predictability and less variability over time, compared with other forms of energy. This article reviews the main settings available to convert energy from currents and discusses some projects in various stages of development. Keywords: Ocean Energy; Sea Currents; Tides; Energy Conversion; Equipments; State of the Art.
Optimization of process parameters for l asparaginase production by aspergill...eSAT Journals
Abstract L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amido hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an extra cellular enzyme that has received considerable attention since it is used as an anticancer agent. L-asparaginase belongs to an amidase group that hydrolyses the amide bond in L-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. The clinical action of this enzyme as an anti-carcinogenic is attributed to the reduction of L-asparagine; tumour cells unable to synthesise this amino acid are selectively killed by L-asparagine deprivation. L-Asparaginase has its application in food industry also. It helps in reducing the content of acrylamide in baked food products by hydrolysing the L-asparagine. L-Asparaginase is majorly produced by microorganisms including bacteria, yeast and fungi. The potential of Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using cauliflower stalk: corn ears (3.75: 1.25) as substrate under SSF is the purpose of the study. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a very effective technique opposed to submerged fermentation in various aspects. Various fermentation parameters such as types of agro material, their ratios, carbon source, nitrogen source, inoculum level, moisture content, temperature, pH, fermentation time, metal salts, and L-asparagine concentration, which influence the rate of enzyme production under SSF, were optimized. The optimized production of L-asparaginase has been obtained at 35°C for 4 days with a pH of 9.0, along with 50% moisture content, and 20% inoculum volume as the optimized fermentation conditions. The optimization was done using a ‘one-factor-at-a-time’ approach. The highest yield was obtained with, sucrose (1%w/v), ammonium sulphate (1%w/v), NaCl (1%w/v), L-asparagine (1%w/w), added to the fermentation medium, as supplements. Use of cauliflower stalk along with corn ear as potential raw materials for enzyme production could be of great commercial significance. Keywords: L-asparaginase, chemotherapeutic agent, Aspergillus terreus, SSF, mixed substrate, optimization
An exhaustive survey of reinforcement learning with hierarchical structureeSAT Journals
Abstract Today reinforcement learning (RL) is holding the attention in research area under Machine Learning and AI. Hierarchical
Reinforcement Learning (HRL) that break down the RL problem into sub-problems where solving of each sub-problem will be
more powerful than solving the whole problem will be present in this paper. A review of the characteristics of HRL has been
investigated as well as different domains have been highlighted those are based on HRL. Different domains must have different
problems; some proposed solutions have been addressed. It has been discovered that HRL has not yet been that much discussed in
the current existing research; the reason that motivated to work on this scenario. Some ideas have been come out into view during
the work on this research and have been proposed for follow in future research.
Keywords: Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning; Q-learning; Reinforcement Learning
Hard water regimes during pre monsoonal period in rajnagar block, odisha, ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From the hydrochemical analysis of 53 representative groundwater samples along coastal Kendrapara district, Odisha, the current research establishes widespread occurrences of moderately hard to hard groundwater within the subsurface water bearing horizons. There exists a distinct belt of moderately hard ground water in the Rajnagar block of the district whereas soft water occurrence is practically absent in the study area. The analysis also points to no specific interrelationship between the hardness of groundwater to that of the physical parameters including pH and electrical conductance.
Keywords: Aquifer, Total Hardness, SRTM, GIS
Comparative study of classification algorithm for text based categorizationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Text categorization is a process in data mining which assigns predefined categories to free-text documents using machine
learning techniques. Any document in the form of text, image, music, etc. can be classified using some categorization techniques.
It provides conceptual views of the collected documents and has important applications in the real world. Text based
categorization is made use of for document classification with pattern recognition and machine learning. Advantages of a number
of classification algorithms have been studied in this paper to classify documents. An example of these algorithms is: Naive Bayes'
algorithm, K-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Tree etc. This paper presents a comparative study of advantages and disadvantages of
the above mentioned classification algorithm.
Keywords: Data Mining, Text Mining, Text Categorization, Machine Learning, Pattern Analysis, Naive Bayes’, KNN,
Decision Tree.
Implementation of humanoid robot with using the concept of synthetic braineSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is elaborate the model of humanoid robot interacts with human being and perform various operation as per the command given by the human being. A humanoid robot having Synthetic brain can able to do Interaction, communication, Object detection, information acquisition about any object, response to voice command, chatting logically with human beings. Object detection will be done by this robot for that purpose there is use image processing concept (HAAR Technique), And to make the system intelligent that is whenever system interact, communicate, chat with human it gives proper response, question / answers there is integrates artificial intelligence and DFA / NFA automata and Prolog language concept for answering logically over the complex and relevant strings or data. Keywords —Humanoid Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Image Processing, Audio Filtering.
Mould flow and structural analysis of injection mould tool for hooter body co...eSAT Journals
Abstract Injection moulding is process of manufacturing plastics products from both thermo and thermosetting plastic materials. This paper presents the part modeling, design of core-cavity and side core by using SOLID WORKS 2012, the mould flow analysis is carried out by MOLD FLOW ADVISOR 2105 and static structural analysis performed using ANSYS V14.5. The mould tool is of single cavity mould and material planned for producing the component is polypropylene (pp) Keywords: injection moulding, core-cavity, plastic material, mould flow and static structural analysis.
Nickel nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode for ni ions determinatio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Novel potentiometric electrodes were assembled with the carbon paste by nickel nanoparticles. Nickel nanoparticles were produced in acidic reducing solutions. Resulted product characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The properties of the modified electrodes at different concentrations were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiometry. Our results showed that Nickel nanoparticles increase the electrode/solution interface capacitance, constant phase element (CPE) and also increase the interface resistance. These electrodes that showed good sensitivity, reproducibility and stability can potentiometricaly determine Nickel ions. We studied thermodynamic parameters of fabricated electrodes. Keywords: Nickel nanoparticle, Carbon paste electrode, EIS, XRD, Electrode thermodynamics.
Low cost data acquisition from digital caliper to pceSAT Journals
Abstract This paper aims to reduce the Inspection time during Online patrol Inspection. A physical check sheet is used to note down the measured values. A Wired DIGIMATIC to keyboard signal converter device is prepared. A Wireless digimatic to keyboard signal converter device is recommended to reduce the Inspection time and errors. The purpose of Wireless digimatic to keyboard signal converter device is to build a system which integrates with the server through SAP and process these data’s to develop to its full potential. This Paper gives an account of reducing the inspection time during Online patrol Inspection in Pacific Fuel filter line. Trials are carried out after the development of solution and parameters are recorded, the achieved results were found to be highly beneficial and satisfactory. By this paper there is reduction in Inspection Time and errors. The thesis describes the above work in detail. Keywords: Data Acquisition, Vernier Calipers, Inspection Automation, Arduino uno, Wireless, Digimatic to Serial.
Automatic detection of missing hole on iron jobeSAT Journals
Abstract Now a day’s various techniques are used For The better improvement of the job. There are some defects, drawbacks,
misalignments and errors etc. in the iron manufacturing industry. To overcome these misalignment an automatic inspection is
required. In this we are using algorithm to analyzing the defects. Therefore there is a need to develop a technique to check the
regularity and develop an accuracy in this process. The automatic detection is advantageous to human inspection because of
slowness and fatigue. In recent years the iron industries require automation due to missing holes on the job and another
important factor is to reduce the inspection duration. This factors lead to automation in iron industries so automated systems are
preferred in manufacturing industry for higher productivity. Using PIC Microcontroller this problem can be overcome, that is the
drawback of missing hole on iron job and get information quickly. If any hole is missed during the drilling operation then the
alarm starts ringing and the system needs to be reset.
A review of the effect of basalt fibre lengths and proportions on the mechani...eSAT Journals
Abstract
During the past few decades, the concrete construction field has seen a growing interest in the advantages that fibre reinforcement has to offer. Between the different types of fibres available, basalt fibre is considered a promising new material to use. It has extremely good strength characteristics and thermal resistance, high resistance to an alkaline environment, and is cheap product, making it an excellent material to reinforce concrete. In view of the significance of basalt fibres for concrete, and because different lengths and proportions of basalt fibres have an effect on the mechanical properties of concrete, it is proposed to review the effect of using different basalt fibre lengths and content on the mechanical properties of concrete. The mechanical properties of concrete reviewed are compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, permeability, workability, and unit weight. This paper has for the first time reviewed the current literature related to the effect of using basalt fibres of different proportions on the mechanical properties of concrete, provided future researchers with the information and facts needed to compare their work, and identified the best basalt fibre length and content combination that demonstrates an improvement in the mechanical properties of concrete. From reviewing the literature, it was found that most authors agreed that the mechanical properties of concrete improved significantly when using basalt fibres with a length between 12mm and 24mm, and content between 0.1% - 0.5% by total volume. In this context, the length and content of basalt fibres in concrete becomes an important parameter for the mechanical properties of concrete.
Keywords: Basalt Fibres, Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Elastic Modulus, Workability, Permeability, Unit Weight.
A practical approach to eliminate defects in gravity die cast al alloy castin...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with elimination of defects in aluminium alloy castings produced by gravity die casting process. The main intention of work is to investigate the defects and improve quality of a gravity die cast component using Computer Aided Casting Simulation Software. In this study an industrial gravity casting die is used which was producing defective components. The die and components produced by the die are studied to eliminate the defects using virtual simulations. The defects in the components are identified to be solidification shrinkage, cracks, unfilled riser and incomplete mould cavity. The reasons for the defects are analyzed as either improper selection of process parameters, or improper design of gating and risering system. SOLIDCast simulation software is used for simulating the solidification process of casting and visualizing outputs showing possible problematic areas or defects which may occur in the cast product. The work is carried out in two stages. In first stage, few test castings are produced by modifying the process parameters (pouring temperature, pouring time, pre heat and alloy type) and results are compared with simulation results produced using same parameters. The pouring and simulation results are observed to be in good accordance with each other. In second stage, number of virtual iterations of casting is performed by changing riser dimensions. It was found from the simulation results that riser with 35mm diameter is required to produce casting with zero defects. The die is modified accordingly with the simulation results and metal is poured. The castings produced are observed to be sound and contain no defects; and also it is verified that solidification simulation helps in locating the defects, eliminating them and ultimately improving the quality of castings without any shop-floor trails.
Keywords: Aluminum-Alloys, Casting Defects, Gravity Die Casting, Material Density and SOLIDCast Simulation
Ontology development for wheat information systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Ontology Development For Wheat Information System makes use of the semantic web and it used for valid Wheat information retrieve which help for agriculture Insurance policies and other information like time of harvesting, condition of soil is appropriate for wheat farming or not. In this way we can better prepare himself with similar cases of wheat species .the role of web semantics here is that we introduced intelligent matching of wheat information. The search is not only through but also accurate and precise to the maximum level of attainment with the use of ontology designed exclusively for this purpose. the project Ontology development for wheat information helps the machine to take appropriate decision regarding symptoms also. Keywords -RDF, SPARQL, Web Semantic, Wheat Diseases
Object detection using real time algorithm with face recognitioneSAT Journals
Abstract A real and accurate object detection and Recognition technique is used to detect the real objects in the human face such as eye, nose etc…The face recognition is applicable to detect only the exact human face. But it does nose recognize the human face if there is any damage found in the face. To overcome these problem implement the Bayesian algorithm is used to detect the objects on human face like eye, nose etc... By using these algorithm the correct authorized user can be identified by comparing the current pixel values of the real object with the pixel values already stored in the database This system use C4 algorithm along with the MSRF (Multi Scale Random Field) because these methods are used to calculate only the neigbhouring pixel value by providing the fast rejection on the background image .Grayscale conversion from an RGB value results in the easy calculation of the pixel value. Pixel by pixel calculation is done and provides the secure authorization for the user against the hackers because the pixel value of an particular authorized person is entirely differ from the hackers, which can be get detected by SMAP (Sequential MAP)while handling transaction in an ATM Machine. Keywords-Multiscale random field, multiscale random field
Automatic dipper light control for vehicleseSAT Journals
day, also the technology has developed but the safety factor is always
needed to be considered. Now a day’s vehicles come fitted with lots of safety features. One of the essential safety feature that need
to be installed is automatic upper-dipper control of headlight, this feature can mainly use during night time driving. Human eyes
are very sensitive to the light, if eyes suddenly comes in contact with the light after darkness, cornea present in eyes gets contract
i.e. vision gets blank and require some time to recover the vision. Many times the situation comes when suddenly vehicle
approaches from front with headlight in upper mode causes blindness to the eyes of the driver. During that time vehicle covers
some amount of distance, here chances of accident may occur. It is a sheer luck if person goes safely through that situation. To
overcome this manual dipping problem, an automatic mechanism has made to dip the headlight automatically whenever situation
occurs. This can reduce number of accidents during night time and provide comfortable driving. Operating principle, working
and design of PCB is briefly discussed in this paper.
Key Words: Automatic Control, Headlight, Upper, Dipper, etc...
Identification of occupational diseases, health risk, hazard and injuries amo...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Thermal power plant uses coal as fuel for their working. Coal after burning leaves ash. Disposal of this ash is also one important task. Ash comes in contact with open environment and has adverse effects on health of human being. Due to these various health problems like skin diseases, breathing problem etc. are started in man working under those premises. Some other elements like boiler, turbine, generator, material handling are those elements due to which hazards and accidents take place while operation and maintenance of these. This work focuses on identification of various Occupational diseases and injuries, health risks associated with the man power working in thermal power plant. This data were collected by questionnaires and personnel interview of the workers working in different section of the thermal power plant like boiler section, turbine & generator section, coal & ash handling plant, hydrogen plant etc. Analysis is done in terms of different variables, such as age, skills experience, type of injuries and type of diseases. Results are shown in the form graph and chart. The results indicate a remarkable and visible impact on health of workers during operation and maintenance.
Key Words: Occupational hazards and Diseases, health risk, Injuries, Questionnaires, Personnel interview.
Performance based seismic analysis of rc building considering the effect of d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to the present increase in world population, people in this world tend to occupy available locations present in any zone which also include zones falling in the high seismic zone categories. The buildings to be built in these seismic zones are more susceptible to earthquakes for obvious reasons, and the buildings constructed in such zones must be analysed and designed for the unpredictable earthquakes with unpredictable magnitudes by various lateral load resisting systems such as shear walls, bracings, tubular systems, coupled shear walls and even a combination of two load resisting systems called as dual systems. Present study includes linear-static and non-linear static analysis with different shear wall arrangements on dual systems such as flat slabs and shear walls & moment resisting frames and shear walls for different irregular plans using ETABS 9.7.4 software. Parameters such as point displacements, base shears, pushover curves are studied. Keywords: Dual Systems, Flat slabs, Pushover analysis, Shear walls.
Matlab simulink based digital protection of transformereSAT Journals
Abstract Power transformer is one of the most important equipment in a power transmission and distribution system. This paper presents a technology to simulate differential relay in Matlab Simulink based environment for determining its behavior during various operating conditions. The results show that this simulation method can work properly and this will allow rapid modeling and testing of new algorithm in view to improve protection of transformer. Keywords: differntial protection, magnetising inrush current, internal faults, over fluxing,trip signal
A study on properties of concrete using pond ash as partial replacement of ce...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents the experimental investigation carried out to study use of pond ash in concrete. Now a day it is important to think about effective utilization of pond ash to preserve natural resources and to have sustainable development. The concrete was prepared with different percentage of pond ash (15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 %) and it was tested at different ages (3,7,28,56,90, and 180 days). Results of pond ash concrete were compared with control concrete. For all proportions slump in a range of 100-120 mm was maintained. A property of pond ash concrete in fresh state and hardened state was tested. IST and FST of pond ash concrete goes on increasing as replacement level of pond ash with cement increases this is because of less content of cement. Also it is found that rate of increase of compressive strength at early ages mainly 3,7 and 28 days was low and during later age this rate was faster. This shows that later age strength of pond ash concrete is very good and has a scope to use in concrete which are of great importance in the present context of sustainability in the construction field.
Keywords: Pond ash, Compressive strength, Slump, and Fly ash
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Medical image analysis and processing using a dual transformeSAT Journals
Abstract The demand for images in medical field has increased drastically over the years. The need for reducing the storage space has resulted in image compression. This paper presents a dual transform for medical image compression algorithm. The experimental results determines how the compression ratio (CR), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and SNR (signal to noise ratio) of different compression algorithms responds to dual transform algorithm. Keywords: DCT, SPIHT, Haar Wavelet, Linear approximation transform, image compression, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).
The Forward-Backward Time-Stepping (FBTS) had proven its potential to reconstruct images of buried objects in inhomogeneous medium with useful quantitative information about its size, shape, and locality. The Total Variation regularization method was incorporated with the FBTS algorithm to deal with the ill-posedness or ill-conditionedness of the inverse problem. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is confirmed by numerical simulations. The numerical method was carried out on simple object detection through FBTS with and without TV regularization method. The detection and reconstruction of relative permittivity and conductivity of the simple object have shown an improvement as TV regularization method applied whereas it smoothed the vibrations of the images and gave a better estimation of the image’s boundaries.
Time Domain Modelling of Optical Add-drop filter based on Microcavity Ring Re...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Digital signal processing techniques for lti fiber impairment compensationeSAT Journals
Abstract Coherent detection is one of the active research areas for the development of high speed, high spectral efficient optical communication network. Digital signal processing is the important technique for compensating the fiber transmission impairments because of number of advantages such as signal can be amplified, delayed, splitted and manipulated without degrading the signal quality. This paper presents DSP compensation algorithms for linear time invariant (LTI) impairment such as chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in optical fiber communication. We presented a mathematical framework for compensation of LTI fiber impairments. This paper also focuses the different compensation methods both in time and frequency domain for chromatic dispersion compensation. These DSP techniques confirm that coherent detection with high data rates will become feasible in future for compensating transmission impairments. Keywords: Coherent Detection, Chromatic Dispersion, Polarization Mode Dispersion
SENSOR SELECTION SCHEME IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A NEW ROUTING APPROACHcsandit
In this paper, we propose a novel energy efficient environment monitoring scheme for wireless
sensor networks, based on data mining formulation. The proposed adapting routing scheme for
sensors for achieving energy efficiency. The experimental validation of the proposed approach
using publicly available Intel Berkeley lab Wireless Sensor Network dataset shows that it is
possible to achieve energy efficient environment monitoring for wireless sensor networks, with a
trade-off between accuracy and life time extension factor of sensors, using the proposed
approach.
A New Approach for Solving Inverse Scattering Problems with Overset Grid Gene...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new approach of Forward-Backward Time-Stepping (FBTS)
utilizing Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method with Overset Grid Generation (OGG)
method to solve the inverse scattering problems for electromagnetic (EM) waves. The proposed
FDTD method is combined with OGG method to reduce the geometrically complex problem to a
simple set of grids. The grids can be modified easily without the need to regenerate the grid
system, thus, it provide an efficient approach to integrate with the FBTS technique. Here, the
characteristics of the EM waves are analyzed. For the research mentioned in this paper, the
‘measured’ signals are syntactic data generated by FDTD simulations. While the ‘simulated’
signals are the calculated data. The accuracy of the proposed approach is validated. Good
agreements are obtained between simulation data and measured data. The proposed approach
has the potential to provide useful quantitative information of the unknown object particularly for
shape reconstruction, object detection and others.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cost effective approach for 100 gbps vcsel-mmf lan’seSAT Journals
Abstract VCSELs enable many types of applications, such as optical computing and optical information processing. In this work, firstly different physical parameters Temperature, cavity volume and Bias current have been analysed on VCSEL laser. Further different modulation formats i.e. NRZ, CSRZ and MDRZ are analysed for the first time using VCSEL Laser over GI-MMF in terms of Q-factor and BER.MDRZ comes out to be best modulation formats to prolong the system reach to28Km. Performance analysis of 100 Gbps MIMO system using MDRZ modulation format over 28 km MMF has also been investigated at different distances varied from 8km to 28 km in terms of Q-factor and BER. Keywords: MMF, GI, VCSEL, MDRZ, MIMO
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Enhanced image reconstruction of electrical impedance tomography using simul...IJECEIAES
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), as a non-ionizing tomography method, has been widely used in various fields of application, such as engineering and medical fields. This study applies an iterative process to reconstruct EIT images using the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) algorithm combined with K-means clustering. The reconstruction started with defining the finite element method (FEM) model and filtering the measurement data with a Butterworth low-pass filter. The next step is solving the inverse problem in the EIT case with the SART algorithm. The results of the SART algorithm approach were classified using the K-means clustering and thresholding. The reconstruction results were evaluated with the peak signal noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity indices (SSIM), and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE). They were compared with the one-step gauss-newton (GN) and total variation regularization based on iteratively reweighted least-squares (TV-IRLS) methods. The evaluation shows that the average PSNR and SSIM of the proposed reconstruction method are the highest of the other methods, each being 24.24 and 0.94; meanwhile, the average NRMSE value is the lowest, which is 0.04. The performance evaluation also shows that the proposed method is faster than the other methods.
Hyperspectral image mixed noise reduction based on improved k svd algorithmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
SENSOR SELECTION SCHEME IN TEMPERATURE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijwmn
In this paper, we propose a novel energy efficient environment monitoring scheme for wireless sensor
networks, based on data mining formulation. The proposed adapting routing scheme for sensors for
achieving energy efficiency from temperature wireless sensor network data set. The experimental
validation of the proposed approach using publicly available Intel Berkeley lab Wireless Sensor Network
dataset shows that it is possible to achieve energy efficient environment monitoring for wireless sensor
networks, with a trade-off between accuracy and life time extension factor of sensors, using the proposed
approach.
Performance evaluation of 1 tbps qpsk dwdm system over isowceSAT Journals
Abstract Optical wireless communications has been in latest trends of high speed communications. They enable the use of optical wireless channel in applications like inter satellite links and underwater communications etc. In this paper, we communicate an ultra high bit rate i.e. 1 Tbps (10 x 100 Gbps) QPSK WDM System over optical Wireless communication Link. The system is a Line of Sight optical wireless link incorporating Coherent QPSK modulation Scheme for10 channels each at 100 Gbps The performance is evaluated in terms of Q-Factor and Minimum Bit Error Rate which are noticed to be in acceptable standards. The Link is analyzed under various parameters such as Power, Distance etc and maximum achievable distance is noticed to be 50,000 km at power values ranging from 0 dBm to 40 dBm
ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF A COMBINED HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL COMPRESSION APPROACH...IJCNCJournal
Energy efficiency is an essential issue to be reckoned in wireless sensor networks development. Since the low-powered sensor nodes deplete their energy in transmitting the collected information, several strategies have been proposed to investigate the communication power consumption, in order to reduce the amount of transmitted data without affecting the information reliability. Lossy compression is a promising solution recently adapted to overcome the challenging energy consumption, by exploiting the data correlation and discarding the redundant information. In this paper, we propose a hybrid compression approach based on two dimensions specified as horizontal (HC) and vertical compression (VC), typically implemented in cluster-based routing architecture. The proposed scheme considers two key performance metrics, energy expenditure, and data accuracy to decide the adequate compression approach based on HC-VC or VC-HC configuration according to each WSN application requirement. Simulation results exhibit the performance of both proposed approaches in terms of extending the clustering network lifetime.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Chebyshev filter applied to an inversion technique for breast tumour detection
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 210
CHEBYSHEV FILTER APPLIED TO AN INVERSION TECHNIQUE
FOR BREAST TUMOUR DETECTION
Marta A P Elizabeth1
, Kismet Anak Hong Ping2
, Nordiana Binti Rajaee3
, Toshifumi Moriyama4
1
PG Student, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia
Sarawak,Jalan Datuk Mohd Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak,MALAYSIA
2-3
Senior Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia
Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Mohd Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, MALAYSIA
4
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki
University,1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, JAPAN
Abstract
Microwave imaging has been extensively studied in the past several years as a new technique for early stage breast cancer
detection. The rationale of microwave imaging for breast tumour detection is significant contrast in the dielectric properties of
normal tissue and malignant tumours. However, in practice noise present from the environments during screening/examination
degrades the quality of the image. Inaccurate reconstructed image caused false/misleading interpretation of the image which
leads to inappropriate diagnose or treatment to the patient. In the simulation works, noise is added to imitate the actual
environment scenario. The two-dimensional (2D) object that identical to breast model is developed using numerical simulation to
imitate the breast model. A filter is integrated with an iterative inversion technique for breast tumour detection to eliminate the
noise. To assess the effectiveness of this approach, we consider the reconstruction of the electrical parameter profiles of 2D
objects from measurements of the transient total electromagnetic field data contaminated with noise. Additive white Gaussian
noise is utilized to mimic the effect of random processes that occur in the nature. This paper presents the filter settings and
characteristics that affect the reconstruction of the image in order to obtain the most reliable and closer to the actual image.
Selection of filter settings or design is important in order to achieve desired signal, most accurate image and provide reliable
information of the object. Chebyshev low pass filter is applied in the Forward-Backward Time-Stepping (FBTS) algorithm to filter
the noisy data and to improve the quality of reconstructed image.
Keywords: Chebyshev low pass filter, microwave imaging and breast tumour detection
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Breast cancer is the most cause of death among women. In
2014, an estimated 40,430 breast cancer deaths (40,000
women, 430 men), an estimated 232,670 new cases of
invasive breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed, along
with 62,570 new cases of non-invasive breast cancer (also
known as carcinoma in situ) [1]. X-ray mammography [2],
ultrasounds [3], combined [4] and in uncertain cases, with
percutaneous (access the tissue by using needle-puncture)
biopsy are the existing methods in detecting and screening
breast cancer. As reported in [5], the limitations have inspire
the researchers to develop another alternative detection
method which is relatively safe, inexpensive imaging
modality, and has ability to provide reliable and informative
results. The main preventative strategy is focusing on the
early detection and to improve the survival rates.
The last decade had shown significant increase involving
microwave based system as reported in [6-10]. Microwave
imaging is a technology which has potential application in
diagnostic medical field. Microwave screening for breast
cancer detection methods have been found to be more
comfortable to the patient, low cost of scanning system and
safe [11]. The ability to provide high contrast in dielectric
properties of normal breast tissues and tumours have
resulted in exploration of technique such as electrical
microwave imaging via space-time (MIST) beamforming
[12, 13], microwave tomography [10, 14] and radar based
breast imaging [15-17].
At present, researchers are intriguing in designing and
testing the efficiency of imaging system. The inversion
method utilizing in time domain for reconstructing the
electrical properties has been tremendously developed and
improved [18-22]. The inverse scattering technique in
electromagnetic has been investigated in various fields such
as medical imaging [11], non-destructive evaluation [23-25],
target identification [24-26] and geographical exploration
[27].
Parallel computing [28] and random boundaries [29] have
been applied to increase the efficiency of forward-backward
time-stepping (FBTS) reconstruction method as the solution
methods to overcome space limitation problem and to
reduce the computation time.
In previous work in [30] had shown the capability of filtered
FBTS applied for cancer breast detection with high contrast
between fat and fibroglandular tissue, and low contrast
between fibroglandular and tumour tissues. Noise degrades
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 211
the reconstructed image. In order to reduce the effect of
noise, measured field data are filtered using low pass filter.
In [8, 31], a new filtered FBTS algorithm has been
developed to improve the quality of the image. Research
works in [8, 30, 31] utilizing low pass filter in measured
data have been done, which focusing on Chebyshev 4th
order
and frequency hopping technique to improve the quality of
the reconstructed image.
In this research work, more aspects on Chebyshev filter in
terms of characteristics, abilities and stability with the
present of noise is observed. A number of numerical
simulations with filtered FBTS algorithm at different order
of Chebyshev at certain range of cut-off frequencies to be
assessed in order to find reconstructed image closer to the
actual image with minimum loss of higher frequency
component of noise free data. The quality of image to be
improved by utilizing filtered FBTS algorithm with parallel
computing method to reduce computational time. The two-
dimensional object that identical to breast model is
developed using numerical simulation to imitate the breast
model in which dielectric properties of the breast tissue is
adopted.
2. METHODS
2.1 FBTS Algorithm
We consider inverse scattering problem where the electrical
property distributions within a target object are estimated
from scattering time domain data. This approach has
potential to reconstruct the dielectric parameters more
accurately and contains more quantitative information
compared to single-frequency data. The finite-difference
time-domain (FDTD) is conveniently utilized to reconstruct
the two-dimensional image. The object is surrounded by
sixteen antennas as illustrated in Figure 1. Each antenna
takes turn to transmit a microwave pulse while the rest of
antennas collect scattered signals until a set of
transmitter/receiver data for multiple antenna combination is
obtained. Then, this measured dataset is compared to an
equivalent simulation in which the same set of scattering
data is computed for an assumed set of dielectric parameters
s representing the electrical properties profile of the breast
tissue.
Fig -1: Configuration of the problem in 2-D
Figure 1 shows a two-dimensional dielectric breast model
embedded in free space, illuminated by M short pulse waves
generated by line current sources located at t
mr (m = 1, 2,…,
M). The problem considered here is to reconstruct the
permittivity profile of the breast model from the knowledge
of transient field data measured at several points t
nr (n = 1,
2,…, N) for each illumination. The currents are assumed to
point in the z-direction.
tJzm ,r - )( t
mtI rr (1)
where r = (x, y), I(t) is a time factor, δ(r) is the Dirac delta
function. We assume that the transmitter is turn on at time t
= 0 and there is no electric fields before time t = 0.
The time factor, I(t) is given by
e
t
t
dt
d
ttI 0t
t
0
0
4
(2)
Then, the total electromagnetic fields for the mth
current
source satisfy the following Maxwell’s equation in the
matrix form which is given by
Lbm = Jm (3)
with the initial condition
𝐛 𝑚 𝐫, 0 = 𝟎 (4)
Where
bm =
t,
t,
t,
r
r
r
ym
xm
zm
H
H
E
, Jm =
0
0
zmJ
(5)
The quantity η = 1 ⁄ 𝜀0 𝜇
0
denotes the speed of light in
free space and the operator L is given by
L ≡ A
x
+ B
y
− 𝐂
t
(6)
𝐀 =
001
000
100
, B =
000
001-
01-0
,
C =
100
010
00s
(7)
where A and B are constant matrices, C is matric consisting
of the tensor of permittivity.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 212
In this approach, the computed scattered signal dataset is
calculated in time domain by utilizing FDTD technique to
reconstruct the image. The cost functional Q(s) for the
assumed set of dielectric parameters s is expressed as
T M
m
N
n
nmnmmn dttttWQ
0
1 1
2
,
~
,;ss rbrb (8)
where tnm ,
~
rb and tnm ,;rb s are the measured
electromagnetic fields in the time domain at the receiver
point rn due to transmitter m and the corresponding
calculated electromagnetic fields for an assumed set of
dielectric parameters s, respectively. The set of parameters s
consists of the relative permittivity εr and the conductivity ζ.
Wmn(t) is a non-negative weighting function which takes a
value of zero at time t = T, where T is a time duration of the
measurement.
When a gradient-based optimization method is applied to
minimization of the cost functional in Eq. (8), the gradient
of the functional is necessary. By taking the Fréchet
derivative of Eq. (8), the gradients with respect to εr and ζ
are derived as
T M
m
mmr
dtt
dt
d
tg
0
1
ssu ,;,; rbrr (9)
T M
m
mm dtttg
0
1
ssu ,;,; rbrr (10)
where the electromagnetic fields tm ,;rb s and the adjoint
fields um (s;r,t) calculated in the reconstruction region. The
adjoint fields um (s;r,t) are time reversed fields with
equivalent current sources which are identical to a
difference between the measured and calculated scattered
field data. In this paper, we used Polak-Ribiète-Polyak
conjugate gradient method for optimization technique to
solve the inverse scattering problem.
2.2 Filtered FBTS Algorithm
In practice, measured data is usually contaminated with
noise and each time of assessment the noise could be
different. Additive white Gaussian noise is added in the
measured field data. The noise normally has higher
frequency spectrum compared to spectrum of the field data
due to decorrelatedness of noise. The signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) is defined as follows:
SNR = 10 log10
M
m
N
n
T
t
nm
M
m
N
n
T
t
nm'
dtt
dtt,
1 1
2
'
1 1
2
),(
)(
~
0
0
r
rb
(11)
where ),('
tt
nm
r is noise added to the measured
electromagnetic fields at )(
~
t,t
nm' rb .
To eliminate the noise effects, noisy data is filtered with a
Chebyshev low pass filter which the amplitude response is
expressed by
22
)]([1
1
fT
fH
k
(12)
where is the ripple factor, f =
0c
0
f
f
, 𝑓𝑐𝑜 is cut-off
frequency, fc is the center frequency. fTk is the kth
order
Chebyshev polynomial which is given by
1coshcosh
1coscos
1
1
0c
0
0c
0
0c
0
0c
0
k
f
f
f
f
k
f
f
f
f
k
fT (13)
The general expression for the transfer function of kth
order
of Chebyshev low pass filter is given by
k
i k21
H
k
i i
H
xxxxxx
xx
xH
1
1
...
)(
0
0
(14)
Where
k
i i
r
k
i i
0
kx
kx
H
1
20
1
even10
odd
(15)
To compute the pole values (x1, x2, x3,…) of kth
order
Chebyshev low pass filter
iii jx (16)
k
i
sin
γ
γ
i
2
12
2
1
(17)
k
i
cos
γ
γ
i
2
12
2
1
(18)
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 213
k
γ
1
2
11
(19)
To determine the ripple factor , Eq. (20) is used.
110102
r
(20)
where r is the ripple size in dB.
Table - 1: Chebyshev Polynomials
kth
order of
Chebyshev
Factors of the Denominator
1 (x + 1.00238)
2 (x2
+ 0.64490x + 0.70795)
3 (x + 0.29862)(x2
+ 0.29862x + 0.83917)
4
(x2
+ 0.17034x + 0.90309)(x2
+ 0.41124x +
0.19598)
5
(x + 0.17753)(x2
+ 0.10970x + 0.93603)(x2
+
0.28725x + 0.37701)
Table 1 shows the factors of the denominator polynomials
normalized Chebyshev low pass filter. In order to assess the
functionality of the filter, the calculated fields also to be
passed through the same procedure which has the same low
pass filter characteristic. High frequency noise effects can be
reduced by filtering with low pass filter. The measured field
data are first low pass filtered and the FBTS algorithm is
applied to the filtered data. Then, the filtered version of cost
functional in Eq. (8) yields:
T
0
M
m
N
n
r
m
r
mmn dttttWsQ nn
1 1
s
2
,
~
,; rBrB (21)
2.3 Parallel Computing
The FBTS algorithm is implemented in C++ language
executed in parallel computing. Parallel computing can be
divided into two types, shared memory and distributed
memory. Shared memory is performed by a computer with a
number of processor and shared the memory while
distributed memory is performed by a number of computers
which each computer has its own processor with own
memory. The transmission and reception of the data
between the computers are made via interconnection
network. In this simulation works, distributed memory
parallel computing is used by utilizing a cluster of 8
computers to minimize the calculation time.
The cost functional, QP for parallel filtered FBTS is
expressed by
dttttW r
nm
r
nm
C
c
T
0
M
m
N
n
nmP
2
''
1
'
1 1
' ,;
~
,; sssQ rBrB
(22)
where C is the number of computers, M’ is the number of
transmitter points assigned to a computer. Therefore, the
number of M in Eq. (8) is related to the number of M’ and C
in Eq. (22). M is the total number of transmitter points
which is expressed M = C × M’.
The gradient vector, GP (r) can be rewritten as
C
c
T
0
M'
m'
3
n
r
nm'm'εP tdt
t
t,;uG
r
1 1 1
,;
)(
2 sbs rr (23)
C
c
T
0
M'
m'
3
n
r
nm'm'σP tdtt,;u
1 1 1
,;2G sbs rr (24)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this research work, we used a Chebyshev low pass filter
of k = 2, 3, 4 and 5, with cut-off frequency of 1.5GHz and
ripple size of 3dB. The model was resized to a resolution of
1mm × 1mm. Fixed skin layer of 2mm thickness was added
in the model. The grid size for the FDTD was 1mm × 1mm.
The excitation signal sinusoidally modulated Gaussian pulse
with a center frequency, fc = 2GHz and bandwidth of
1.3GHz are used in the FBTS reconstruction algorithm. The
optimization was carried out up to 30 iterations utilizing 16
antennas to reconstruct the image.
The size of the tumour embedded in the fibroglandular
tissue of breast model is 10mm in diameter. The initial guess
for ɛr and ζ values in the entire reconstruction region
(including fat, fibroglandular and skin tissues) are 13.7 and
0.10, respectively. Nominal Debye parameters for the breast
tissues used in this paper are summarized in Table 2.
Table -2: Electrical properties of breast tissues
Tissue s s r
(2GHz)
(2GHz)
Fibrograndular 21.57 6.14 0.31 7.0e-12 21.45 0.46
Fat 10.00 7.00 0.15 7.0e-12 9.98 0.18
Skin 37.00 4.00 1.10 7.2e-12 36.73 1.40
Tumour 54.00 4.00 0.70 7.0e-12 53.62 1.19
The foundation of this approach is formulated utilizing
Debye equation. The Debye equation can be expressed as
0
ss
j
j
1
*
(25)
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 214
where is the relative permittivity at infinite frequency,
s is the static relative permittivity, is the relaxation time,
and s is the static conductivity.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig -2: Permittivity images in xy plane (x=98mm) of breast
model with 10mm size of tumour embedded in the
fibroglandular region. (a) Actual image. (b) Reconstructed
image from noise-free data. (c) Reconstructed image from
noisy-data with SNR -3dB.
Figure 2(a) illustrates the actual image of numerical breast
model while Figure 2(b) presents the reconstructed relative
permittivity image with noisy-free data. The reconstructed
image after 10 iterations is very close to the original profile.
The reconstructed image from the contaminated data has
been poor where the fibroglandular region has been
distorted as shown Figure 2(c). The background medium
free space is used as an initial guess in the reconstruction.
(a)
(b)
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 215
(c)
(d)
Fig -3: Permittivity images of breast like model with 10mm
size of tumour embedded in the fibroglandular region:
(a) Chebyshev 2nd
Order, (b) Chebyshev 3rd
Order,
(c) Chebyshev 4th
Order, and (d) Chebyshev 5th
Order.
Figure 3 shows reconstructed image from noisy data after
10th iteration using Chebyshev filter, k = 2, 3, 4 and 5,
respectively. The tumour is clearly detected and distinct
from the surrounding breast tissue as shown Figure 3(a)
through Figure 3(c). Reconstructed profile approximately
accurate using 2nd order of Chebyshev filter as shown in
Figure 3(a). However, the fibroglandular region is saturated
using 5th
order of Chebyshev filter due to large amount of
spectral component of the measured data are lost by the
filter as shown in Figure 3(d).
Fig -4: Cross sectional view along the x-axis (x=96mm)
simulated image with 10mm size of tumour embedded in the
numerical breast model.
Figure 4 shows the cross-sectional view along the vertical
line (x=96mm) through the center of the tumour. For simple
homogeneous model, Chebyshev 2nd
order filter has shown
the closes to the actual value while higher order has shown
the reconstructed image has been saturated due loss of high
spectrum of noise-free data.
(a)
(b)
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 216
(c)
(d)
Fig -5: Reconstruction of permittivity images of breast model
with 5mm size of tumour embedded in the fibroglandular
region using filtered FBTS with 2nd
Order of Chebyshev low
pass filter at different cut-off frequency: (a) 1.5GHz, (b)
2.0GHz, (c) 2.5GHz, and (d) 2.65GHz
Chebyshev 2nd
order is selected as the reconstructed image
shows more nearer to the actual value compared to 3rd
, 4th
and 5th
order. In order to find reconstructed image closer to
the actual image with minimum loss of higher frequency
component of noise-free data, further investigation has been
made at selected cut-off frequencies as demonstrated in
Figure 5. The highest cut-off frequency allows the maximum
range of reception at the receiver point.
Fig -6: Cross sectional view along the x-axis (x=98mm)
simulated image at different cut-off frequency.
High frequency effects have been reduced by using 2nd
order
of Chebyshev low pass filter with cut-off frequency
2.65GHz. In this research work, a sinusoidal modulated pulse
with center frequency 2GHz and bandwidth of 1.3GHz has
been used. Maximum measured field data can be retrieved at
the maximum bandwidth using the highest cut off-frequency
which allows the maximum reception at the receiver point.
Fig -7: Transient filed data at the receiver point for
homogeneous breast model. The thick solid curve denotes
noise-free data while the thin solid curve represents noise-
contaminated field data with SNR -3dB.
4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
The results from this research have shown that the low pass
filter applied in FBTS has been successfully in eliminating
the noise and detecting the tumour. Noise has higher
spectrum than the spectrum of the field data. High frequency
effects can be reduced by using low pass filter at range of
1.5GHz to 2.65GHz for homogeneous model. Although the
Chebyshev low pass filter has been successful in eliminating
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 217
the noise, there were large amount of spectral components
of the measured data are lost by using filter. In this simple
homogeneous breast model, the lower order of Chebyshev
polynomial is sufficient enough to filter out the noise. Next
we consider using the band pass filter or combination both
of low pass filter and band pass filter to minimize the loss of
higher frequency components of noise-free field data. The
filter settings are adjustable at various order of low pass
filter at selected cut-off frequency in order to obtain the
most reliable and informative results which nearer to the
original profile. Obtaining this relation, we also consider to
investigate the stability and capability of filtered FBTS in
various medium such as corn syrup, saline and sodium meta
silicate (SMS) gel.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank to Faculty of Engineering
for assistant in providing facilities used for this project. This
research work was supported by OSAKA GAS
FOUNDATION IN CULTURAL EXCHANGE (OGFICE)
Research Grant Scheme. The authors also thank reviewers
for their valuable comments and suggestions.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Marta a/p Elizabeth currently PG
student, Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering. She received her
B. Eng (Hons) degree in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering from
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia.
Kismet Anak Hong Ping received his
PhD in System Science from Nagasaki
University, Japan. MSc in Digital
Communication System from
Loughborough University, UK and B. E
(Hons) in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia.
Nordiana binti Rajaee received her PhD
in DNA Computing from Meiji
University, Japan. MSc in
Microelectronic from University of
Newcastle Upon Tyne and B. Eng (Hons)
in Electronic and Information
Engineering from Kyushu Institute of
Technology, UK.
Toshifumi Moriyama received his B.E.,
M.E., and D.E. degrees in Information
Engineering all from Niigata University,
Japan. He currently an Associate
Professor at Nagasaki University,
Nagasaki, Japan