This document discusses critical infrastructure in the United States and vulnerabilities to cyber attacks. It defines critical infrastructure as major sectors that allow the country to function, including transportation and utilities. Sixteen sectors make up US critical infrastructure. The document outlines that each sector is essential and a target, with cyber security being a significant vulnerability since sectors rely on internet and digital systems. Recommendations to mitigate cyber crime include standardized procurement, ongoing security training, and preparedness as emphasized in the Bible.
Justin BennettTerrorism is one of the six strategic risk that is.docxtawnyataylor528
Justin Bennett
Terrorism is one of the six strategic risk that is found in the 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review. Ever since the catastrophic events that occurred on September 11, 2001, the entire outlook on terrorism has changed and the security of the nation is ever changing to fulfill terrorist tactics. According to the 2014 QHSR, the terrorist threat is evolving and remains significant as attack planning and operations become more decentralized (2014). On that note, United States critical infrastructure has always been a major target towards terrorism. It is essential that it is protected at all times. The nation’s critical infrastructure is extremely vital to the country. “Critical Infrastructure” is defined as “systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on the security, national economic security, national health or safety, or any combination of those matters (DHS 2013).If the terrorist threat is not handled properly at the national level, there will be severe consequences.
To begin with, the majority of critical infrastructure is owned by the private sector but it is the job of the federal, state, local, and private sectors to all collaborate to achieve the goal and remain resilient against terrorist activity. Terrorist activity has major impacts on the country in a general sense and an even greater impact against critical infrastructure. Some of the major consequences at the national level would include physical, psychological, economical issues within the country. The physical consequences would include the damage against the infrastructures that where struck and the innocent citizens who may of possibly been killed by the terrorist. Further, the psychological consequences would include those who were impacted by the terrorist attack ranging from the people who were actually at the scene, the family members of the attacked individuals, the critical infrastructure employees, the government officials dealing with the situation and many more. Moving on, economic consequences can impact the entire nation as well depending on the amount of physical damage done and which critical infrastructure was impacted. In addition, an attack one of the nation’s critical infrastructure assets can impact other critical infrastructure. For instance, if the Energy Sector is taken out, the Communications sector may have problems along with the Financial Sector because both of those sectors need the resources provided by the Energy Sector.
In my opinion, I believe the risk of terrorist attacks are being adequately addressed. The reason why I believe so is there hasn’t been a successful major terrorist attack as catastrophic as 9/11 since that day. Yes, there has been several lone wolf attacks that have succeeded but those are extremely hard to stop due to its unpredictability. Overall, the majority off attacks that hav ...
Week 5 – Critical Infrastructure (Local Level)In last week’s les.docxcockekeshia
Week 5 – Critical Infrastructure (Local Level)
In last week’s lesson, we spoke of the nation’s critical infrastructure, concentrating on the various roles and responsibilities of those located at the national level related to these assets. This week, we will direct attention towards the various government entities located at the local level. Rather than repeating any of last week’s lesson here, you are encouraged to review that it as necessary for reference.
When viewing the nation’s critical infrastructure, it is common and understandable for many to view it from solely a national-level perspective. However, much of that infrastructure resides at the state, local, and regional levels, and the risk factors encountered in these geographic regions aid in determining overall national level risk. Therefore, government at these levels cannot be discounted. This is highlighted within NIPP 2013: Partnering for Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience, where it emphasizes the fact that local governments are instrumental within the overall critical infrastructure partnership. Concerning their specific roles, this document states “they drive emergency preparedness, as well as local participation in critical infrastructure security and resilience across a variety of jurisdictional partners, including government agencies, owners and operators, and private citizens in the communities that they serve” (DHS, 2013, p. 47).
In this lesson, a brief introduction will be offered regarding each of the 16 critical infrastructure sectors, the risks that each has identified and serve as areas of concern, as well as the role local level of government might play regarding these risks. Obviously, not all of these sectors will be equally relevant to every local jurisdiction, if considered at all. Simply put, they will vary from one local jurisdiction to another, and the manner in which the risks, threats, and consequences related to each are identified, assessed, and dealt with will vary as well.
Chemical Sector
The chemical sector of our economy converts raw materials into tens of thousands of products that are utilized in all facets of our society. Countless facilities located throughout the U.S. not only utilize these products, but also “manufacture, store, transport, or deliver chemicals along a complex, global supply chain” (DHS, 2015a, p. 2). Although the vast majority of these assets are privately owned, those considered to be of greatest risk are regulated in accordance with various standards, those that include, but not limited to, the DHS Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS). Currently, the risks considered to be the most significant include insider threats, cyber threats, natural disasters and extreme weather, deliberate attacks and terrorism, as well as biohazards and pandemics. As part of the Chemical Sector Partnership Structure, state, local, tribal, & territorial forms of government and their representatives are part of what is known.
Running head Critical infrastructure and key resources1.docxsusanschei
Running head: Critical infrastructure and key resources 1
Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
Wilmington University
Shashank Pitla
Table of Contents
Introduction3
Identifying Critical Assets:4
Three important and CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES (CIKR)5
Agriculture5
Government Facilities5
Health Care Sector5
Banking6
Responsibilities and risk assessment6
Information Sharing8
Conclusion10
Works Cited11
Introduction
Critical infrastructure is here after preferred as CI is which has predefined as frameworks and resources, physical or virtual, so basic to the United States that the insufficiency or demolition of such systems and assets would incapacitating influence security, national fiscal security, national general prosperity and prosperity, or any blend of those matters.
PDD-63, distinguished exercises whose basic frameworks ought to be secured data and correspondences, keeping money and fund, water supply flying, expressways, mass travel, pipelines, rail administrations. The following research paper can help in identifying of how can we recognize the basic foundation around us or in a group and what are the obligations that must be taken amid catastrophe in group and which particular office is mindful, how impart the data all through the procedures (GOV, 2009)
The exercises that are so specific are key to the everyday working and security of the nation for instance, transportation of merchandise and individuals, correspondences, saving the financial state, the supply and dispersion of power and water. Residential security and our capacity to observe, low in count of the antagonistic acts additionally rely on upon some of these exercises and in addition other more particular exercises like insight assembling and summon and control of public safety and military strengths. A genuine interruption in these exercises and abilities could indirectly impact on the Nations security and even the capacity of the variety of resources, capacities, data, all personal information, and frameworks/ structure of the system, shaping what has been known as the country's basic foundations. These foundations have developed mind boggling and interconnected, implying that an interruption in one may prompt disturbances in others (GOV, 2009)(Security, NIPP 2013, 2013).Identification of CA:
DHS is also referred as Department of Homeland Security, through different components, by including through state country security authorities and lead organization authorities, looks to recognize framework resources that fit the meaning of basic foundation. The National Critical Infrastructure Prioritization Program here after is referred as NCIPP and the Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative that is referred as CFDI , bolstered with evaluation and analysis from the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center and the Office of Infrastructure Analysis, recognize those benefits by including in the country and even in the foreign countries ...
Week One – Risk and the All Hazards ApproachIt seems logical for.docxphilipnelson29183
Week One – Risk and the All Hazards Approach
It seems logical for a course dedicated to the examination of risks, threats and consequences to begin the first segment with addressing the definitions of those terms. They are not as well understood as some might think. So, what are risks, threats and consequences, and how do they apply to the homeland security field?
Let us first establish that homeland security is not a sole function or responsibility of the federal government. It is a collaborative effort of all levels of governments (federal, state, tribal, county and municipal), the private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the American Red Cross, as well as the public at large. As we look at risk, threats and consequences, we will do so from the perspective of these various levels of government and throughout the entire breath of both the public and private sectors (DHS, 2011).
So exactly what is risk? The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) defines risk in the 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review as a, “function of the likelihood and potential impacts of different homeland security threats and hazards” (DHS, 2014, p. 15). In order to address the issue of risk in a planned and proactive manner, a formula has been developed by DHS and is utilized by those within the homeland security enterprise. This formula is written as: R (risk) = T (threat) x V (vulnerability) x C (consequence). This formula has been transformed and updated throughout the years in order to address the ever-changing landscape of homeland security. Yet, even in its current form, many feel it has an inherent difficulty in that it implies a strict mathematical function can be taken to address the many hazards our country faces; wherein numeric representations of threat, vulnerability and consequences are simply multiplied with one another. No such function exists; but the formula does serve a very useful purpose in displaying the concept that risk is a composite element of various components and factors that must be considered both independently and collectively. Therefore, by combining this formula and the definition noted earlier, we see that risk is determined by the likelihood that a threat (or hazard) will occur, and by the impact that threat will have on a community. In addition, impact (also defined as consequences) is directly impacted by a community’s vulnerability to that threat; where areas of weakness are in turn determined by a community’s ability to protect itself against the threat, respond to it when necessary, as well as recovering from such an incident in both an effective, expedient, and efficient manner.
When looking at risk from the perspective of a specific geographic location (town, municipality, county, state, nation), risk is simply a composite of all of the threats, vulnerabilities and capabilities that are found in that location (hereto noted as community). Therefore, an appropriate point in which to start i.
HM502
Unit 5 DQ
Topic 1: Infrastructure Protection
A detailed discussion of threats to and the process of protecting critical infrastructure and key resources (CI/KR) sectors from man-made and natural disasters are essential for understanding one of the main missions of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In detailed analysis of threats and protection challenges, several CI/KR sectors have emerged that require the attention of DHS professionals. These sectors include:
· Agriculture and Food
· Banking and Finance
· Communications
· Defense Industrial Base
· Energy
· Information Technology
· National Monuments and Icons
· Transportation Systems
· Water
What are some of the major threats to the CI/KR sectors identified above? Discuss some of the critical vulnerabilities of these CI/KR sectors. What are some of the prime consequences if these CI/KR sectors are damaged or destroyed? Describe DHS plans to deter threats, mitigate vulnerabilities, and minimize consequences.
Topic 1 Student Response #1 (Respond to Jeffery)
Jeffery Bailey
Hello classmates/Professor
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 provides the basis for Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsibilities in the protection of the Nation’s CIKR. The act assigns DHS the responsibility for developing a comprehensive national plan for securing CIKR and for recommending the “measures necessary to protect the key resources and critical infrastructure of the United States coordination with other agencies of the Federal Government and in cooperation with State and
local government agencies and authorities, the private sector, and other entities. (Chertoff, 2009) The NIPP defines the organizational structures that provide
the framework for coordination of CIKR protection efforts at all levels of government, their framework includes the action of setting goals and objectives, Identify Assets, Systems and Networks, Assess Risk, consequences, vulnerabilities, and threats. Prioritize, Implement Programs and Measure effectiveness.
The NIPP Conducts research and development and using technology to improve CIKR protection-related capabilities to ensure refined risk assessments for many years into the future. The NIPP assistance programs offers Federal grant assistance to State, local, tribal, and territorial entities; and complement relevant private sector activities. Part of their mission is to make America safer and more secure from cyber attacks and also both man made and natural disasters. Together, the NIPP and SSPs provide the mechanisms for identifying critical assets, systems, and networks, and their associated sectors. In dealing with risk and emergencies the NIPP has Sector Specific Agencies that are assigned certain areas of responsibilities such as Agriculture, Food, Energy and Water. Banking and Finance Communications, in dealing with the potential risk that may befall any of these entities the NIPP takes critical steps to assess, mitigate, protect, and plan for futur ...
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words- MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESI (1).docxestefana2345678
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words. MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESIDES THE TEXTBOOK. Must cite at least 2 sources in addition to the Bible.
TEXTBOOK: Bennett, B. T. (2018).
Understanding, assessing, and responding to terrorism:
Protecting critical infrastructure and personnel
(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 9781119237785.
**AMY***
The term critical infrastructure (CI) has changed multiple times over the last twenty years; however, the general concept of what constitutes critical infrastructure has remained fairly consistent since the first formal definition was developed under the Clinton Administration in 19996 (Bennett, 2018). According to the author, since President William Clinton’s Executive Order 13010, the term and concept underwent various changes; two years after EO 13010, President Clinton signed the Presidential Decision Directive 63, which added the “cyber†to the definition of CI. After the attacks on September 11, 2001, CI was re-defined under the Bush administration per the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. Bennett noted that the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added the concept of “key resources†to the CI definition, an area of CI that is crucial to the proper functioning of the various Cis. This post will discuss what critical infrastructure means, what soft and hard targets are, define cascading effects, and what the author believes is the most important CI within the author's geographical location and why this CI was chosen.
What does critical infrastructure mean?
Critical infrastructure is a blanket term that encompasses 16/17 “systems and assets, physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that incapacity or destruction of such systems or assets would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, health, or safety, or combination of those matters†(Bennett, 2018, p. 41; Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency [CISA], 2020, pp. 1). As previously mentioned, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added “key resources†to the definition of critical infrastructure; key resources are defined as the publicly or privately controlled individual resources essential to the minimal operation of the economy and government (Bennett, p. 41). According to Bennett, while key resources do not hold the same status as critical infrastructure, they are important and necessary for the production, functioning, and maintenance of various critical infrastructures. Bennett summarized critical infrastructure as the important assets we want and depend on to be available and functional when needed (p. 43).
What are soft and hard targets?
The terms soft and hard targets describe the levels of protection any given critical infrastructure asset or location has. Protection includes physical security and countermeasures in place for any potential attack or natural d.
Justin BennettTerrorism is one of the six strategic risk that is.docxtawnyataylor528
Justin Bennett
Terrorism is one of the six strategic risk that is found in the 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review. Ever since the catastrophic events that occurred on September 11, 2001, the entire outlook on terrorism has changed and the security of the nation is ever changing to fulfill terrorist tactics. According to the 2014 QHSR, the terrorist threat is evolving and remains significant as attack planning and operations become more decentralized (2014). On that note, United States critical infrastructure has always been a major target towards terrorism. It is essential that it is protected at all times. The nation’s critical infrastructure is extremely vital to the country. “Critical Infrastructure” is defined as “systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on the security, national economic security, national health or safety, or any combination of those matters (DHS 2013).If the terrorist threat is not handled properly at the national level, there will be severe consequences.
To begin with, the majority of critical infrastructure is owned by the private sector but it is the job of the federal, state, local, and private sectors to all collaborate to achieve the goal and remain resilient against terrorist activity. Terrorist activity has major impacts on the country in a general sense and an even greater impact against critical infrastructure. Some of the major consequences at the national level would include physical, psychological, economical issues within the country. The physical consequences would include the damage against the infrastructures that where struck and the innocent citizens who may of possibly been killed by the terrorist. Further, the psychological consequences would include those who were impacted by the terrorist attack ranging from the people who were actually at the scene, the family members of the attacked individuals, the critical infrastructure employees, the government officials dealing with the situation and many more. Moving on, economic consequences can impact the entire nation as well depending on the amount of physical damage done and which critical infrastructure was impacted. In addition, an attack one of the nation’s critical infrastructure assets can impact other critical infrastructure. For instance, if the Energy Sector is taken out, the Communications sector may have problems along with the Financial Sector because both of those sectors need the resources provided by the Energy Sector.
In my opinion, I believe the risk of terrorist attacks are being adequately addressed. The reason why I believe so is there hasn’t been a successful major terrorist attack as catastrophic as 9/11 since that day. Yes, there has been several lone wolf attacks that have succeeded but those are extremely hard to stop due to its unpredictability. Overall, the majority off attacks that hav ...
Week 5 – Critical Infrastructure (Local Level)In last week’s les.docxcockekeshia
Week 5 – Critical Infrastructure (Local Level)
In last week’s lesson, we spoke of the nation’s critical infrastructure, concentrating on the various roles and responsibilities of those located at the national level related to these assets. This week, we will direct attention towards the various government entities located at the local level. Rather than repeating any of last week’s lesson here, you are encouraged to review that it as necessary for reference.
When viewing the nation’s critical infrastructure, it is common and understandable for many to view it from solely a national-level perspective. However, much of that infrastructure resides at the state, local, and regional levels, and the risk factors encountered in these geographic regions aid in determining overall national level risk. Therefore, government at these levels cannot be discounted. This is highlighted within NIPP 2013: Partnering for Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience, where it emphasizes the fact that local governments are instrumental within the overall critical infrastructure partnership. Concerning their specific roles, this document states “they drive emergency preparedness, as well as local participation in critical infrastructure security and resilience across a variety of jurisdictional partners, including government agencies, owners and operators, and private citizens in the communities that they serve” (DHS, 2013, p. 47).
In this lesson, a brief introduction will be offered regarding each of the 16 critical infrastructure sectors, the risks that each has identified and serve as areas of concern, as well as the role local level of government might play regarding these risks. Obviously, not all of these sectors will be equally relevant to every local jurisdiction, if considered at all. Simply put, they will vary from one local jurisdiction to another, and the manner in which the risks, threats, and consequences related to each are identified, assessed, and dealt with will vary as well.
Chemical Sector
The chemical sector of our economy converts raw materials into tens of thousands of products that are utilized in all facets of our society. Countless facilities located throughout the U.S. not only utilize these products, but also “manufacture, store, transport, or deliver chemicals along a complex, global supply chain” (DHS, 2015a, p. 2). Although the vast majority of these assets are privately owned, those considered to be of greatest risk are regulated in accordance with various standards, those that include, but not limited to, the DHS Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS). Currently, the risks considered to be the most significant include insider threats, cyber threats, natural disasters and extreme weather, deliberate attacks and terrorism, as well as biohazards and pandemics. As part of the Chemical Sector Partnership Structure, state, local, tribal, & territorial forms of government and their representatives are part of what is known.
Running head Critical infrastructure and key resources1.docxsusanschei
Running head: Critical infrastructure and key resources 1
Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
Wilmington University
Shashank Pitla
Table of Contents
Introduction3
Identifying Critical Assets:4
Three important and CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES (CIKR)5
Agriculture5
Government Facilities5
Health Care Sector5
Banking6
Responsibilities and risk assessment6
Information Sharing8
Conclusion10
Works Cited11
Introduction
Critical infrastructure is here after preferred as CI is which has predefined as frameworks and resources, physical or virtual, so basic to the United States that the insufficiency or demolition of such systems and assets would incapacitating influence security, national fiscal security, national general prosperity and prosperity, or any blend of those matters.
PDD-63, distinguished exercises whose basic frameworks ought to be secured data and correspondences, keeping money and fund, water supply flying, expressways, mass travel, pipelines, rail administrations. The following research paper can help in identifying of how can we recognize the basic foundation around us or in a group and what are the obligations that must be taken amid catastrophe in group and which particular office is mindful, how impart the data all through the procedures (GOV, 2009)
The exercises that are so specific are key to the everyday working and security of the nation for instance, transportation of merchandise and individuals, correspondences, saving the financial state, the supply and dispersion of power and water. Residential security and our capacity to observe, low in count of the antagonistic acts additionally rely on upon some of these exercises and in addition other more particular exercises like insight assembling and summon and control of public safety and military strengths. A genuine interruption in these exercises and abilities could indirectly impact on the Nations security and even the capacity of the variety of resources, capacities, data, all personal information, and frameworks/ structure of the system, shaping what has been known as the country's basic foundations. These foundations have developed mind boggling and interconnected, implying that an interruption in one may prompt disturbances in others (GOV, 2009)(Security, NIPP 2013, 2013).Identification of CA:
DHS is also referred as Department of Homeland Security, through different components, by including through state country security authorities and lead organization authorities, looks to recognize framework resources that fit the meaning of basic foundation. The National Critical Infrastructure Prioritization Program here after is referred as NCIPP and the Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative that is referred as CFDI , bolstered with evaluation and analysis from the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center and the Office of Infrastructure Analysis, recognize those benefits by including in the country and even in the foreign countries ...
Week One – Risk and the All Hazards ApproachIt seems logical for.docxphilipnelson29183
Week One – Risk and the All Hazards Approach
It seems logical for a course dedicated to the examination of risks, threats and consequences to begin the first segment with addressing the definitions of those terms. They are not as well understood as some might think. So, what are risks, threats and consequences, and how do they apply to the homeland security field?
Let us first establish that homeland security is not a sole function or responsibility of the federal government. It is a collaborative effort of all levels of governments (federal, state, tribal, county and municipal), the private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the American Red Cross, as well as the public at large. As we look at risk, threats and consequences, we will do so from the perspective of these various levels of government and throughout the entire breath of both the public and private sectors (DHS, 2011).
So exactly what is risk? The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) defines risk in the 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review as a, “function of the likelihood and potential impacts of different homeland security threats and hazards” (DHS, 2014, p. 15). In order to address the issue of risk in a planned and proactive manner, a formula has been developed by DHS and is utilized by those within the homeland security enterprise. This formula is written as: R (risk) = T (threat) x V (vulnerability) x C (consequence). This formula has been transformed and updated throughout the years in order to address the ever-changing landscape of homeland security. Yet, even in its current form, many feel it has an inherent difficulty in that it implies a strict mathematical function can be taken to address the many hazards our country faces; wherein numeric representations of threat, vulnerability and consequences are simply multiplied with one another. No such function exists; but the formula does serve a very useful purpose in displaying the concept that risk is a composite element of various components and factors that must be considered both independently and collectively. Therefore, by combining this formula and the definition noted earlier, we see that risk is determined by the likelihood that a threat (or hazard) will occur, and by the impact that threat will have on a community. In addition, impact (also defined as consequences) is directly impacted by a community’s vulnerability to that threat; where areas of weakness are in turn determined by a community’s ability to protect itself against the threat, respond to it when necessary, as well as recovering from such an incident in both an effective, expedient, and efficient manner.
When looking at risk from the perspective of a specific geographic location (town, municipality, county, state, nation), risk is simply a composite of all of the threats, vulnerabilities and capabilities that are found in that location (hereto noted as community). Therefore, an appropriate point in which to start i.
HM502
Unit 5 DQ
Topic 1: Infrastructure Protection
A detailed discussion of threats to and the process of protecting critical infrastructure and key resources (CI/KR) sectors from man-made and natural disasters are essential for understanding one of the main missions of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In detailed analysis of threats and protection challenges, several CI/KR sectors have emerged that require the attention of DHS professionals. These sectors include:
· Agriculture and Food
· Banking and Finance
· Communications
· Defense Industrial Base
· Energy
· Information Technology
· National Monuments and Icons
· Transportation Systems
· Water
What are some of the major threats to the CI/KR sectors identified above? Discuss some of the critical vulnerabilities of these CI/KR sectors. What are some of the prime consequences if these CI/KR sectors are damaged or destroyed? Describe DHS plans to deter threats, mitigate vulnerabilities, and minimize consequences.
Topic 1 Student Response #1 (Respond to Jeffery)
Jeffery Bailey
Hello classmates/Professor
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 provides the basis for Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsibilities in the protection of the Nation’s CIKR. The act assigns DHS the responsibility for developing a comprehensive national plan for securing CIKR and for recommending the “measures necessary to protect the key resources and critical infrastructure of the United States coordination with other agencies of the Federal Government and in cooperation with State and
local government agencies and authorities, the private sector, and other entities. (Chertoff, 2009) The NIPP defines the organizational structures that provide
the framework for coordination of CIKR protection efforts at all levels of government, their framework includes the action of setting goals and objectives, Identify Assets, Systems and Networks, Assess Risk, consequences, vulnerabilities, and threats. Prioritize, Implement Programs and Measure effectiveness.
The NIPP Conducts research and development and using technology to improve CIKR protection-related capabilities to ensure refined risk assessments for many years into the future. The NIPP assistance programs offers Federal grant assistance to State, local, tribal, and territorial entities; and complement relevant private sector activities. Part of their mission is to make America safer and more secure from cyber attacks and also both man made and natural disasters. Together, the NIPP and SSPs provide the mechanisms for identifying critical assets, systems, and networks, and their associated sectors. In dealing with risk and emergencies the NIPP has Sector Specific Agencies that are assigned certain areas of responsibilities such as Agriculture, Food, Energy and Water. Banking and Finance Communications, in dealing with the potential risk that may befall any of these entities the NIPP takes critical steps to assess, mitigate, protect, and plan for futur ...
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words- MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESI (1).docxestefana2345678
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words. MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESIDES THE TEXTBOOK. Must cite at least 2 sources in addition to the Bible.
TEXTBOOK: Bennett, B. T. (2018).
Understanding, assessing, and responding to terrorism:
Protecting critical infrastructure and personnel
(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 9781119237785.
**AMY***
The term critical infrastructure (CI) has changed multiple times over the last twenty years; however, the general concept of what constitutes critical infrastructure has remained fairly consistent since the first formal definition was developed under the Clinton Administration in 19996 (Bennett, 2018). According to the author, since President William Clinton’s Executive Order 13010, the term and concept underwent various changes; two years after EO 13010, President Clinton signed the Presidential Decision Directive 63, which added the “cyber†to the definition of CI. After the attacks on September 11, 2001, CI was re-defined under the Bush administration per the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. Bennett noted that the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added the concept of “key resources†to the CI definition, an area of CI that is crucial to the proper functioning of the various Cis. This post will discuss what critical infrastructure means, what soft and hard targets are, define cascading effects, and what the author believes is the most important CI within the author's geographical location and why this CI was chosen.
What does critical infrastructure mean?
Critical infrastructure is a blanket term that encompasses 16/17 “systems and assets, physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that incapacity or destruction of such systems or assets would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, health, or safety, or combination of those matters†(Bennett, 2018, p. 41; Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency [CISA], 2020, pp. 1). As previously mentioned, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added “key resources†to the definition of critical infrastructure; key resources are defined as the publicly or privately controlled individual resources essential to the minimal operation of the economy and government (Bennett, p. 41). According to Bennett, while key resources do not hold the same status as critical infrastructure, they are important and necessary for the production, functioning, and maintenance of various critical infrastructures. Bennett summarized critical infrastructure as the important assets we want and depend on to be available and functional when needed (p. 43).
What are soft and hard targets?
The terms soft and hard targets describe the levels of protection any given critical infrastructure asset or location has. Protection includes physical security and countermeasures in place for any potential attack or natural d.
Discussion Question Looking over the next five years, in your op.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion Question: Looking over the next five years, in your opinion, what will be the single greatest threat to the nation’s homeland security posture? Explain the reasoning for your selection. How well does DHS’ Fiscal Years 2014-2018 Strategic Plan address this threat?
Instructions: Fully utilize the materials that have been provided to you in order to support your response. Your initial post should be at least 350 words.
Lesson
Week Eight – Risk, Threat and Consequence in the Future
Predicting the future is an activity frequently fraught with uncertainty. Still, it is an activity that those of us who find ourselves within the homeland security enterprise must constantly engage in. Whether it’s those within the intelligence, the emergency response and emergency management communities, or those who might not be sure what role they play (such as academia or the business community), we all make decisions based upon what might occur in the future (whether that be the next moment, week, or years down the road). In addition, the input we provide and predictions we make impact others as well, whether that is our elected leaders who could utilize such information in their decision making process, or simply family members, coworkers, or students. Lastly, any steps taken moving forward must support the current National Preparedness Goal, which is:
A secure and resilient Nation with the capabilities required across the whole community to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the threats and hazards that pose the greatest risk. (DHS, 2015, p. 1)
Therefore, a balancing act of sorts must be taken that keeps an eye on present responsibilities and commitments, while looking ahead to what the future might hold. So in this our final week of class, we will look at factors likely to affect risk, threat and consequences for our communities in the future.
In 2010, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) launched the Strategic Foresight Initiative (SFI) as an ongoing effort to determine those factors that will impact risk factors in the nation as a whole and in our nation’s communities over the next 20 years. The SFI has resulted in the publication of a number of documents. Perhaps the most relevant to this current discussion is Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030: Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. The information found within this report is a culmination of the efforts of literally hundreds of emergency management and homeland security professionals and practitioners. They admit that moving forward; there is both an increased complexity and decreased predictability related to the operating environment our nation will find itself addressing. Therefore, it would behoove us to seriously consider the issues they have highlighted and make needed changes where applicable.
Forces of Change
With the help of technology and other factors, the world in which we live is an extremely interconnected one..
Title United States. The National Strategy for Homeland Security .docxjuliennehar
Title: United States. The National Strategy for Homeland Security - Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets
PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES AND KEY ASSETS
Terrorists are opportunistic. They exploit vulnerabilities we leave exposed, choosing the time, place, and method of attack according to the weaknesses they observe or perceive. Increasing the security of a particular type of target, such as aircraft or buildings, makes it more likely that terrorists will seek a different target. Increasing the countermeasures to a particular terrorist tactic, such as hijacking, makes it more likely that terrorists will favor a different tactic.
Protecting America's critical infrastructure and key assets is thus a formidable challenge. Our open and technologically complex society presents an almost infinite array of potential targets, and our critical infrastructure changes as rapidly as the marketplace. It is impossible to protect completely all targets, all the time. On the other hand, we can help deter or deflect attacks, or mitigate their effects, by making strategic improvements in protection and security. Thus, while we cannot assume we will prevent all terrorist attacks, we can substantially reduce America's vulnerability, particularly to the most damaging attacks.
All elements of our society have a crucial stake in reducing our vulnerability to terrorism; and all have highly valuable roles to play. Protecting America's critical infrastructure and key assets requires an unprecedented level of cooperation throughout all levels of government-with private industry and institutions, and with the American people. The federal government has the crucial task of fostering a collaborative environment, and enabling all of these entities to work together to provide America the security it requires.
What must we protect? The USA PATRIOT Act defines critical infrastructure as those "systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters." Our critical infrastructures are particularly important because of the functions or services they provide to our country. Our critical infrastructures are also particularly important because they are complex systems: the effects of a terrorist attack can spread far beyond the direct target, and reverberate long after the immediate damage.
America's critical infrastructure encompasses a large number of sectors. Our agriculture, food, and water sectors, along with the public health and emergency services sectors, provide the essential goods and services Americans need to survive. Our institutions of government guarantee our national security and freedom, and administer key public functions. Our defense industrial base provides essential capabilities to help safeguard ...
Larry KeaslerAs part of the nation’s 16 Critical Infrastructure .docxsmile790243
Larry Keasler
As part of the nation’s 16 Critical Infrastructure Sectors, the primary objective of the Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Sector is to directly support the U.S. military forces in the production of materials and services. As specified by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 (HSPD-7), the Department of Defense is the Sector-Specific Agency for the DIB Sector. In this role, the DoD is “responsible for leading a collaborative, coordinated effort to identify, assess, and improve risk management of critical infrastructure within DIB” (DHS, 2013, 11). Associated partners of the DoD working in collaboration are interagency members such as the Department of Energy, Department of State, Transportation Security Administration, and a large number of representatives from the private sector.
The vital roles than the private sector plays in helping the federal government carry out its objectives are to provide support to the military in the field of research and development, manufacturing of products and integrated systems, weapon systems and components. Making up the private sector in the DIB Sector are international and domestic companies, laboratories, academia, and logistic chains. The DIB is broken down into 10 segments which include a make-up of sub-segments. The segments include: Missile, Aircraft, Troop support, Space, Combat vehicle, Ammunition, Weapons, Information technology, Shipbuilding, and Electronics.
The types of services and materials that are produced does not define the DIB as the other critical infrastructure sectors are defined, rather the DIB is defined by who their customer is that will be receiving the services and materials. Once a facility that has been identified by DoD to be a production partner, vulnerability assessments are conducted considering the value to the nation. These assessments not only identify vulnerabilities from natural disasters, but also from possible intentional attacks. However, due to the enormity of associated assets, “DoD encourages DIB asset owner/operators to apply a risk management approach to protecting DIB infrastructure. DoD assists owner/operators with understanding the risk—impact of loss, vulnerabilities, and threat—associated with a specific asset” (DHS, 2015, 23).
Reference
Department of Homeland Security. (2015). Defense industrial base sector specific plan: An annex to the NIPP 2013. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
John McLaughlin
For this week’s reading regarding the sector specific plans associated with critical infrastructure, I chose to read about the information technology sector. Information technology field is one of the biggest when it comes to different departments of the government contracting out the jobs. With the United States relying on technology more than ever the importance of information technology specialists are at a premium. When it comes to information technology government entities tend to contract out the jobs to reputable compani ...
respond to two students 150 words each and 1 response to professor, mickietanger
respond to two students 150 words each and 1 response to professor, (no word count for professor response)
Do not grade or critique students writing only add to the discussion as another student.
First reply to Dava
Private contractors can pose risks to the future of homeland security. According to Barry, Rothe, and Ross, the private sector can act outside of established government guidelines and polices. They are not beholden to the “same constitutional rules and regulations” as the government (White, 2017, p. 387). The government is relying more on and award more jobs to private contractors. Private defense contractors are providing services and/or defense activities that were once the responsibility of the government. This in turn allows private sector entities access to sensitive information; and they can often choose to cherry pick which information and/or data becomes available or known. The growing relationship trend between the private sector and government defense is “blurring lines between entities providing services [and] makes it difficult to determine if national interests are being served” (White, 2017, p. 388). This can hamper the flow of information needed as it relates to homeland security. One possible solution to minimize this issue is to hold private contractors who are awarded government jobs accountable and subject to the same rules and regulations as the government.
White, J. R. (2017).
Terrorism and Homeland Security
(9th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
Second response to Kareema
According to Barry, Rothe, and Ross, (White) what is the dangerous trend in the future of homeland security with regards to private contractors? What do you believe are some solutions counter this trend?
Private companies are often circumvent constitutional constraints on government power (White, 2017). Private companies have the right to operate within their own operational systems and chose which information to report to stakeholders. Private corporations are doing the governments job. Contractors are given more freedom due to the DOD reduction of people who work to supply efforts and regulate support. Contractors have the ability to operate outside of the rules. Private sectors have control over any intelligence that goes to and from homeland security. They are the only ones who control what information is released about themselves and operate to their own self-interest. This problem can be stopped if the government holds corporations accountable for their actions. The government needs to take the responsibilities away from private sectors and keep the power within the government. If the relationship between the sectors focus on what is best for the community any risks between the government-private industrial relationship may be reduced.
White, J. R. (2017).
Terrorism and Homeland Security
(9th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
Original discussion
The initiatives that help the local societies to diminish or prepare agai ...
From Awareness to Action Accounting for InfrastructureInterJeanmarieColbert3
From Awareness to Action: Accounting for Infrastructure
Interdependencies in Disaster Response and
Recovery Planning
Anu Narayanan1 , Melissa Finucane1, Joie Acosta1, and Amanda Wicker1
1RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
Abstract This paper highlights challenges and open questions pertaining to physical and social
infrastructure system interdependencies and their implications for disaster response, recovery, and
resilience planning efforts. We describe the importance of understanding interdependencies in disaster
contexts and highlight limitations to existing approaches. Suggestions for understanding and addressing
interdependencies focus on increasing availability of tools for assessing interdependencies and increasing
stakeholder and decisionmaker uptake of infrastructure interdependency‐related information in planning
efforts.
Plain Language Summary Interdependent physical and social systems offer enormous benefits
for daily life because they produce and distribute essential goods and services that are necessary for health,
safety, and economic well‐being. For instance, the power grid is required for effective functioning of
information systems and cell phones, which underpin effective functioning of hospitals, water and sewer
systems, traffic lights, and home appliances. In return, communications and information technology is
required for effective functioning of the power grid, especially to meet the concurrent demands for reliable
energy supply, protection, and automation. In this paper, we describe how failure in interdependent
systems can be catastrophic and lead to death and prolonged human suffering. We examine difficulties in
linking failures in interdependent systems to measurable social impacts including: limited availability of
data and models, disciplinary silos that might stand in the way of different stakeholders, practitioners, and
experts working together on this inherently cross‐disciplinary problem, and diversity in infrastructure
systems, disruptive events, and communities. We suggest that awareness of the vulnerabilities in
interdependent infrastructure systems needs to be coupled with coordinated action and collaboration among
government agencies, communities, and industries.
1. Introduction
Some of the worst disasters in recent memory are the outcomes of low‐probability, high‐consequence events
that have brought with them failures of interdependent infrastructure systems (Alexander, 2018). By “infra-
structure,” we mean not just physical assets (e.g., the power grid, water and wastewater systems, and telecom-
munications networks) but also social systems that play a key role in human health, safety, and well‐being
(e.g., government functions, educational programs, parks, and recreation systems). Interdependent infra-
structure systems are susceptible to a wide array of shocks (typically abrupt) and stressors (typically slow,
with cumulative effects). In addition to natural disasters, shocks can also include ...
1Running head CYBERWARCYBER WAR9Outstanding title.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: CYBERWAR
CYBER WAR
9
Outstanding title page formatting
Cyber War
Name
University
Professor
04/28/2018
Introduction Cyber War
Cyber warfare refers to a computer or network-based conflict that disrupts the activities of a state or
organization by deliberate attacking critical infrastructures. Cyber attacks can also be described as an attack by hostile groups such as terrorist or hacker groups aimed, at furthering the goals of a given nation. To have a better understanding, cyber warfare can take different forms such as; viruses that can take down water supplies, military systems, transportation systems, hacking and theft of critical data from government and private institutions. This paper will focus on assessing various mechanism applied in different articles to counter cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure. Further, by analyzing the results and experience in Xia, Becerra-Fernandez, Gudi, & Rocha-Mier (2011), the essay will also show how
the findings can be utilized in real life scenario.
1. What do the articles have in common?
According to Clemente (2011), the advancement of interconnection between different infrastructures sectors has boosted by the escalation of cyberspace. The author points out that the security
implications are inevitable especially in this era of cyberspace and infrastructure. The main idea in the article involves around the definition of ‘critical’ infrastructure to enable effective prioritization and protection of nodes and connection points. FEMA (2013
), points out that the United States well being relies upon secure critical infrastructure that forms American society. According to Saadawi, & Jordan
, (2011), there is need to establish an international cyber union that will help overcome cybersecurity challenges in securing cyberinfrastructure. This article considers the practical considerations that are associated with EINSTEIN 3 and how this can be used to ensure effective protection of critical infrastructure networks. Having evaluated the main argument of these articles, they all share the aspect of understanding cybersecurity and different ways ensuring infrastructure protection.
2. What are the differences in their assessment of cybersecurity and critical infrastructure protection?
The above articles portray some distinction in their evaluation of cyber war and protection of vital infrastructure. The first article by Clemente (2011), tries to examine how cybersecurity challenges can be overcome by understanding various components in society. The article offers more theoretical approaches to counterattack cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures. The second article by FEMA (2013
) is more detailed and comprehensive on the issue of cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures in the society. For instance, it offers a plan that will require a federal agency (SSA) to lead a coordinated process for vital infrastructure security within criti ...
1) Responded to message below. Should be at minimum of 250 words i.docxSONU61709
1) Responded to message below. Should be at minimum of 250 words include direct discussion of the main points, answers, and question. Include at least 2 APA-cited references.
According to “Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21) Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience”, there are 16 critical infrastructure sectors that are considered critical to the safety, security and success of the United States. Each of these sixteen sectors has a designated lead agency, which is in charge of safeguarding their assigned sector. As part of these responsibilities, the agency in charge of each sector creates a plan that incorporates the National Infrastructure Protection Plan’s risk management framework in order to safeguard these vital areas. There are numerous sectors that cover everything from nuclear power plants, to money to agriculture. We will discuss three of these sectors in more detail (DHS, 2017).
The first sector includes Water and Wastewater systems and is focused on safe drinking water and the proper treatment of our wastewater. Water is critical to any civilization and the safeguarding and oversight of this resource is critical to our public health. The lead agency for this sector is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While the EPA most definitely plays a role in safeguarding our drinking and Waste Water, there are a number of other agencies that could be involved in this sector including the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Since the mission of DHHS is directly tied to enhancing and protecting the health and well being of all Americans, I can see the large role they could potentially play in this sector. While the EPA may be better suited to deal with some of the environmental factors associated with this sector, I feel that the DHHS may be better suited to protect the public health and prevent disease.
The Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste sector is overseen by the Department of Homeland Security and is focused on maintaining the security of the nation’s nuclear assets. This sector includes oversight of more than 150 nuclear facilities, radioactive materials used in medical, commercial, and academic areas as well as shipments of nuclear waste. I think the Department of Homeland Security is the best choice to lead this sector but I also feel that the Department of Energy should also be involved in oversight of this sector since they are the primary agency physically protecting most of the nuclear sites in the U.S. and are responsible for many of the individual nuclear sites. The Department of Energy is the lead agency for the Energy sector and their expertise could be leveraged to better implement risk management initiatives and increase the resilience of the nuclear infrastructure (DOE, 2017).
The third sector is the Information Technology sector which has become increasingly critical to the overall security and prosperity of the United States over the last fifteen to twenty years. This sector is so ...
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 150 words eachPost 1It isnt so mfelipaser7p
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 150 words each
Post 1
It isn't so much what role the private sector plays in the determination of risks related to the challenges at the local level. It becomes more of what isn't the private sector doing and why aren't they contributing resources to Homeland Security. The private sector continually dedicates resources, funding, and personnel in support of Homeland Security and the operations associated with the partnership. "Within homeland security, there are five partnership archetypes that encompass the types of relationships we share with the private sector" (Department of Homeland Security, 2014, p. 61). These partnership archetypes allow Homeland Security and private sector organizations to utilize such models when challenges, roles, and responsibilities are defined. When challenges, roles, and responsibilities are not defined the problem increases, therefore the flexibility of the models can occur to achieve the desire outcome. The archetypes contribute to the private sector in the determination of risks related to the six challenges associated with Homeland Security. This is because the models can be applied to any situation or involvement between the two at the local level. When a model isn't achievable, the method or intertwining or conjoint models helps achieve in determination.
A specific example of how a privately owned or operated companies and business add or reduce risk in one of the six strategic challenge areas is the Air Cargo Advance Screening (ACAS) Program. This program correlates to the terrorism strategic challenge because it requires the partnership between the federal industry and the airline industry. This requires airline industries to submit documentation of air cargo in advance regarding shipments arriving to the U.S. from foreign locations. Granted this was originally a voluntary process that airlines already participated in, however, in June 2018 it become a requirement. "This is a necessary measure as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) continues to raise the baseline on aviation security worldwide" (Department of Homeland Security, 2018, p. 1). It is a practical application in mitigating future terrorism because it requires airlines to submit the documentation of air cargo at the earliest possibility before the cargo is loaded on the plane that it's being transported to the U.S. This program aids in the reduction and helps reduce terrorism because terrorism will employ any means necessary to send and receive the necessary tools and equipment to commit terrorist acts against U.S.
Post 2
As I continue to read and learn about the Quadrennial homeland security review, the more I realize how important and informative of a document it is regarding threats to the US. Hopefully, the 2018 version is released soon so we can see how threats change and evolve. As it relates to threats and hazards to the US and critical infrastructure, the private sector and public collaborate ofte ...
Strategies for Developing Effective Emergency PreparednessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Emergency preparedness is a critical facet of societal resilience, safeguarding communities from
a myriad of potential threats, including natural disasters and man-made crises. This research paper delves into the
multifaceted realm of "Strategies for Developing Effective Emergency Preparedness." It examines the historical
context, theoretical foundations, and key components of emergency preparedness, shedding light on the factors
that influence its effectiveness. This paper explores various types of emergencies, from natural disasters like
hurricanes and earthquakes to man-made incidents such as terrorism and cybersecurity threats. It investigates the
challenges inherent in emergency preparedness, such as resource constraints, communication barriers, and ethical
considerations, underscoring the need for comprehensive strategies. Furthermore, this research outlines effective
strategies for enhancing emergency preparedness, including risk assessment, response planning, training,
interagency collaboration, and public awareness campaigns. It draws insights from case studies, highlighting both
successes and failures, providing valuable lessons for future preparedness efforts.
Ultimately, this paper highlights the urgency of strengthening preparedness initiatives in an ever-changing world,
where unforeseen challenges continue to test the resilience of communities and nations.
SafeAssignCheckTestWaldorf - Waldorf SafeAssign Plagiarism Check Tool
SafeAssign Originality Report Generator I
Shamika Joneson Wed, Sep 04 2019, 6:08 AM
51% highest match
Submission ID: 988d7449-d3a4-4fa1-b655-9ed4ad976271
Attachments (1)
911.doc
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Word Count: 1,763
Attachment ID: 2087002171911.doc
Running head:
1
THE 9/11 ATTACK
1
1
THE 9/11 ATTACK
2
1
The 9/11 Attack
Shaimika Jones
Waldorf University
HLS 4302
Jamie Gauthier
September 17, 2019
The 9/11 attacks denote a series of coordinated attacks by members of the al-Qaeda in the United States. The incidents changed the American foreign and security policies in the efforts to safeguard domestic and international interests. It is noteworthy that the morning attack caused deaths, injuries, and damages to infrastructure. The perspective of the US citizens and government toward terrorism has changed over time; with more considerable efforts and finances put in place to contain the menace. Since the early 2000s, the US has dramatically concentrated on the fight against terrorism that has rocked and undermined global security. The report examines the environmental, political, economic, and sociological effects of the 9/11 attack. It will also evaluate the responses, lessons, and changes instituted by the policy-makers to deter such an eventuality in the future.
1
On September 11 2001, terrorists believed to be Al-Qaeda attacked the US after hijacking four commercial planes.
The main attack took place at America’s World Trade Centre (WTC).
Commonly referred to as the 9/11 attack, the disaster encompassed four coordinated assaults.
Over 2,990 people died while 6,000 got injured.
The attack caused the destruction of over 10 billion dollars.
The attack is among the worst and highly studied disasters in recent time in the United States of America. According to Rose, Oladosu, Lee, & Asay (2009), the 9/11 attack caused damages to infrastructure; hence, causing business disruptions of WTC firms and government agencies. The economic impacts also capture issues such as employment and business relocation costs. The fear of other attacks increased business risks; hence, pushed away some potential investors.
The attackers hijacked planes and used them to attack the American nation.
1
The rescue efforts started immediately after the WTC was hit by the first plane.
Local, state, and federal agencies, as well as private support groups, were involved in the rescue operations.
The federal government deployed its security agencies such as police, FBI, and the military to assist in the response efforts.
The New York City fire department sent hundreds of fire.
Patton Describe one evidence-based strategy for leading emergenc.docxssuser562afc1
Patton
Describe one evidence-based strategy for leading emergency preparedness.
The global COVID-19 pandemic presented specific challenges to several areas worldwide, including hot spots like New York City, which suffered over 22 000 deaths. As a result, new innovative strategies were created to include resource allocation of emergency workers. Specialty providers from other practice settings such as Neurosurgery, Radiology, Bariatric surgery, and General surgery were deployed to work at alternative sites, including mobile field hospitals. It is important to note that the deployed staff received the appropriate onboarding/training. Their practices received ongoing support and services, including telemedicine, to stay connected with their patients during their absence (Amos, et al., 2020). During a disaster, it is critical to the mission to determine the right resources are being used to ensure safety and mitigate further sentinel events.
Identify one evidence-based strategy for shaping healthcare system outcomes in a disaster.
Hanefeld et al. (2018) wrote people respond in different ways to disasters, and the sudden shock and response can determine the outcomes. One of the best strategies for shaping healthcare system outcomes in a disaster is to build a level of resistance from what individuals have learned from a previous crisis. It is integral to understand the overall capacity and abilities a system has in place to respond. For instance, the financial, political, information, and planning systems can independently influence if the response to the disaster is a success or not (Hanefeld, 2018). Building resistance can be achieved when each healthcare system strives to use each crisis as an opportunity to improve their responses in preparation for future disasters.
Examine the disaster risks for your local community. Identify two priority concerns. Describe the significance of these issues of concern.
The two disaster risks identified for the state of Alaska are earthquakes plus extreme cold and blizzards. According to the University of Alaska (2021), Alaska experiences over 20,000 earthquakes annually, more than any other state. It is estimated that an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 to 8 occurs yearly and 8+ on average every 13 years. The significant damage that can happen is costly due to poor infrastructure in some areas-especially remote villages. When there is an earthquake, tsunamis can be a concern depending on the time of the year and if people live near the coastline, which many do for sustenance purposes. Another disaster risk for Alaska is the long and harsh winters that create hazardous conditions such as white-out road conditions and avalanches. Unprepared people can be stuck for hours to days before help arrives and suffer frostbite, loss of limb, and possibly loss of life.
Identify one professional organization active in emergency preparedness or disaster response. Describe the services provided.
The American Red Cr.
my professor ask me this question what should be answer(your resea.docxJinElias52
my professor ask me this question what should be answer(
your research does a very good job of explaining the topic and the changes in FASB. How did you plan to incorporate your reading from the Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan text?
Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., and Sullivan, D. (2015). International Business: Environments and Operations 15e. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 13:978-0-13-345723-0.
i want only answer this question
.
My assignment is to create a 12-page argumentativepersuasive rese.docxJinElias52
My assignment is to create a 12-page argumentative/persuasive research paper given one of the following option:
Argue for or against a business decision, organizational plan, business philosophy, policy decision, or concept related to the class. On Corporate Social Responsibility
.
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe Please respond to th.docxJinElias52
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe"
Please respond to the following,
using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response
:
Describe the functions of ancient myths, using examples from two (2) different neolithic cultures, and comment on whether myth is inherently fictional. Using modern examples, discuss ways modern belief systems, secular or religious, function for modern cultures in a similar fashion.
Explore
Neolithic societies and myths
Chapter 1 (pp. 6-8. 18-23, 29), myths in prehistory and early cultures
Ancient myths in regions around the globe at
http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/worldmap_new.html
and
http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/
.
.
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Discussion Question Looking over the next five years, in your op.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion Question: Looking over the next five years, in your opinion, what will be the single greatest threat to the nation’s homeland security posture? Explain the reasoning for your selection. How well does DHS’ Fiscal Years 2014-2018 Strategic Plan address this threat?
Instructions: Fully utilize the materials that have been provided to you in order to support your response. Your initial post should be at least 350 words.
Lesson
Week Eight – Risk, Threat and Consequence in the Future
Predicting the future is an activity frequently fraught with uncertainty. Still, it is an activity that those of us who find ourselves within the homeland security enterprise must constantly engage in. Whether it’s those within the intelligence, the emergency response and emergency management communities, or those who might not be sure what role they play (such as academia or the business community), we all make decisions based upon what might occur in the future (whether that be the next moment, week, or years down the road). In addition, the input we provide and predictions we make impact others as well, whether that is our elected leaders who could utilize such information in their decision making process, or simply family members, coworkers, or students. Lastly, any steps taken moving forward must support the current National Preparedness Goal, which is:
A secure and resilient Nation with the capabilities required across the whole community to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the threats and hazards that pose the greatest risk. (DHS, 2015, p. 1)
Therefore, a balancing act of sorts must be taken that keeps an eye on present responsibilities and commitments, while looking ahead to what the future might hold. So in this our final week of class, we will look at factors likely to affect risk, threat and consequences for our communities in the future.
In 2010, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) launched the Strategic Foresight Initiative (SFI) as an ongoing effort to determine those factors that will impact risk factors in the nation as a whole and in our nation’s communities over the next 20 years. The SFI has resulted in the publication of a number of documents. Perhaps the most relevant to this current discussion is Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030: Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. The information found within this report is a culmination of the efforts of literally hundreds of emergency management and homeland security professionals and practitioners. They admit that moving forward; there is both an increased complexity and decreased predictability related to the operating environment our nation will find itself addressing. Therefore, it would behoove us to seriously consider the issues they have highlighted and make needed changes where applicable.
Forces of Change
With the help of technology and other factors, the world in which we live is an extremely interconnected one..
Title United States. The National Strategy for Homeland Security .docxjuliennehar
Title: United States. The National Strategy for Homeland Security - Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets
PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES AND KEY ASSETS
Terrorists are opportunistic. They exploit vulnerabilities we leave exposed, choosing the time, place, and method of attack according to the weaknesses they observe or perceive. Increasing the security of a particular type of target, such as aircraft or buildings, makes it more likely that terrorists will seek a different target. Increasing the countermeasures to a particular terrorist tactic, such as hijacking, makes it more likely that terrorists will favor a different tactic.
Protecting America's critical infrastructure and key assets is thus a formidable challenge. Our open and technologically complex society presents an almost infinite array of potential targets, and our critical infrastructure changes as rapidly as the marketplace. It is impossible to protect completely all targets, all the time. On the other hand, we can help deter or deflect attacks, or mitigate their effects, by making strategic improvements in protection and security. Thus, while we cannot assume we will prevent all terrorist attacks, we can substantially reduce America's vulnerability, particularly to the most damaging attacks.
All elements of our society have a crucial stake in reducing our vulnerability to terrorism; and all have highly valuable roles to play. Protecting America's critical infrastructure and key assets requires an unprecedented level of cooperation throughout all levels of government-with private industry and institutions, and with the American people. The federal government has the crucial task of fostering a collaborative environment, and enabling all of these entities to work together to provide America the security it requires.
What must we protect? The USA PATRIOT Act defines critical infrastructure as those "systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters." Our critical infrastructures are particularly important because of the functions or services they provide to our country. Our critical infrastructures are also particularly important because they are complex systems: the effects of a terrorist attack can spread far beyond the direct target, and reverberate long after the immediate damage.
America's critical infrastructure encompasses a large number of sectors. Our agriculture, food, and water sectors, along with the public health and emergency services sectors, provide the essential goods and services Americans need to survive. Our institutions of government guarantee our national security and freedom, and administer key public functions. Our defense industrial base provides essential capabilities to help safeguard ...
Larry KeaslerAs part of the nation’s 16 Critical Infrastructure .docxsmile790243
Larry Keasler
As part of the nation’s 16 Critical Infrastructure Sectors, the primary objective of the Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Sector is to directly support the U.S. military forces in the production of materials and services. As specified by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 (HSPD-7), the Department of Defense is the Sector-Specific Agency for the DIB Sector. In this role, the DoD is “responsible for leading a collaborative, coordinated effort to identify, assess, and improve risk management of critical infrastructure within DIB” (DHS, 2013, 11). Associated partners of the DoD working in collaboration are interagency members such as the Department of Energy, Department of State, Transportation Security Administration, and a large number of representatives from the private sector.
The vital roles than the private sector plays in helping the federal government carry out its objectives are to provide support to the military in the field of research and development, manufacturing of products and integrated systems, weapon systems and components. Making up the private sector in the DIB Sector are international and domestic companies, laboratories, academia, and logistic chains. The DIB is broken down into 10 segments which include a make-up of sub-segments. The segments include: Missile, Aircraft, Troop support, Space, Combat vehicle, Ammunition, Weapons, Information technology, Shipbuilding, and Electronics.
The types of services and materials that are produced does not define the DIB as the other critical infrastructure sectors are defined, rather the DIB is defined by who their customer is that will be receiving the services and materials. Once a facility that has been identified by DoD to be a production partner, vulnerability assessments are conducted considering the value to the nation. These assessments not only identify vulnerabilities from natural disasters, but also from possible intentional attacks. However, due to the enormity of associated assets, “DoD encourages DIB asset owner/operators to apply a risk management approach to protecting DIB infrastructure. DoD assists owner/operators with understanding the risk—impact of loss, vulnerabilities, and threat—associated with a specific asset” (DHS, 2015, 23).
Reference
Department of Homeland Security. (2015). Defense industrial base sector specific plan: An annex to the NIPP 2013. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
John McLaughlin
For this week’s reading regarding the sector specific plans associated with critical infrastructure, I chose to read about the information technology sector. Information technology field is one of the biggest when it comes to different departments of the government contracting out the jobs. With the United States relying on technology more than ever the importance of information technology specialists are at a premium. When it comes to information technology government entities tend to contract out the jobs to reputable compani ...
respond to two students 150 words each and 1 response to professor, mickietanger
respond to two students 150 words each and 1 response to professor, (no word count for professor response)
Do not grade or critique students writing only add to the discussion as another student.
First reply to Dava
Private contractors can pose risks to the future of homeland security. According to Barry, Rothe, and Ross, the private sector can act outside of established government guidelines and polices. They are not beholden to the “same constitutional rules and regulations” as the government (White, 2017, p. 387). The government is relying more on and award more jobs to private contractors. Private defense contractors are providing services and/or defense activities that were once the responsibility of the government. This in turn allows private sector entities access to sensitive information; and they can often choose to cherry pick which information and/or data becomes available or known. The growing relationship trend between the private sector and government defense is “blurring lines between entities providing services [and] makes it difficult to determine if national interests are being served” (White, 2017, p. 388). This can hamper the flow of information needed as it relates to homeland security. One possible solution to minimize this issue is to hold private contractors who are awarded government jobs accountable and subject to the same rules and regulations as the government.
White, J. R. (2017).
Terrorism and Homeland Security
(9th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
Second response to Kareema
According to Barry, Rothe, and Ross, (White) what is the dangerous trend in the future of homeland security with regards to private contractors? What do you believe are some solutions counter this trend?
Private companies are often circumvent constitutional constraints on government power (White, 2017). Private companies have the right to operate within their own operational systems and chose which information to report to stakeholders. Private corporations are doing the governments job. Contractors are given more freedom due to the DOD reduction of people who work to supply efforts and regulate support. Contractors have the ability to operate outside of the rules. Private sectors have control over any intelligence that goes to and from homeland security. They are the only ones who control what information is released about themselves and operate to their own self-interest. This problem can be stopped if the government holds corporations accountable for their actions. The government needs to take the responsibilities away from private sectors and keep the power within the government. If the relationship between the sectors focus on what is best for the community any risks between the government-private industrial relationship may be reduced.
White, J. R. (2017).
Terrorism and Homeland Security
(9th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
Original discussion
The initiatives that help the local societies to diminish or prepare agai ...
From Awareness to Action Accounting for InfrastructureInterJeanmarieColbert3
From Awareness to Action: Accounting for Infrastructure
Interdependencies in Disaster Response and
Recovery Planning
Anu Narayanan1 , Melissa Finucane1, Joie Acosta1, and Amanda Wicker1
1RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
Abstract This paper highlights challenges and open questions pertaining to physical and social
infrastructure system interdependencies and their implications for disaster response, recovery, and
resilience planning efforts. We describe the importance of understanding interdependencies in disaster
contexts and highlight limitations to existing approaches. Suggestions for understanding and addressing
interdependencies focus on increasing availability of tools for assessing interdependencies and increasing
stakeholder and decisionmaker uptake of infrastructure interdependency‐related information in planning
efforts.
Plain Language Summary Interdependent physical and social systems offer enormous benefits
for daily life because they produce and distribute essential goods and services that are necessary for health,
safety, and economic well‐being. For instance, the power grid is required for effective functioning of
information systems and cell phones, which underpin effective functioning of hospitals, water and sewer
systems, traffic lights, and home appliances. In return, communications and information technology is
required for effective functioning of the power grid, especially to meet the concurrent demands for reliable
energy supply, protection, and automation. In this paper, we describe how failure in interdependent
systems can be catastrophic and lead to death and prolonged human suffering. We examine difficulties in
linking failures in interdependent systems to measurable social impacts including: limited availability of
data and models, disciplinary silos that might stand in the way of different stakeholders, practitioners, and
experts working together on this inherently cross‐disciplinary problem, and diversity in infrastructure
systems, disruptive events, and communities. We suggest that awareness of the vulnerabilities in
interdependent infrastructure systems needs to be coupled with coordinated action and collaboration among
government agencies, communities, and industries.
1. Introduction
Some of the worst disasters in recent memory are the outcomes of low‐probability, high‐consequence events
that have brought with them failures of interdependent infrastructure systems (Alexander, 2018). By “infra-
structure,” we mean not just physical assets (e.g., the power grid, water and wastewater systems, and telecom-
munications networks) but also social systems that play a key role in human health, safety, and well‐being
(e.g., government functions, educational programs, parks, and recreation systems). Interdependent infra-
structure systems are susceptible to a wide array of shocks (typically abrupt) and stressors (typically slow,
with cumulative effects). In addition to natural disasters, shocks can also include ...
1Running head CYBERWARCYBER WAR9Outstanding title.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: CYBERWAR
CYBER WAR
9
Outstanding title page formatting
Cyber War
Name
University
Professor
04/28/2018
Introduction Cyber War
Cyber warfare refers to a computer or network-based conflict that disrupts the activities of a state or
organization by deliberate attacking critical infrastructures. Cyber attacks can also be described as an attack by hostile groups such as terrorist or hacker groups aimed, at furthering the goals of a given nation. To have a better understanding, cyber warfare can take different forms such as; viruses that can take down water supplies, military systems, transportation systems, hacking and theft of critical data from government and private institutions. This paper will focus on assessing various mechanism applied in different articles to counter cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure. Further, by analyzing the results and experience in Xia, Becerra-Fernandez, Gudi, & Rocha-Mier (2011), the essay will also show how
the findings can be utilized in real life scenario.
1. What do the articles have in common?
According to Clemente (2011), the advancement of interconnection between different infrastructures sectors has boosted by the escalation of cyberspace. The author points out that the security
implications are inevitable especially in this era of cyberspace and infrastructure. The main idea in the article involves around the definition of ‘critical’ infrastructure to enable effective prioritization and protection of nodes and connection points. FEMA (2013
), points out that the United States well being relies upon secure critical infrastructure that forms American society. According to Saadawi, & Jordan
, (2011), there is need to establish an international cyber union that will help overcome cybersecurity challenges in securing cyberinfrastructure. This article considers the practical considerations that are associated with EINSTEIN 3 and how this can be used to ensure effective protection of critical infrastructure networks. Having evaluated the main argument of these articles, they all share the aspect of understanding cybersecurity and different ways ensuring infrastructure protection.
2. What are the differences in their assessment of cybersecurity and critical infrastructure protection?
The above articles portray some distinction in their evaluation of cyber war and protection of vital infrastructure. The first article by Clemente (2011), tries to examine how cybersecurity challenges can be overcome by understanding various components in society. The article offers more theoretical approaches to counterattack cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures. The second article by FEMA (2013
) is more detailed and comprehensive on the issue of cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures in the society. For instance, it offers a plan that will require a federal agency (SSA) to lead a coordinated process for vital infrastructure security within criti ...
1) Responded to message below. Should be at minimum of 250 words i.docxSONU61709
1) Responded to message below. Should be at minimum of 250 words include direct discussion of the main points, answers, and question. Include at least 2 APA-cited references.
According to “Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21) Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience”, there are 16 critical infrastructure sectors that are considered critical to the safety, security and success of the United States. Each of these sixteen sectors has a designated lead agency, which is in charge of safeguarding their assigned sector. As part of these responsibilities, the agency in charge of each sector creates a plan that incorporates the National Infrastructure Protection Plan’s risk management framework in order to safeguard these vital areas. There are numerous sectors that cover everything from nuclear power plants, to money to agriculture. We will discuss three of these sectors in more detail (DHS, 2017).
The first sector includes Water and Wastewater systems and is focused on safe drinking water and the proper treatment of our wastewater. Water is critical to any civilization and the safeguarding and oversight of this resource is critical to our public health. The lead agency for this sector is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While the EPA most definitely plays a role in safeguarding our drinking and Waste Water, there are a number of other agencies that could be involved in this sector including the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Since the mission of DHHS is directly tied to enhancing and protecting the health and well being of all Americans, I can see the large role they could potentially play in this sector. While the EPA may be better suited to deal with some of the environmental factors associated with this sector, I feel that the DHHS may be better suited to protect the public health and prevent disease.
The Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste sector is overseen by the Department of Homeland Security and is focused on maintaining the security of the nation’s nuclear assets. This sector includes oversight of more than 150 nuclear facilities, radioactive materials used in medical, commercial, and academic areas as well as shipments of nuclear waste. I think the Department of Homeland Security is the best choice to lead this sector but I also feel that the Department of Energy should also be involved in oversight of this sector since they are the primary agency physically protecting most of the nuclear sites in the U.S. and are responsible for many of the individual nuclear sites. The Department of Energy is the lead agency for the Energy sector and their expertise could be leveraged to better implement risk management initiatives and increase the resilience of the nuclear infrastructure (DOE, 2017).
The third sector is the Information Technology sector which has become increasingly critical to the overall security and prosperity of the United States over the last fifteen to twenty years. This sector is so ...
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 150 words eachPost 1It isnt so mfelipaser7p
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 150 words each
Post 1
It isn't so much what role the private sector plays in the determination of risks related to the challenges at the local level. It becomes more of what isn't the private sector doing and why aren't they contributing resources to Homeland Security. The private sector continually dedicates resources, funding, and personnel in support of Homeland Security and the operations associated with the partnership. "Within homeland security, there are five partnership archetypes that encompass the types of relationships we share with the private sector" (Department of Homeland Security, 2014, p. 61). These partnership archetypes allow Homeland Security and private sector organizations to utilize such models when challenges, roles, and responsibilities are defined. When challenges, roles, and responsibilities are not defined the problem increases, therefore the flexibility of the models can occur to achieve the desire outcome. The archetypes contribute to the private sector in the determination of risks related to the six challenges associated with Homeland Security. This is because the models can be applied to any situation or involvement between the two at the local level. When a model isn't achievable, the method or intertwining or conjoint models helps achieve in determination.
A specific example of how a privately owned or operated companies and business add or reduce risk in one of the six strategic challenge areas is the Air Cargo Advance Screening (ACAS) Program. This program correlates to the terrorism strategic challenge because it requires the partnership between the federal industry and the airline industry. This requires airline industries to submit documentation of air cargo in advance regarding shipments arriving to the U.S. from foreign locations. Granted this was originally a voluntary process that airlines already participated in, however, in June 2018 it become a requirement. "This is a necessary measure as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) continues to raise the baseline on aviation security worldwide" (Department of Homeland Security, 2018, p. 1). It is a practical application in mitigating future terrorism because it requires airlines to submit the documentation of air cargo at the earliest possibility before the cargo is loaded on the plane that it's being transported to the U.S. This program aids in the reduction and helps reduce terrorism because terrorism will employ any means necessary to send and receive the necessary tools and equipment to commit terrorist acts against U.S.
Post 2
As I continue to read and learn about the Quadrennial homeland security review, the more I realize how important and informative of a document it is regarding threats to the US. Hopefully, the 2018 version is released soon so we can see how threats change and evolve. As it relates to threats and hazards to the US and critical infrastructure, the private sector and public collaborate ofte ...
Strategies for Developing Effective Emergency PreparednessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Emergency preparedness is a critical facet of societal resilience, safeguarding communities from
a myriad of potential threats, including natural disasters and man-made crises. This research paper delves into the
multifaceted realm of "Strategies for Developing Effective Emergency Preparedness." It examines the historical
context, theoretical foundations, and key components of emergency preparedness, shedding light on the factors
that influence its effectiveness. This paper explores various types of emergencies, from natural disasters like
hurricanes and earthquakes to man-made incidents such as terrorism and cybersecurity threats. It investigates the
challenges inherent in emergency preparedness, such as resource constraints, communication barriers, and ethical
considerations, underscoring the need for comprehensive strategies. Furthermore, this research outlines effective
strategies for enhancing emergency preparedness, including risk assessment, response planning, training,
interagency collaboration, and public awareness campaigns. It draws insights from case studies, highlighting both
successes and failures, providing valuable lessons for future preparedness efforts.
Ultimately, this paper highlights the urgency of strengthening preparedness initiatives in an ever-changing world,
where unforeseen challenges continue to test the resilience of communities and nations.
SafeAssignCheckTestWaldorf - Waldorf SafeAssign Plagiarism Check Tool
SafeAssign Originality Report Generator I
Shamika Joneson Wed, Sep 04 2019, 6:08 AM
51% highest match
Submission ID: 988d7449-d3a4-4fa1-b655-9ed4ad976271
Attachments (1)
911.doc
51%
Word Count: 1,763
Attachment ID: 2087002171911.doc
Running head:
1
THE 9/11 ATTACK
1
1
THE 9/11 ATTACK
2
1
The 9/11 Attack
Shaimika Jones
Waldorf University
HLS 4302
Jamie Gauthier
September 17, 2019
The 9/11 attacks denote a series of coordinated attacks by members of the al-Qaeda in the United States. The incidents changed the American foreign and security policies in the efforts to safeguard domestic and international interests. It is noteworthy that the morning attack caused deaths, injuries, and damages to infrastructure. The perspective of the US citizens and government toward terrorism has changed over time; with more considerable efforts and finances put in place to contain the menace. Since the early 2000s, the US has dramatically concentrated on the fight against terrorism that has rocked and undermined global security. The report examines the environmental, political, economic, and sociological effects of the 9/11 attack. It will also evaluate the responses, lessons, and changes instituted by the policy-makers to deter such an eventuality in the future.
1
On September 11 2001, terrorists believed to be Al-Qaeda attacked the US after hijacking four commercial planes.
The main attack took place at America’s World Trade Centre (WTC).
Commonly referred to as the 9/11 attack, the disaster encompassed four coordinated assaults.
Over 2,990 people died while 6,000 got injured.
The attack caused the destruction of over 10 billion dollars.
The attack is among the worst and highly studied disasters in recent time in the United States of America. According to Rose, Oladosu, Lee, & Asay (2009), the 9/11 attack caused damages to infrastructure; hence, causing business disruptions of WTC firms and government agencies. The economic impacts also capture issues such as employment and business relocation costs. The fear of other attacks increased business risks; hence, pushed away some potential investors.
The attackers hijacked planes and used them to attack the American nation.
1
The rescue efforts started immediately after the WTC was hit by the first plane.
Local, state, and federal agencies, as well as private support groups, were involved in the rescue operations.
The federal government deployed its security agencies such as police, FBI, and the military to assist in the response efforts.
The New York City fire department sent hundreds of fire.
Patton Describe one evidence-based strategy for leading emergenc.docxssuser562afc1
Patton
Describe one evidence-based strategy for leading emergency preparedness.
The global COVID-19 pandemic presented specific challenges to several areas worldwide, including hot spots like New York City, which suffered over 22 000 deaths. As a result, new innovative strategies were created to include resource allocation of emergency workers. Specialty providers from other practice settings such as Neurosurgery, Radiology, Bariatric surgery, and General surgery were deployed to work at alternative sites, including mobile field hospitals. It is important to note that the deployed staff received the appropriate onboarding/training. Their practices received ongoing support and services, including telemedicine, to stay connected with their patients during their absence (Amos, et al., 2020). During a disaster, it is critical to the mission to determine the right resources are being used to ensure safety and mitigate further sentinel events.
Identify one evidence-based strategy for shaping healthcare system outcomes in a disaster.
Hanefeld et al. (2018) wrote people respond in different ways to disasters, and the sudden shock and response can determine the outcomes. One of the best strategies for shaping healthcare system outcomes in a disaster is to build a level of resistance from what individuals have learned from a previous crisis. It is integral to understand the overall capacity and abilities a system has in place to respond. For instance, the financial, political, information, and planning systems can independently influence if the response to the disaster is a success or not (Hanefeld, 2018). Building resistance can be achieved when each healthcare system strives to use each crisis as an opportunity to improve their responses in preparation for future disasters.
Examine the disaster risks for your local community. Identify two priority concerns. Describe the significance of these issues of concern.
The two disaster risks identified for the state of Alaska are earthquakes plus extreme cold and blizzards. According to the University of Alaska (2021), Alaska experiences over 20,000 earthquakes annually, more than any other state. It is estimated that an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 to 8 occurs yearly and 8+ on average every 13 years. The significant damage that can happen is costly due to poor infrastructure in some areas-especially remote villages. When there is an earthquake, tsunamis can be a concern depending on the time of the year and if people live near the coastline, which many do for sustenance purposes. Another disaster risk for Alaska is the long and harsh winters that create hazardous conditions such as white-out road conditions and avalanches. Unprepared people can be stuck for hours to days before help arrives and suffer frostbite, loss of limb, and possibly loss of life.
Identify one professional organization active in emergency preparedness or disaster response. Describe the services provided.
The American Red Cr.
my professor ask me this question what should be answer(your resea.docxJinElias52
my professor ask me this question what should be answer(
your research does a very good job of explaining the topic and the changes in FASB. How did you plan to incorporate your reading from the Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan text?
Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., and Sullivan, D. (2015). International Business: Environments and Operations 15e. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 13:978-0-13-345723-0.
i want only answer this question
.
My assignment is to create a 12-page argumentativepersuasive rese.docxJinElias52
My assignment is to create a 12-page argumentative/persuasive research paper given one of the following option:
Argue for or against a business decision, organizational plan, business philosophy, policy decision, or concept related to the class. On Corporate Social Responsibility
.
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe Please respond to th.docxJinElias52
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe"
Please respond to the following,
using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response
:
Describe the functions of ancient myths, using examples from two (2) different neolithic cultures, and comment on whether myth is inherently fictional. Using modern examples, discuss ways modern belief systems, secular or religious, function for modern cultures in a similar fashion.
Explore
Neolithic societies and myths
Chapter 1 (pp. 6-8. 18-23, 29), myths in prehistory and early cultures
Ancient myths in regions around the globe at
http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/worldmap_new.html
and
http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/
.
.
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the GlobePlease respond to .docxJinElias52
"Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe"
Please respond to the following,
using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response
:
Describe the functions of ancient myths, using examples from two (2) different neolithic cultures, and comment on whether myth is inherently fictional. Using modern examples, discuss ways modern belief systems, secular or religious, function for modern cultures in a similar fashion.
Explore
Neolithic societies and myths
Ancient myths in regions around the globe at
http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/worldmap_new.html
and
http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/
.
.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisYou must review the contents of your n.docxJinElias52
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
You must review the contents of your news article and discuss what type of microorganism it is, if the organism is in nature or is used in industry or causes disease. If it causes disease you must discuss transmission, increasing incidence, factors contributing to the spread of the organism, lab culturing, etc.
300-400 words
.
My TopicI would like to do my case application on Helen Keller’s.docxJinElias52
My Topic:
"I would like to do my case application on Helen Keller’s fight with learning disability. I chose Helen Keller because she is one of the most important personality and the first person without hearing or sight to earn a BA. Her story is narrated in the movie “The Miracle Worker.”
For additional details, please refer to the Milestone Two Rubric document and the Final Project Document in the Assignment Guidelines and Rubrics section of the course.
.
My topic is the terms a Congress person serves and debate on adding .docxJinElias52
My topic is the terms a Congress person serves and debate on adding limitations to how long a person can be in Congress.
The Pros and Cons of the unlimited terms in congress
Do members of congress to support position people of the state they represent therefore should be able to change and if it will benefit.
How to Add limitations on the term served by congress
Follow the directions below for the completion of the Annotated Bibliography assignment for Unit II.
Purpose: The purpose of the annotated bibliography is to summarize the sources that you have gathered to support your research proposal project. These summaries help you to think about the complex arguments presented in your sources. Description: In this assignment, you will create an annotated bibliography consisting of seven sources. Each entry will consist of a reference list citation, a summary of the source’s information, and a one-sentence assessment. Each annotation should be between 150 to 200 words. If an entry is shorter than 150 words, it is likely you have not fully developed your summary, and this lack of development can severely impact your grade for this assignment.
.
My topic is anywhere, anytime information work, which means tele-wor.docxJinElias52
My topic is anywhere, anytime information work, which means tele-work, and we choose ( AT&T toggle)
I've done all the questions but i need more detail , deep answers .
1- write an introduction about ( anywhere, anytime information work) in details and conclusion about the company and application
2-write a brief explanation about the company it self ( AT&T)
3- plagiarism not accepted
4- use simple words
5- make it 12 or 11 pages
.
My topic for module-2 reaction paper was on news, data, and other me.docxJinElias52
My topic for module-2 reaction paper was on news, data, and other media means of delivering information to the public. When gathering all the information and reflecting on my personal experience when watching, reading or listening to the news outlets was very addicting. To see news clips from the wars past or deployments after the fact was real-time history for most of us (me), yet our families, friends and other members not physically at that location waiting to hear something can be very overwhelming. My question is the methods and absorbing of news
: Are citizens informed about terrorism and is it overwhelming?
.
My Topic for the paper I would like to do my case application on He.docxJinElias52
My Topic for the paper: I would like to do my case application on Helen Keller’s fight with learning disability. I chose Helen Keller because she is one of the most important personality and the first person without hearing or sight to earn a BA. Her story is narrated in the movie “The Miracle Worker.”
.
n a 2 page paper, written in APA format using proper spellinggramma.docxJinElias52
n a 2 page paper, written in APA format using proper spelling/grammar, address the following:
Briefly explain Piaget's and Erikson's theories of development. Who had a better theory of human development: Erikson or Piaget? Please offer detail to explain your choice.
What tips would you give to someone who has just suffered a major loss, now that you know the stages of grief?
.
My research proposal is on fall prevention WRTG 394 s.docxJinElias52
My research proposal is on fall prevention
WRTG 394 students,
Your next writing assignment will be a
memo to your instructor for the final report.
Steps to Take in Completing this Assignment:
•
Identify the decision-maker or group of decision-makers to whom you will write your final report
• Describe the specific problem you are attempting to address.
• Prepare some primary research for your report.
• Write a memo to your instructor using the template provided below.
The Role of this Assignment for your Research Report:
This assignment is designed to help you put together the final paper in WRTG 394.
Remember, your final paper in WRTG 394 will be a report in which you do the following:
•
define a problem in your workplace or community persuasively and accurately
•
propose a solution or solutions to the problem or issue
Previous assignments in the class pointed out some sample topics for the report:
• a report to your manager at work suggesting that more teleworking options be given to employees at your workplace
• a report to your supervisor at work suggesting that email be used less frequently for communication and that another application be used to improve communication.
• a report to your manager at work suggesting that your office become paperless
• a report to the board of directors at your townhouse community to argue that the playground area in your community should be renovated
• a report to the manager of your unit at work noting that recycling facilities in the workplace should be improved
For writing assignment #2, you completed a background and synthesis of the literature on your topic.
For this writing assignment, you are going to identify the specific needs in your workplace or community that will be identified for your final report.
Examples of Primary Research for Specific Topics:
•
If you write a report to your manager at work suggesting that more teleworking options be given to employees at your workplace, you cannot simply prepare a report on teleworking. You must show that teleworking will
solve a specific problem or problems in your organization
.
•
If you write a a report to your supervisor at work suggesting that email be used less frequently for communication and that another application be used to improve communication, you cannot simply prepare a report on the benefits of social media in the workplace. You must
show that your specific office has problems in communicating by email and indicate the benefits of using alternative communication systems for your workplace environment
.
•
If you write a report to your manager at work suggesting that your office become paperless, you cannot simply prepare a report on the benefits of a paperless office. You must
show that your specific office can go paperless and indicate the benefits of your specific office going paperless
.
•
If you write a report to the board of directo.
My portion of the group assignment Must be done by Wednesday even.docxJinElias52
My portion of the group assignment:
Must be done by Wednesday evening
•
EFE Matrix; -
•
SWOT (TOWS) analysis; -
•
IFE Matrix; -
•
A list of alternative strategies, giving advantages and disadvantages for each; -
Walt Disney Company, p. 441, Case 8 (photos of pages upladed)
.
my project is about construcation houses for poor poeple in Denver .docxJinElias52
my project is about construcation houses for poor poeple in Denver
It is 30 pages
produce a 10 knowledge area project notebook enhancing one team members individual project. Assign different team members individual knowledge areas and refine the notebook to demonstrate synergy.
.
my name is abdullah aljedanii am from saudi arabia i graduate fr.docxJinElias52
my name is abdullah aljedani
i am from saudi arabia
i graduate from DHBAN high school 2013
i went to USA to ST
UDY ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND APLLLAY FOR UNIVERSITY
I WANT TO APLLY IN CIVIL ENIGINEERING
I NEED LETTER FOR THE UNIVERSITY EXPLAIN EHAT I DID AFTER HIGH SCHOOL
500 WORD
24 HOURS
.
My hypothesis Being disconnected from social media (texting, Facebo.docxJinElias52
My hypothesis: Being disconnected from social media (texting, Facebook, cell phone use, etc) causes stress in teenagers.
It is my belief partly based on observation (I teach HS students) that we have created a society where even the slightest communication is cause for a teenager’s engagement with his/her electronic device. Being constantly connected to others, or at least knowing that is an option appears to give them some peace of mind and perhaps helps them feel less alone. This worries me because I fear they will be unable to engage in experiences on their own without that constant connection to others. This behavior doesn’t allow for self-reflection, meditation, or other important moments designed to focus the attention inward. In other words, a fear of being alone. On the other hand, teenagers can reach out to others as never before, which is great in many cases.
I would choose the Experimental Research method for the following experiment, being careful to adhere to its two components: 1) that there is a random assignment of participants. I would stress that this should be a double-blind experiment so I do not influence its outcome; and 2) a manipulation of an independent variable.
My experiment: After taking a base level of stress indicators (heart rate, blood pressure, brain waves, perspiration levels, etc) I would randomly assign two separate groups of HS students to spend 2 days camping in the wilderness. I would set up several exciting events to take place such as river rafting, hunting, building a shelter for the night, etc. One group would have their cell phones with them (assuming there is a cell phone connection in this remote area), the second group would not. The first group could contact whomever they chose during the events and during a down time say, at night. The second group would not have cell phones to be able to do this. I would somehow monitor both group’s stress levels while out in the wilderness.
Summary: Because I would want to avoid the Correlation/Causation Fallacy, I would need to not know which students were which in this experiment. And I foresee some challenges that might not be avoidable and might skew this idea. There could be variables such as a student who is naturally highly stressed in the wilderness and his anxiety could spike giving my experiment the expected result but for the wrong reason. Not to mention the difficulty of setting up this experiment in the first place.
Personal note: Thinking about this idea has caused me to think in a more scientific way about the results of all experiments I learn about. The Correlation/Causation issue is one I fall victim to a lot. I like to think that I am an objective observer, but so far in this course, I am not so sure of that anymore. At the same time that I hate to have my thinking challenged in this way, I also feel excited that I am thinking on a deeper level than I ever have.
How would you select the groups at random? Would you use a number system? Perha.
My group is the Los Angeles Rams. We are looking to be sponsors with.docxJinElias52
My group is the Los Angeles Rams. We are looking to be sponsors with Dunkin' Donuts.Attached is an example of the Portland Timbers and a sponsorship with Chevrolet. On the bottom of the excel document you can see there are 4 different tabs. The tabs I need done are Research and Activity.
Thank you.
.
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;My father .docxJinElias52
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;
The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;
From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won;
Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
But I, with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
Examine the imagery in the stanza in bold. What is the significance of the two different images?
The speaker does not feel the joy everyone else is experiencing.
The speaker does not feel the misery everyone else is experiencing.
The speaker does not want anyone to know how unhappy he truly is.
The speaker does not want anyone to know how happy he truly is.
.
My character is Phoenix Jackson from the story A Worn PathMLA Form.docxJinElias52
My character is Phoenix Jackson from the story A Worn Path
MLA Format. 1200 words
Must have
Identify the type of character it is dealing with (A single character could be two or thres types.
Describe the character
Discuss the conflict in the story particularly in regards to the character's place in it.
Due tomorrow by 3pm
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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Charless Initial ResponseCharles B. FreitagHelms School o
1. Charles's Initial Response
Charles B. Freitag
Helms School of Government, Liberty University
Definition of Critical Infrastructure
Critical infrastructure refers to those physical or virtual systems
and assets that are so crucial to the United States that their
incapacity or destruction would have a crippling effect on
national security (Taylor & Swanson, 2019). Osei-Kyei et al.
(2021) argue that the threats to America's crucial infrastructure
and resources critical infrastructures are vital to a nation's
physical and logical life. Furthermore, crucial infrastructure is
required for daily public welfare, economic growth, and
government activities (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021). Osei-Kyei et al.
(2021) add that water supply, healthcare (hospitals, medicines,
and vaccines), financial services (banks and insurance), civil
administration (government functions and facilities), and
transportation systems (road, rail, and air traffic) are all critical
infrastructures. Critical infrastructures are interconnected and
complex (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021).
Moreover, this means that the operation of one critical
infrastructure is dependent on the operation of others (Osei -
Kyei et al., 2021). For example, keeping a steady supply of
energy is essential for water and telecommunications networks.
Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) argue that a single critical infrastructure
failure can cause cascading effects on other critical
infrastructures, causing regional or national implications. The
tight interconnection of vital infrastructures complicates crisis
management. Finally, given the intricate interconnection of
critical infrastructure networks, governments have increasingly
2. needed to design resilient critical infrastructure systems (Osei -
Kyei et al., 2021).
Vulnerabilities of Critical Infrastructure
Baggott and Santos (2020) add that the impact of a cyberattack
on the power grid is markedly different from that of a natural
disaster. The ramifications could be far worse (Baggott &
Santos, 2020). Cyberattacks may have a detrimental effect on
the morale of impacted communities and may erode trust in
service providers. Baggott and Santos (2020) argue that while
natural disasters are incapable of selecting a specific target
(i.e., a critical location or node of the network), a cyberattacker
can pinpoint a specific node, time, and method of attack using
information about the grid's design that is readily available in
open source (non-classified) material on the Internet. Hurricane
Matthew recently knocked out electricity to an estimated 1.4
million people and killed over 1,000; while Hurricane Matthew
was devastating, the repercussions may have been even worse
had the storm's timing and direction been altered slightly
(Baggott & Santos, 2020).
Taylor and Swanson (2019) argue that the terrorist attacks of
September 11, 2001, underscored the threat and vulnerability of
essential infrastructure. Additionally, federal, state, and
municipal governments have recognized this vulnerability and
the potential threats posed by terrorist organizations and have
taken various actions to mitigate the possibility of a tragedy of
this size (Taylor & Swanson, 2019). Taylor and Swanson (2019)
add that these provisions, referred to as critical infrastructure
protection, were a significant component of the USA PATRIOT
Act. The Act was signed into law by then-President George W.
Bush in 2001.
Protecting Critical Infrastructure
President Bush established the National Infrastructure
3. Protection Plan (NIPP) to address America’s critical
infrastructure and plan for its protection (Taylor & Swanson,
2019). The plan is consistently updated to better address and
security threats to critical infrastructure. Also, NIPP 2013
(2013) argues that for the country's security, public health,
economic prosperity, and way of life, protecting and
maintaining critical infrastructure and essential resources
(CIKR) is crucial. Additionally, CIKR contains physical or
virtual assets, systems, and networks so critical to the U.S. that
their impairment or destruction would jeopardize national
security, economic security, public health or safety, or any
combination of these (NIPP 2013, 2013). NIPP 2013 (2013)
argues that to reduce vulnerability, prevent threats, and limit
the repercussions of assaults and other incidents, the NIPP sets
national priorities, targets, and requirements for CIKR
protection. Additionally, implementing protective programs and
resiliency plans establishes overarching principles relevant to
all CIKR sectors designated under Homeland Security
Presidential Directive 7 (NIPP 2013, 2013). Finally, critical
elements of the NIPP are risk control and partnerships,
Risk Control
Taylor and Swanson (2019) highlight the importance of risk
control. The NIPP outlines the significant actions, milestones,
and indicators required to preserve CIKR (NIPP 2013, 2013). It
outlines a comprehensive risk management framework and
clearly defines roles and responsibilities for DHS, SSAs, and
other federal, state, municipal, tribal, territorial, and private
sector partners. Also, NIPP 2013 (2013) argues that an essential
component of the NIPP is its risk management framework,
which defines the methods for merging consequence,
vulnerability, and threat information to estimate national or
sector risk.
Model Sector Partnerships
Taylor and Swanson (2019) argue about the importance of
partnerships. The NIPP must be implemented by organizations
4. and partnerships committed to sharing and preserving
information (NIPP 2013, 2013). DHS, in collaboration with the
SSAs, oversees the NIPP partnership framework and
information-sharing network. Correspondence between public
and commercial sector partners on CIKR protection is
established through the coordination channels (NIPP 2013,
2013). Beyond direct partnership, the mechanisms outlined
below provide a national framework for fostering ties and
coordinating CIKR sectors.
Furthermore, Sector Cooperation Coordination (SCC) is the
primary private sector institution that coordinates a wide range
of CIKR protection operations and challenges with the
government (NIPP 2013, 2013). The Regional Consortium
Coordinating Council, together with Sector Coordinating
Councils and Government Coordinating Councils, establishes a
framework for government and the private sector to collaborate
and develop consensus-building approaches to essential
infrastructure varies in each sector, reflecting its makeup, but
should represent a broad range of owners, operators,
associations, and other entities (NIPP 2013, 2013).
Additionally, Coordinating Councils (GCC) are formed to
enable inter-agency and cross-jurisdictional coordination. The
GCC comprises delegates from several levels of government
(federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial) (NIPP 2013, 2013).
Council of the Regional Consortium (RCCC)
NIPP 2013 (2013) argues that the RCCC brings together
regional partnerships, groups, and governing entities to
coordinate CIKR protection across geographical and sector
boundaries. Also, global Coordination US-Canada includes the
Mexico Security and Prosperity Partnership, the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization's Senior Civil Emergency Planning
Committee, government councils such as the Committee on
Foreign Investment in the United States, and consensus-based
5. nongovernmental or public-private organizations (NIPP 2013,
2013). The CIPAC directly supports the sector partnership
approach by providing a legislative framework for SCC and
GCC members to collaborate on CIKR protection. The CIPAC
provides a venue for government and private sector partners to
discuss planning, coordination, implementation, and operational
challenges, as well as CIKR protection, response, and recovery
(NIPP 2013, 2013).
Biblical Worldview
Protecting the United States requires teamwork. Our Lord says,
“I must work the works of him that sent me, while it is day: the
night cometh, when no man can work” (King James Bible,
1769/2017, John 9:4). Also, our Lord says in Nehemiah 5:16,
“Yea, also I continued in the work of this wall, neither bought
we any land: and all my servants were gathered thither unto the
work.” Finally, our Lord says in 1 Kings 7:22, “And upon the
top of the pillars was lily work: so was the work of the pillars
finished.”
References
Baggott, S. S., & Santos, J. R. (2020). A risk analysis
framework for cyber security and critical infrastructure
protection of the u.s. electric power grid. Risk Analysis, 40(9),
1744–1761. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13511
King James Bible. (2017). King James Bible Online.
https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work
published 1769)
NIPP 2013 (2013) [Policy Brief]. (2013). U.S. Department of
Homeland Security. h (Links to an external
site.)ttps://www.dhs.gov
6. Osei-Kyei, R., Tam, V., Ma, M., & Mashiri, F. (2021). Critical
review of the threats affecting the building of critical
infrastructure resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk
Reduction, 60, 102316.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102316
Taylor, R. W., & Swanson, C. R. (2019). Terrorism, intelligence
& homeland security (2nd ed.). Pearson.
Ryan Eagleson
WednesdayNov 24 at 10:54pm
The United States has one of the most robust critical
infrastructures in the world, serving the approximate 330
million citizens that occupy the county. For reference, the
United States’ critical infrastructure is comprised of major
sectors that collectively constitute the necessary resources,
facilities, and governing bodies that allow the United States to
function (Taylor & Swanson, 2019). Currently, there are 16
different sectors within the United States. For example, the
nuclear, water, and transportation sectors are all separated as
they are individually vital for the United States to function
(Cheshmehzangi, 2021; Taylor & Swanson, 2019).
Unfortunately, government leaders have learned that since each
sector is essential to the United States’ level of functionality,
7. they are significant targets for opposing military forces and
provide numerous opportunities for any type of terroristic or
criminal attack (Taylor & Swanson, 2019). Therefore, and
perhaps less obvious, each critical infrastructure sector has
apparent vulnerabilities that, if not mitigated for, open the
United States to significant financial and information loss
(Collier & Lackoff, 2008).
A vast number of vulnerabilities exist for United States
critical infrastructure, some more apparent than others. One of
the most distinguished vulnerabilities that exist in the United
States involves the technological realm of cyber security
(Collier & Lackoff, 2008; Humphreys, 2019). Every single
critical infrastructure sector utilizes the internet, digital
accounts, web-based communication, and software that helps to
manage at least a fraction of their businesses and services
online (Humphreys, 2019). Online activities are becoming
increasingly risky to operate, especially considering that they
can become infiltrated, extorted from, and repurposed by
terrorists, cybercriminals, or hackers (Kadir et al., 2019). In
fact, the cyber security enterprise within the United States has
become a significant focus of homeland security due to the
exponential rise in online data and system breaches (Kadir et
al., 2019). Unfortunately, all of the critical infrastructure
sectors have experienced cyber-attacks. Cyber attacks are often
difficult to predict and undoubtedly challenging to prosecute. A
study by Brantly (2018) contends that many cybercriminals or
terrorists do not feel the effects of deterrence as robustly when
committing cybercrimes. Instead, cybercriminals or terrorists
can hide behind a screen and perhaps thousands of miles from
their victims (Brantly, 2018).
Concerning recommendations toward mitigating cybercrime
and cyberterrorism, several options exist. Srinivas et al. (2019)
make several suggestions on how public, private, and
government cyber entities can keep their systems secure in the
8. wake of increasing cybercrime, cyberterrorism, and hacking
operations. They suggest that cybersecurity is established best
when policy-makers incorporate standardization within all cyber
activities (Srinivas et al., 2019). For example, private and
public businesses need to establish a standardized procurement
process when obtaining new cyber equipment. Srinivas et al.
(2019) contend that following a standardized procurement
process that is methodically researched and emplaced within the
policy will keep companies safer. He and Zhang (2019) focus on
the importance of workplace education on cyber systems. They
explain that all companies and government entities should
require ongoing cyber security training and programs (He &
Zhang, 2019). When its importance is emphasized and
embedded within a company’s culture, online security training
can drastically reduce cyberattacks and prevent massive grief
due to financial or informational loss (He & Zhang, 2019;
Srinivas et al., 2019). Whereas many more recommendations
exist, it is essential to include a Christian worldview
perspective within the mix. The Holy Bible highlights the
essentialness of being prepared and trained well to prevent
future problems, which is undoubtedly relevant regarding cyber
security, “That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly
furnished unto all good works” (King James Bible, 1769/2021, 2
Timothy 3:17).
References
Brantly, A. L. (2018). The cyber deterrence problem. Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
https://doi.org/10.23919/CYCON.2018.8405009 (Links to an
external site.)
Cheshmehzangi, A. (2021). Critical infrastructures and
safeguarding the city’s sustainability and peace. In Urban
9. health, sustainability, and peace in the day the world stopped
(pp. 55–60). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
981-16-4888-5_5 (Links to an external site.)
Collier, S. J., & Lackoff, A. (2008). The vulnerability of vital
systems: How “critical infrastructure” became a security
problem. In Securing ‘the homeland’ (pp. 17–39). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203926529-2 (Links to an external
site.)
He, W., & Zhang, Z. (2019). Enterprise cybersecurity training
and awareness programs: Recommendations for success. Journal
of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 29(4),
249–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2019.1611528
(Links to an external site.)
Humphreys, B. E. (2019). Critical infrastructure: Emerging
trends and policy considerations for Congress. Congressional
Research Service, 1–33.
everycrsreport.com/files/20190708_R45809_54416d7b2f43d416
96e8e971832aea5fe96a9919.pdf
Kadir, N. K., Judhariksawan, & Maskun. (2019). Terrorism and
cyberspace: A phenomenon of cyber-terrorism as transnational
crimes. FIAT JUSTISIA, 13(4), 333–344.
https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v13no4.1735 (Links to an
external site.)
King James Bible. (2021). King James Bible Online.
https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org (Original Work
Published 1769)
Srinivas, J., Das, A., & Kumar, N. (2019). Government
regulations in cyber security: Framework, standards and
recommendations. Future Generation Computer Systems, 92,
178–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.09.063 (Links to
10. an external site.)
Taylor, R. W., & Swanson, C. R. (2019). Terrorism, intelligence
& homeland security (2nd ed.). Pearson.
Food Footprint Analysis
Objectives:
This Assignment addresses the following CCO objectives:
2. Present environmental information using effective written
and/or oral communications
3. Describe, numerically and graphically, various presentations
of data
6. Describe conditions that promote various ecosystems and
appraise the impacts of human endeavors on them
7. Find, evaluate, use and cite variety of informational
resources relevant to environmental science
9. Describe the impact human activities had on natural systems
10. Evaluate a range of cultural and social approaches to
environmental problems
13. Assess the effect and importance of individual behavior on
environmental issues
18. Develop informed views based on critical evaluation of
information sources
19. Engage in problem solving of environmental issues
Due Date: Please see the Assignment and Syllabus for Due
DatesCredit: This activity is worth _30_ points, see Rubric for
details.
A FoodPrint (food footprint) is the ecological footprint of the
food we eat based on the way it is raised and brought to market.
It includes the land area necessary for the production of the
food and in the case of livestock, the production of the feed for
those animals. For seafood it includes the oceans/lakes/rivers
required to produce the food items. It also includes a measure of
the land necessary to absorb the wastes produced in the
production of the food, the manure, carbon dioxide (CO2) from
transportation, landfill space from packaging, etc.
([email protected], 2008)
11. Complete the activities below and submit your findings in a
Word document attached to the Assignment in Blackboard. Be
certain to properly cite your sources in APA (Name, Year)
format with a full references list at the end of your submission.
To help you better understand this assignment, Read the article,
Food’s Carbon Footprint from nutritionist Jane Richards at
GreenEatz.com (http://www.greeneatz.com/foods-carbon-
footprint.html)
Part 1: Estimate your Ecological Footprint
· Go to the Global Footprint Network’s Ecological Footprint
Calculator: https://www.footprintcalculator.org/
· Complete the Quiz and find your Earth Overshoot date and the
number of planets you need for your lifestyle.
· Then choose the See Details arrow to get more information.
· Answer the following questions in a brief (2-3 sentences)
paragraph:
1a) How many global hectares does just your food require?
Compare this to the land area available per person on the planet.
1b) Describe ways that you could reduce your Food Footprint?
(Be certain to cite your sources and use academic grammar and
mechanics in your response.)
Part 2: Your Personal Food Diary
· Choose a typical day in your week, one where you are working
or attending school. Make a complete list of the items you eat &
drink throughout that day. Create a table to help you organize
your foods.
· List each food item and try to identify the actual amount of
each food that you have consumed (including calories).
· List all the ingredients. Remember whole foods don’t have
ingredients, and some ingredients (i.e. mayonnaise) have
additional ingredients within them.
· Your food diary MUST include a minimum of 5 items and/or
between 1000-2000 calories.* There are a number of widely
available apps for estimating the amount and caloric content of
your food. *If you are under the care of a physician and have a
calorie-restricted diet please contact your instructor prior to
12. turning in your Assignment for further instructions.
Food Item
Amount (g)
Ingredients:
Granola bar
42g, 190 calories
whole grain oats, sugar, canola oil, dark chocolate chips (sugar,
chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, soy lecithin, natural flavor),
roasted peanuts, yellow corn flour, soy flour, peanut butter,
brown sugar syrup, honey, salt, natural flavor, soy lecithin,
baking soda (package listing)
apple
Medium ~50g, 75 calories
apple, Macintosh
Skim milk French Vanilla Swirl Iced Macchiato
24fl oz, 240 calories
Skim Milk; Brewed Espresso Coffee; French Vanilla Flavored
Swirl Syrup: Sweetened Condensed Skim Milk, Sugar, High
Fructose Corn Syrup, Water, Natural and Artificial Flavor,
Potassium Sorbate (Preservative), Salt.
(Dunkin Donuts, 2017)
Your table will have more rows to reach a minimum of 1000
calories and 5 food items.
· This is an incomplete EXAMPLE of what Table 1 should look
like.
If you need help creating a table in word (you can use Excel if
you want), here are a few resources:
· How to Make a Table On Microsoft Word
· Insert a table
Part 3: Food FootPrint Analysis
Now that you have taken a long, hard look at the foods you
actually eat, identify the impacts of these foods on our planet
and your health. Generally the less a food has to travel, the less
CO2 is produced. Foods produced by large, industrial farming
13. practices tend to use more fertilizer, water, and pesticides.
Fresh, sustainably grown, organic and local foods tend to have
better nutrition than highly processed items.
For each item in your Food Diary:
1) Is the item a whole or a processed food?
2) Was the item organically or industrially grown? Include the
evidence you have to support this
3) How far has the food traveled to get to your plate? These are
your “food miles”.
There are a number of online calculators to help you with this,
or you can use Google maps to get the distance.
Example Food Miles calculators:https://www.foodmiles.com/
[This one is based in the UK but you can select your home
country and it will use Washington DC as your ‘home’
location.]
http://www.fallsbrookcentre.ca/cgi-bin/calculate.pl [This one is
more comprehensive, but the results are more challenging to
interpret.]
4) Multiply the miles traveled (from #3) by the CO2 per mile
conversion below to get your Carbon Footprint for that item.
Remember this is an estimate only and that many additional
factors come into play in the ‘real world’.
If transported by car (locally): 0.65 lbs CO2/mi
19.4 lbs CO2 per gallon of gasoline (DOE, 2009) / 30mpg (my
car’s mpg) = 0.65 lbs CO2 per mile
If shipped by truck: 3.7 lbs CO2/mi 22.2 lbs CO2 per
gallon of diesel fuel (DOE, 2009) / 6 mpg (Geotab, 2019) = 3.7
lbs CO2 per mile.
(This is the most common within the US, Canada & Mexico)
If shipped by air: 0.5 lbs CO2/mi
(Carbon Fund, 2016)
If shipped by boat: 0.06 lbs CO2/mi
(Carbon Fund, 2016)
5) What would be an example of a lower carbon footprint food?
Please note, you don’t actually have to eat this food, it is a
14. thought experiment. Unless you list a locally grown, organic,
in-season fruit or vegetable, there will be a lower carbon
option!
This is an incompleteEXAMPLE of what Table 2 should look
like:
Food Item
1)
Whole or Processed
2)
Organic or Industrial
3)
Food Miles
(mi)
CO2 conversion factor
(lbs /mi)
4)
Estimated Carbon Footprint
(lbs CO2)
5) Lower carbon alternative?
Granola bar
Processed
Industrial
607
3.7
2,246
Locally grown oatmeal
Apple
Whole
Organic (label)
20
0.65
13
This is a locally grown in season fruit.
Dunkin Iced Coffee
Processed
15. Industrial
Coffee:
2,396 (Bogota, Columbia)
Cream:
988 (Wisconsin)
0.06
3.7
144 +
3657 =
3800 total
Water from the tap
**Note that this is a SAMPLE, you must complete Table 2 for
each item in Table 1.
Be certain to properly cite your sources in APA format with a
full references list at the end of your submission.
Part 4: Conclusions
Please respond to each of the questions below in a short essay
(2-3 paragraphs) which uses academic English and is properly
cited in APA (Name, Year) format.
· What have you learned about your personal Food FootPrint in
terms of both health and ecological impacts from this activity?
· What factors contribute most to your food choices?
· Explain what impacts would be reduced buying more local
foods?
· Would you be willing to make changes to your diet based on
these results? Why or why not?
· What resources exist to enable you to purchase locally grown
foods in Baltimore? Provide at least two (2) locations where
16. you could purchase these foods.
· Describe any programs that exist in our area that would enable
a person of limited income to get better access to healthy food
choices. (This will require research; be sure to cite your
sources.)Submission:
Submit your Food Footprint Assignment as a single
documentand upload it the assignment submission link on
Blackboard. Your document should include both your tables,
your essay, and references. You must use academic English in
your response, and you must provide citations in APA for all
information outside of your personal experiences (include in-
text citations AND a full reference list)
References:
Carbon Fund. (2016). How we calculate. Retrieved from
https://carbonfund.org/how-we-calculate/
Department of Energy (DOE). (2009). Fact#576: Carbon
dioxide from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel. Vehicle
Technologies Office. Retrieved from
https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-576-june-22- 2009-
carbon-dioxide-gasoline-and-diesel-fuel
Dunkin Donuts. (2017). Iced macchiato. Retrieved on May 26,
2017 from https://www.dunkindonuts.com/en/food-drinks/iced-
drinks/iced-macchiato
[email protected] Publishing, LTD. (2017). Sustainable Food:
Food footprint – what it means.
Retrieved May 26, 2017 from
http://sustainablefood.com/Foodfootprint-What.htm
Geotab. (2019). The State of Fuel Economy in Trucking.
Retrieved from https://www.geotab.com/truck- mpg-
benchmark/
Richards, J. (n.d.). Food’s Carbon Footprint. Retrieved May 26,
2017 from http://www.greeneatz.com/foods-carbon-
footprint.html
17. AMERICAN'S VARIOUS AREAS OF CRITICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES 1
AMERICA’S VARIOUS AREAS OF CRITICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES 5
Comment by Srini: Hello Jervaughn, welcome to the
Online Writing Center (OWC). My name is Srini, and I will be
reviewing your paper. While I cannot edit your work, I will
make some helpful suggestions and point out errors. I will be
looking for patterns of error and will point the things you can
look for during editing. If the error occurs in other places, I will
add the words, apply throughout, to alert you to look for the
error.
Please note that Liberty University has decided that graduate
and doctoral students are to follow the APA 7th edition
Professional Format. You can also find highlights for the
changes at APA Guide.
Disclaimer: Remember that the OWC is not an editing service.
Our comments and suggestions are not exhaustive. Our service
is designed to help you recognize and correct your writing so
that you can become a better writer. Except where otherwise
noted, formatting suggestions follow the latest (7th) edition of
the APA Publication Manual. If in doubt about whether to use
the 7th edition, please consult your professor. Also note the
following statement from the OWC website: "OWC staff may
not be held responsible for recognizing plagiarism or
interpreting Safe Assign scores but will note any improper
citations, documentation, or formatting. Comment by Srini:
You have used different font for the running head. Be sure to
maintain the same font throughout your paper. Liberty
University recommends normal style and a standard Times New
Roman 12 black for APA format papers (APA 2.19). See the
18. OWC APA Format Quick Guide for more help.
American's Various Areas of Critical Infrastructure and Key
Resources
Jervaughn ReidComment by Srini: APA title page elements for
the professional version (used by graduate and doctoral
students) are to be centered and double-spaced, 3 or 4 lines
down from the top margin. They should include the paper’s title
(in bold), the author’s name a blank double-spaced line below
the title, and the institution affiliation below the author’s name
(APA 2.3). Also, Change the spacing before and after to “0.”
They should be black color. See the OWC APA Format Quick
Guide for more help.
Helm school of Government, Liberty University Comment by
Srini: The word school is a proper noun in this context. A
proper noun and any derivative adjectives are always
capitalized; however, the preceding article is not. For example,
capitalize “the Empire State Building.” The OWC website has a
presentation on capitalization here:
https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Capitalization.pdf.
American's Various Areas of Critical Infrastructure and Key
Resources
Critical infrastructure and key resources( CIKR) is an umbrella
term that refers to the assets of the United State crucial to the
national health, public and safety security, economic
importance, and way of life. Critical infrastructure comprises
transport, food and water systems, agriculture, and
communication. The CIKR entails all the resources contributing
to the systems including the police. Intelligent community and
armed forces. In the United State, CIKR was passed through
during Patriot Act in 1996 (Young et al.,2017). Critical
19. infrastructure security has become a serious concern as the
systems involved are becoming connected resulting in high
vulnerability attacks. Through the protection of the CIKR, the
American people are also protected contributing to peace and
harmony. Comment by Srini: Incorrect spacing after the open
parenthesis for this acronym. Acronyms are a type of
abbreviation and should follow the same guidelines (APA 6.24-
25). Spell out what the initials stand for upon first use, followed
by the acronym in parentheses. You should then use the
acronym by itself in future instances. For example,
“International Business Machines (IBM).” Check out the writing
resources on the OWC website. Comment by Srini: The
noun State should be in the plural form. Also, this phrase does
not flow smooth. Refer to the worksheet on sentence
construction and rephrase it for clariy:
https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Sentence_Construction.pdf
Apply throughout Comment by Srini: You are missing a
comma here. When “including” is used to give examples, use a
comma. For example: “I like food, including curry, cake, caviar,
and sticky toffee pudding”. There is an excellent presentation
on comma usage on the OWC’s website:
https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Commas.pdf
Apply throughout Comment by Srini: You are missing a space
after the punctuation here. Place one space after punctuation
marks (commas, semicolons, etc.) within a sentence. Check out
the writing resources on the OWC website.
Apply throughout Comment by Srini: Commas are used to
separate a non-restrictive element. A nonrestrictive element -
one that is not essential to the basic meaning of the sentence -
could be removed and the sentence would still make sense. Use
commas to set off any nonrestrictive parts of a sentence. For
20. example, instead of “James Bill’s father went into the garage,”
the correct alternative would be “James, Bill’s father, went into
the garage.” The reader does not need to know that James is
Bill’s father to know the basic meaning of the sentence: James
went into the garage. There is an excellent presentation on
comma usage on the OWC’s website:
https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Commas.pdf
Apply throughout
Vulnerabilities to America's Various Areas of Critical
Infrastructure and key Resources. Comment by Srini: You
have an incorrect terminal punctuation for this heading. Level 1
headings are centered, boldface, in title case (all major words
capitalized). (APA 2.27).
Level 2 headings are left-aligned, boldface, in title case (all
major words capitalized). (APA 2.27). See the OWC APA
Format Quick Guide for more help.
Vulnerability and threats concerning critical infrastructure
have been recognized as challenges for a long period (Taylor &
Swanson, 2016). From disturbance to nuclear energy plants to
disclosed electrical grids, both private and public organizations
are accountable for the protection of the public from potential
cyberattacks. Some of the attacks and threats to critical
infrastructure security are discussed below. Comment by
Srini: The phrase the protection of is wordy. Vigorous writing is
concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a
paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a
drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no
unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his
sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects
only in outline, but that every word tell.
To start with, network segmentation is an architectural
strategy that split networks into several multiple sections
permitting network administrators to have access to the traffic
flow based on the administrative policies. Attacks on the
21. network segmentation allow the gain of vulnerable information
and assets in an organization. Highly confidential intellectual
property and information can be obtained. Comment by
Srini: The subordinate phrase To start with does not modifying
the subject network segmentation. To communicate your ideas
clearly, you must place a modifier directly next to the word it is
supposed to modify. The modifier should clearly refer to a
specific word in the sentence. For example, instead of, “At eight
years old, my father gave me a pony for Christmas.” Assuming
the father was not eight years old, the sentence should be
rewritten: “When I was eight years old, my father gave me a
pony for Christmas.” See the OWC’s article on misplaced
modifiers: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-
center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Misplaced_Modifiers.ppt
Secondly, Web application attacks are devastating to the
CIKR. The OT systems including Human management interlinks
as well as programmed logic computers ate highly
interconnected to the network which is easily accessible through
the use of remote making them highly vulnerable. Comment by
Srini: Which is a relative pronoun and determiner that will be
used to refer to something previously mentioned and then add or
introduce more information. These nonrestrictive clauses always
use a comma before which. When they occur in the middle of a
sentence, they are wrapped in two commas. If it’s the last
phrase, there is only one comma. They are very easy to
recognize because you can remove them from a sentence, and
the sentence remains complete. Here are some examples.
White Manor House, which was built in 1843, is an important
local monument.
The local mayor will open the new 24/7 medical clinic, which is
located on Jarvis Street.
Moreover, command injection and parameters manipulation
are the most serious vulnerabilities existing. Use of Command
injection and parameter manipulation happens when unverified
code is passed as a required input for the execution of attacks.
22. (Kenter et al,2021). The risk occurs when dynamically built
commands are leveraged by attackers to execute arbitrary
execution on underlying operating systems. Comment by
Srini: In APA 7, for a work with three or more authors, list the
first author and “et al.” for all citations, including the first
citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity. Here is how
this would look for a source authored by Sokoto, Lai, and Bakke
published in 2017: (Sokoto et al., 2017)
Replace the word and between two authors’ names with an
ampersand (&) in parenthetical citations (APA 8.17). For
example, (Smith & Jones, 2021). When using a narrative
citation in-text, use and between the two author last names. For
example: According to Smith and Jones (2021) …
CIKR owners and managers out to be aware of their role
and duty in terms of protection to the critical infrastructure and
resources. Some of the recommendations to guide the resource
owners on the protection of critical assets include identifying
owned and operated CIKR and understanding CIKR asset
interdependencies. Comment by Srini: Incorrect word choice
here. See this helpful resource for more information:
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/word-choice/
Firstly, identification of the owned and operated CIKR is
essential for the organization for it helps in evaluating the
entity assets and functions as part of the United States CIKR
inventory. Through understanding the sector's assets are
affiliated, DHS sector-specific plans are organized as per the
National infrastructure protection plan. DHS plan facilitates in
guiding the owner with the information on the main operating
characteristics of the sector.
Secondly, understanding the CIKR asset interdependencies help
in facilitating brainstorming sessions which help in the
identification of various ways the entity may be connected with
other vital critical infrastructure protection. Comment by
Srini: Your paragraph here consists of only one sentence.
Proper paragraph development requires a clear topic sentence
23. followed by two or more supporting sentences that substantiate
your topic sentence. Either develop this as a paragraph more
fully or incorporate the sentence into your following paragraph
if appropriate to avoid one- or two-sentence paragraphs. There
is an excellent presentation on paragraph construction on the
OWC website at: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-
success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Paragraph_Construction.pdf
Apply throughout
Comment by Srini: Paragraphs are to be left justified,
double-spaced with no extra line spacing between paragraphs,
and indented 0.5” (APA 2.21-2.24). Using MS Word’s “Home”
“Paragraph” makes formatting easier. Change the spacing before
and after to “0.” See the OWC APA Format Quick Guide for
more help.
Apply throughout
Biblical Integration
The Holy Bible relates to the CIRK in Proverbs 27:12 “ The
prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going
and pay the penalty”(King James Bible, 1769/2018). This means
that the CIRK should be protected at all cause for the security
of the people. Comment by Srini: You have incorrect space and
punctuation for this biblical citation. Avoid quoting biblical
passages without an introductory phrase. For example, instead
of using “John 14:6: ‘Jesus answered, “I am the way…,” the
correct way would be “The pastor quoted John 14:6: ‘Jesus
answered, “I am the way…” See GrammarBook.com for more
information. Comment by Srini: You are missing a space
between the ending quote and opening parenthesis here.
Comment by Srini: This is an overused pronoun. Be careful
in its use that the reader can see to what noun “this” is referring
and avoid beginning sentences with this. See
24. GrammarBook.com for more information.
Conclusion
Critical infrastructure comprises transport, food and water
systems, agriculture, and communication. The CIKR entails all
the resources contributing to the systems including the police.
Some of the attacks and threats to critical infrastructure security
include Web application attacks and network segmentation.
Some of the recommendation to guide the resource owners on
the protection of critical assets includes identifying owned and
operated CIKR and understanding CIKR asset
interdependencies. Comment by Srini: The structure of this
sentence is so complicated that its meaning gets lost or
confused. Consider simplifying. There is an excellent worksheet
on sentence construction here:
https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Sentence_Construction.pdf
References Comment by Srini: You have an extra space
here. The heading, References, should be centered and bolded,
double space after. The works referenced should be left-
justified, double-spaced, unnumbered, and alphabetized by the
first author’s last name. Each entry should use a hanging indent,
wherein lines after the first are indented. There is no extra line
spacing between entries. Also, Change the spacing before and
after to “0.” Use normal style and a standard Times New Roman
font size 12 (APA 2.12). The OWC has an excellent video
tutorial on reference entries here:
https://watch.liberty.edu/media/t/1_1g6ou5pl
Kenter, R. C., & Goldsmith, M. (2021). Law Enforcement and
the Protection of Critical Infrastructures. In The Role of Law
Enforcement in Emergency Management and Homeland
Security. Emerald Publishing Limited.
King James Bible. (2018). King James Bible online
25. https://biblehub.com/proverbs/27-12.htm Comment by Srini: If
you’re citing a classic version of the Bible, you’ll generally be
referring to a modern reprint of that version, rather than the
original. The first date you list in your reference is the date of
the reprint, and the date of original publication appears at the
end.
In your in-text citations, this order is reversed; the original date
is listed first, then the date of the edition used, separated by a
slash.
Format Bible Version Title. (Year). Publisher. (Original work
published Year)
Reference entry King James Bible. (2008). Oxford
University Press. (Original work published 1769)
Taylor, R. W., & Swanson, C. R. (2016). Terrorism,
intelligence, and homeland security. Pearson.
Young, R. R., Gordon, G. A., & Plant, J. F. (2017). Railway
Security: Protecting Against Manmade and Natural Disasters.
Routledge. Comment by Srini: Jervaughn, thank you for the
opportunity to review your paper. As you revise your paper,
consider the comments regarding title page format, spacing,
commas, citations, word-choice, and sentence structure. These
revisions will help you present a grammatically accurate and
academic standard paper that helps readers understand the ideas
you wish to convey.
Review the comment in the greeting and the linked Comparison
Chart of APA-6 and APA-7 and Sample APA-targeted f7 paper
for Graduate & Doctoral Students documents that discuss
Liberty University’s decision to have graduate students follow
the professional formatting guidelines for papers.
I trust that these comments will help you with your paper. If
you have any additional questions, feel free to email the OWC
at [email protected] If you need further assistance, then you can
request a live appointment at www.liberty.edu/online/online-
26. writing-center/. You may also wish to check out the writing aids
and the Live Chat at the OWC. God bless you and thank you for
using the OWC.
Srini
CJUS 820
Discussion Assignment Instructions
The student will complete 8 Discussions in this course. The
student will post one thread of at least 500 words by 11:59 p.m.
(ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. The student
must then post 2 replies of at least 250 words by 11:59 p.m.
(ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For each thread,
students must support their assertions with at least 2 scholarly
citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 2
scholarly citation(s) in APA format. Any sources cited must
have been published within the last five years. Acceptable
sources include texts, articles, presentations, the Bible, blogs,
videos, etc.
Thread
Discuss the vulnerabilities to America's various areas of critical
infrastructure and key resources. Also, discuss what might be
done and make recommendations for how to better secure and
protect these areas.
Please include Biblical worldview with verse and citation
27. preferably King James Bible
Criteria Ratings Points
Content:
Thread
15 to >13.0 pts
Advanced
• Each Question/prompt is
answered thoroughly with
a logical flow. • Major
points are conveyed in a
clear and scholarly
manner. • Response is
focused and remains on
topic.
13 to >11.0 pts
Proficient
• Student provides a response to
each question/prompt. • Major
points are generally conveyed in a
clear manner. • Response is
generally focused, fairly clear and
logical.
28. 11 to >0.0 pts
Developing
• Student does
not respond to all
aspects of the
question or
elements of the
question. • Some
major points are
missing and/or
there is a lack of
clarity in
conveying the
information.
• Response lacks
focus and does
not provide a
logical flow of
thought.
0 pts
Not
Present
15 pts
Content
Thread:
Research
Engagement
13 to >10.0 pts
29. Advanced
Ideas and concepts
discussed in the Learn
section are present and
integrated well integrated
into the discussion.
10 to >8.0 pts
Proficient
Ideas and concepts discussed in
the Learn section are mostly
present and integrated into the
discussion.
8 to >0.0 pts
Developing
Some or few
ideas and
concepts
discussed in the
Learn section are
present and
integrated into the
discussion.
0 pts
Not
Present
30. 13 pts
Content:
Reply
13 to >10.0 pts
Advanced
• At least 2 unique
postings or interactions
with classmate’s present.
• Student cites at least one
source in each unique
response to classmates.
• Student integrates
biblical principles into each
unique response.
• Student’s response
displays evidence of
thoughtful integration of
concepts from the course
and student’s familiarity
with course concepts is
evident.
10 to >8.0 pts
Proficient
• At least 2 unique postings or
interactions with classmate’s
present. • Student cites at least
one source in each unique
response to classmates.
• Student integrates biblical
31. principles into unique responses
to classmates with some repetition
or lack of nexus to class materials.
• Student’s response displays
some evidence of thoughtful
integration of concepts from the
course and indicates some level
of familiarity with the concepts of
the discussion.
8 to >0.0 pts
Developing
• One unique
response to
classmate
missing. • Replies
are redundant,
lack clarity or
engagement.
• Very little or no
new ideas,
information or
analysis added to
the discussion.
0 pts
Not
Present
13 pts
Discussion Grading Rubric | CJUS820_D02_202140
32. Criteria Ratings Points
Content
Biblical
Integration
12 to >10.0 pts
Advanced
Student brings clarity to
issues being discussed
relating issues to
Scripture/biblical principles
and experience.
10 to >8.0 pts
Proficient
Student brings some clarity to
issues being discussed relating
issues to Scripture/biblical
principles and experience.
8 to >0.0 pts
Developing
Student brings
little clarity to
issues being
discussed relating
33. issues to
Scripture/biblical
principles and
experience.
0 pts
Not
Present
12 pts
Structure
Grammar,
Spelling &
APA
12 to >10.0 pts
Advanced
Little or no errors in
grammar, spelling, and
APA formatting.
10 to >8.0 pts
Proficient
Some errors present in grammar,
spelling, and APA formatting
present.
8 to >0.0 pts
34. Developing
Numerous errors
in grammar,
spelling, and/or
APA formatting
present.
0 pts
Not
Present
12 pts
Structure
Word Count:
Thread and
Replies
10 to >8.0 pts
Advanced
Little or no errors in
grammar, spelling, and
APA formatting.
8 to >6.0 pts
Proficient
Some errors present in grammar,
spelling, and APA formatting
present.
35. 6 to >0.0 pts
Developing
Numerous errors
in grammar,
spelling, and/or
APA formatting
present.
0 pts
Not
Present
10 pts
Total Points: 75
Discussion Grading Rubric | CJUS820_D02_202140