Critical infrastructure risk assessment depends on evaluating threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences of potential attacks. Quantitative risk analysis assigns numeric values to allow comparisons between infrastructure, while qualitative analysis uses matrices to examine likelihood and impacts. Comprehensive risk assessment considers multiple factors without unrealistic worst-case scenarios. It evaluates assets differently based on their functions and populations served to appropriately allocate resources.
Charless Initial ResponseCharles B. FreitagHelms School oJinElias52
Charles's Initial Response
Charles B. Freitag
Helms School of Government, Liberty University
Definition of Critical Infrastructure
Critical infrastructure refers to those physical or virtual systems and assets that are so crucial to the United States that their incapacity or destruction would have a crippling effect on national security (Taylor & Swanson, 2019). Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) argue that the threats to America's crucial infrastructure and resources critical infrastructures are vital to a nation's physical and logical life. Furthermore, crucial infrastructure is required for daily public welfare, economic growth, and government activities (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021). Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) add that water supply, healthcare (hospitals, medicines, and vaccines), financial services (banks and insurance), civil administration (government functions and facilities), and transportation systems (road, rail, and air traffic) are all critical infrastructures. Critical infrastructures are interconnected and complex (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021).
Moreover, this means that the operation of one critical infrastructure is dependent on the operation of others (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021). For example, keeping a steady supply of energy is essential for water and telecommunications networks. Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) argue that a single critical infrastructure failure can cause cascading effects on other critical infrastructures, causing regional or national implications. The tight interconnection of vital infrastructures complicates crisis management. Finally, given the intricate interconnection of critical infrastructure networks, governments have increasingly needed to design resilient critical infrastructure systems (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021).
Vulnerabilities of Critical Infrastructure
Baggott and Santos (2020) add that the impact of a cyberattack on the power grid is markedly different from that of a natural disaster. The ramifications could be far worse (Baggott & Santos, 2020). Cyberattacks may have a detrimental effect on the morale of impacted communities and may erode trust in service providers. Baggott and Santos (2020) argue that while natural disasters are incapable of selecting a specific target (i.e., a critical location or node of the network), a cyberattacker can pinpoint a specific node, time, and method of attack using information about the grid's design that is readily available in open source (non-classified) material on the Internet. Hurricane Matthew recently knocked out electricity to an estimated 1.4 million people and killed over 1,000; while Hurricane Matthew was devastating, the repercussions may have been even worse had the storm's timing and direction been altered slightly (Baggott & Santos, 2020).
Taylor and Swanson (2019) argue that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, underscored the threat and vulnerability of essential infrastructure. Additionally, federal, state, and municipal governments have recognized this vulner ...
1Running head CYBERWARCYBER WAR9Outstanding title.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: CYBERWAR
CYBER WAR
9
Outstanding title page formatting
Cyber War
Name
University
Professor
04/28/2018
Introduction Cyber War
Cyber warfare refers to a computer or network-based conflict that disrupts the activities of a state or
organization by deliberate attacking critical infrastructures. Cyber attacks can also be described as an attack by hostile groups such as terrorist or hacker groups aimed, at furthering the goals of a given nation. To have a better understanding, cyber warfare can take different forms such as; viruses that can take down water supplies, military systems, transportation systems, hacking and theft of critical data from government and private institutions. This paper will focus on assessing various mechanism applied in different articles to counter cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure. Further, by analyzing the results and experience in Xia, Becerra-Fernandez, Gudi, & Rocha-Mier (2011), the essay will also show how
the findings can be utilized in real life scenario.
1. What do the articles have in common?
According to Clemente (2011), the advancement of interconnection between different infrastructures sectors has boosted by the escalation of cyberspace. The author points out that the security
implications are inevitable especially in this era of cyberspace and infrastructure. The main idea in the article involves around the definition of ‘critical’ infrastructure to enable effective prioritization and protection of nodes and connection points. FEMA (2013
), points out that the United States well being relies upon secure critical infrastructure that forms American society. According to Saadawi, & Jordan
, (2011), there is need to establish an international cyber union that will help overcome cybersecurity challenges in securing cyberinfrastructure. This article considers the practical considerations that are associated with EINSTEIN 3 and how this can be used to ensure effective protection of critical infrastructure networks. Having evaluated the main argument of these articles, they all share the aspect of understanding cybersecurity and different ways ensuring infrastructure protection.
2. What are the differences in their assessment of cybersecurity and critical infrastructure protection?
The above articles portray some distinction in their evaluation of cyber war and protection of vital infrastructure. The first article by Clemente (2011), tries to examine how cybersecurity challenges can be overcome by understanding various components in society. The article offers more theoretical approaches to counterattack cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures. The second article by FEMA (2013
) is more detailed and comprehensive on the issue of cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures in the society. For instance, it offers a plan that will require a federal agency (SSA) to lead a coordinated process for vital infrastructure security within criti ...
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words- MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESI (1).docxestefana2345678
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words. MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESIDES THE TEXTBOOK. Must cite at least 2 sources in addition to the Bible.
TEXTBOOK: Bennett, B. T. (2018).
Understanding, assessing, and responding to terrorism:
Protecting critical infrastructure and personnel
(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 9781119237785.
**AMY***
The term critical infrastructure (CI) has changed multiple times over the last twenty years; however, the general concept of what constitutes critical infrastructure has remained fairly consistent since the first formal definition was developed under the Clinton Administration in 19996 (Bennett, 2018). According to the author, since President William Clinton’s Executive Order 13010, the term and concept underwent various changes; two years after EO 13010, President Clinton signed the Presidential Decision Directive 63, which added the “cyber†to the definition of CI. After the attacks on September 11, 2001, CI was re-defined under the Bush administration per the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. Bennett noted that the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added the concept of “key resources†to the CI definition, an area of CI that is crucial to the proper functioning of the various Cis. This post will discuss what critical infrastructure means, what soft and hard targets are, define cascading effects, and what the author believes is the most important CI within the author's geographical location and why this CI was chosen.
What does critical infrastructure mean?
Critical infrastructure is a blanket term that encompasses 16/17 “systems and assets, physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that incapacity or destruction of such systems or assets would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, health, or safety, or combination of those matters†(Bennett, 2018, p. 41; Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency [CISA], 2020, pp. 1). As previously mentioned, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added “key resources†to the definition of critical infrastructure; key resources are defined as the publicly or privately controlled individual resources essential to the minimal operation of the economy and government (Bennett, p. 41). According to Bennett, while key resources do not hold the same status as critical infrastructure, they are important and necessary for the production, functioning, and maintenance of various critical infrastructures. Bennett summarized critical infrastructure as the important assets we want and depend on to be available and functional when needed (p. 43).
What are soft and hard targets?
The terms soft and hard targets describe the levels of protection any given critical infrastructure asset or location has. Protection includes physical security and countermeasures in place for any potential attack or natural d.
HM502
Unit 5 DQ
Topic 1: Infrastructure Protection
A detailed discussion of threats to and the process of protecting critical infrastructure and key resources (CI/KR) sectors from man-made and natural disasters are essential for understanding one of the main missions of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In detailed analysis of threats and protection challenges, several CI/KR sectors have emerged that require the attention of DHS professionals. These sectors include:
· Agriculture and Food
· Banking and Finance
· Communications
· Defense Industrial Base
· Energy
· Information Technology
· National Monuments and Icons
· Transportation Systems
· Water
What are some of the major threats to the CI/KR sectors identified above? Discuss some of the critical vulnerabilities of these CI/KR sectors. What are some of the prime consequences if these CI/KR sectors are damaged or destroyed? Describe DHS plans to deter threats, mitigate vulnerabilities, and minimize consequences.
Topic 1 Student Response #1 (Respond to Jeffery)
Jeffery Bailey
Hello classmates/Professor
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 provides the basis for Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsibilities in the protection of the Nation’s CIKR. The act assigns DHS the responsibility for developing a comprehensive national plan for securing CIKR and for recommending the “measures necessary to protect the key resources and critical infrastructure of the United States coordination with other agencies of the Federal Government and in cooperation with State and
local government agencies and authorities, the private sector, and other entities. (Chertoff, 2009) The NIPP defines the organizational structures that provide
the framework for coordination of CIKR protection efforts at all levels of government, their framework includes the action of setting goals and objectives, Identify Assets, Systems and Networks, Assess Risk, consequences, vulnerabilities, and threats. Prioritize, Implement Programs and Measure effectiveness.
The NIPP Conducts research and development and using technology to improve CIKR protection-related capabilities to ensure refined risk assessments for many years into the future. The NIPP assistance programs offers Federal grant assistance to State, local, tribal, and territorial entities; and complement relevant private sector activities. Part of their mission is to make America safer and more secure from cyber attacks and also both man made and natural disasters. Together, the NIPP and SSPs provide the mechanisms for identifying critical assets, systems, and networks, and their associated sectors. In dealing with risk and emergencies the NIPP has Sector Specific Agencies that are assigned certain areas of responsibilities such as Agriculture, Food, Energy and Water. Banking and Finance Communications, in dealing with the potential risk that may befall any of these entities the NIPP takes critical steps to assess, mitigate, protect, and plan for futur ...
Disaster and crisis management is a global problem. Scenarios range from short-term localized events to those with widespread impact persisting for years or decades. From personal experience and research in the topic area, there is clearly a need for a technology “platform” that can integrate cross-disciplinary agencies, civilians, contractors, and any other conceivable stakeholder. These stakeholders (including the environment and the public) will benefit immensely from integration and standardization in a problem-solving environment, especially in light of the value of human life. This approach should lead to enhanced preservation of life and safety, reduced environmental impact, and overall improvement in disaster response and mitigation – irrespective of the disaster type or scale.
Charless Initial ResponseCharles B. FreitagHelms School oJinElias52
Charles's Initial Response
Charles B. Freitag
Helms School of Government, Liberty University
Definition of Critical Infrastructure
Critical infrastructure refers to those physical or virtual systems and assets that are so crucial to the United States that their incapacity or destruction would have a crippling effect on national security (Taylor & Swanson, 2019). Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) argue that the threats to America's crucial infrastructure and resources critical infrastructures are vital to a nation's physical and logical life. Furthermore, crucial infrastructure is required for daily public welfare, economic growth, and government activities (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021). Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) add that water supply, healthcare (hospitals, medicines, and vaccines), financial services (banks and insurance), civil administration (government functions and facilities), and transportation systems (road, rail, and air traffic) are all critical infrastructures. Critical infrastructures are interconnected and complex (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021).
Moreover, this means that the operation of one critical infrastructure is dependent on the operation of others (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021). For example, keeping a steady supply of energy is essential for water and telecommunications networks. Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) argue that a single critical infrastructure failure can cause cascading effects on other critical infrastructures, causing regional or national implications. The tight interconnection of vital infrastructures complicates crisis management. Finally, given the intricate interconnection of critical infrastructure networks, governments have increasingly needed to design resilient critical infrastructure systems (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021).
Vulnerabilities of Critical Infrastructure
Baggott and Santos (2020) add that the impact of a cyberattack on the power grid is markedly different from that of a natural disaster. The ramifications could be far worse (Baggott & Santos, 2020). Cyberattacks may have a detrimental effect on the morale of impacted communities and may erode trust in service providers. Baggott and Santos (2020) argue that while natural disasters are incapable of selecting a specific target (i.e., a critical location or node of the network), a cyberattacker can pinpoint a specific node, time, and method of attack using information about the grid's design that is readily available in open source (non-classified) material on the Internet. Hurricane Matthew recently knocked out electricity to an estimated 1.4 million people and killed over 1,000; while Hurricane Matthew was devastating, the repercussions may have been even worse had the storm's timing and direction been altered slightly (Baggott & Santos, 2020).
Taylor and Swanson (2019) argue that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, underscored the threat and vulnerability of essential infrastructure. Additionally, federal, state, and municipal governments have recognized this vulner ...
1Running head CYBERWARCYBER WAR9Outstanding title.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: CYBERWAR
CYBER WAR
9
Outstanding title page formatting
Cyber War
Name
University
Professor
04/28/2018
Introduction Cyber War
Cyber warfare refers to a computer or network-based conflict that disrupts the activities of a state or
organization by deliberate attacking critical infrastructures. Cyber attacks can also be described as an attack by hostile groups such as terrorist or hacker groups aimed, at furthering the goals of a given nation. To have a better understanding, cyber warfare can take different forms such as; viruses that can take down water supplies, military systems, transportation systems, hacking and theft of critical data from government and private institutions. This paper will focus on assessing various mechanism applied in different articles to counter cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure. Further, by analyzing the results and experience in Xia, Becerra-Fernandez, Gudi, & Rocha-Mier (2011), the essay will also show how
the findings can be utilized in real life scenario.
1. What do the articles have in common?
According to Clemente (2011), the advancement of interconnection between different infrastructures sectors has boosted by the escalation of cyberspace. The author points out that the security
implications are inevitable especially in this era of cyberspace and infrastructure. The main idea in the article involves around the definition of ‘critical’ infrastructure to enable effective prioritization and protection of nodes and connection points. FEMA (2013
), points out that the United States well being relies upon secure critical infrastructure that forms American society. According to Saadawi, & Jordan
, (2011), there is need to establish an international cyber union that will help overcome cybersecurity challenges in securing cyberinfrastructure. This article considers the practical considerations that are associated with EINSTEIN 3 and how this can be used to ensure effective protection of critical infrastructure networks. Having evaluated the main argument of these articles, they all share the aspect of understanding cybersecurity and different ways ensuring infrastructure protection.
2. What are the differences in their assessment of cybersecurity and critical infrastructure protection?
The above articles portray some distinction in their evaluation of cyber war and protection of vital infrastructure. The first article by Clemente (2011), tries to examine how cybersecurity challenges can be overcome by understanding various components in society. The article offers more theoretical approaches to counterattack cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures. The second article by FEMA (2013
) is more detailed and comprehensive on the issue of cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures in the society. For instance, it offers a plan that will require a federal agency (SSA) to lead a coordinated process for vital infrastructure security within criti ...
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words- MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESI (1).docxestefana2345678
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words. MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESIDES THE TEXTBOOK. Must cite at least 2 sources in addition to the Bible.
TEXTBOOK: Bennett, B. T. (2018).
Understanding, assessing, and responding to terrorism:
Protecting critical infrastructure and personnel
(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 9781119237785.
**AMY***
The term critical infrastructure (CI) has changed multiple times over the last twenty years; however, the general concept of what constitutes critical infrastructure has remained fairly consistent since the first formal definition was developed under the Clinton Administration in 19996 (Bennett, 2018). According to the author, since President William Clinton’s Executive Order 13010, the term and concept underwent various changes; two years after EO 13010, President Clinton signed the Presidential Decision Directive 63, which added the “cyber†to the definition of CI. After the attacks on September 11, 2001, CI was re-defined under the Bush administration per the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. Bennett noted that the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added the concept of “key resources†to the CI definition, an area of CI that is crucial to the proper functioning of the various Cis. This post will discuss what critical infrastructure means, what soft and hard targets are, define cascading effects, and what the author believes is the most important CI within the author's geographical location and why this CI was chosen.
What does critical infrastructure mean?
Critical infrastructure is a blanket term that encompasses 16/17 “systems and assets, physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that incapacity or destruction of such systems or assets would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, health, or safety, or combination of those matters†(Bennett, 2018, p. 41; Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency [CISA], 2020, pp. 1). As previously mentioned, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added “key resources†to the definition of critical infrastructure; key resources are defined as the publicly or privately controlled individual resources essential to the minimal operation of the economy and government (Bennett, p. 41). According to Bennett, while key resources do not hold the same status as critical infrastructure, they are important and necessary for the production, functioning, and maintenance of various critical infrastructures. Bennett summarized critical infrastructure as the important assets we want and depend on to be available and functional when needed (p. 43).
What are soft and hard targets?
The terms soft and hard targets describe the levels of protection any given critical infrastructure asset or location has. Protection includes physical security and countermeasures in place for any potential attack or natural d.
HM502
Unit 5 DQ
Topic 1: Infrastructure Protection
A detailed discussion of threats to and the process of protecting critical infrastructure and key resources (CI/KR) sectors from man-made and natural disasters are essential for understanding one of the main missions of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In detailed analysis of threats and protection challenges, several CI/KR sectors have emerged that require the attention of DHS professionals. These sectors include:
· Agriculture and Food
· Banking and Finance
· Communications
· Defense Industrial Base
· Energy
· Information Technology
· National Monuments and Icons
· Transportation Systems
· Water
What are some of the major threats to the CI/KR sectors identified above? Discuss some of the critical vulnerabilities of these CI/KR sectors. What are some of the prime consequences if these CI/KR sectors are damaged or destroyed? Describe DHS plans to deter threats, mitigate vulnerabilities, and minimize consequences.
Topic 1 Student Response #1 (Respond to Jeffery)
Jeffery Bailey
Hello classmates/Professor
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 provides the basis for Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsibilities in the protection of the Nation’s CIKR. The act assigns DHS the responsibility for developing a comprehensive national plan for securing CIKR and for recommending the “measures necessary to protect the key resources and critical infrastructure of the United States coordination with other agencies of the Federal Government and in cooperation with State and
local government agencies and authorities, the private sector, and other entities. (Chertoff, 2009) The NIPP defines the organizational structures that provide
the framework for coordination of CIKR protection efforts at all levels of government, their framework includes the action of setting goals and objectives, Identify Assets, Systems and Networks, Assess Risk, consequences, vulnerabilities, and threats. Prioritize, Implement Programs and Measure effectiveness.
The NIPP Conducts research and development and using technology to improve CIKR protection-related capabilities to ensure refined risk assessments for many years into the future. The NIPP assistance programs offers Federal grant assistance to State, local, tribal, and territorial entities; and complement relevant private sector activities. Part of their mission is to make America safer and more secure from cyber attacks and also both man made and natural disasters. Together, the NIPP and SSPs provide the mechanisms for identifying critical assets, systems, and networks, and their associated sectors. In dealing with risk and emergencies the NIPP has Sector Specific Agencies that are assigned certain areas of responsibilities such as Agriculture, Food, Energy and Water. Banking and Finance Communications, in dealing with the potential risk that may befall any of these entities the NIPP takes critical steps to assess, mitigate, protect, and plan for futur ...
Disaster and crisis management is a global problem. Scenarios range from short-term localized events to those with widespread impact persisting for years or decades. From personal experience and research in the topic area, there is clearly a need for a technology “platform” that can integrate cross-disciplinary agencies, civilians, contractors, and any other conceivable stakeholder. These stakeholders (including the environment and the public) will benefit immensely from integration and standardization in a problem-solving environment, especially in light of the value of human life. This approach should lead to enhanced preservation of life and safety, reduced environmental impact, and overall improvement in disaster response and mitigation – irrespective of the disaster type or scale.
1 A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the New Orleans Flood P.docxjoyjonna282
1
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the New Orleans Flood Protection System
Stéphane Hallegatte1
Center for Environmental Sciences and Policy, Stanford University,
and
Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement, Ecole Nationale des
Ponts-et-Chaussées
Abstract
In the early stages of rebuilding New Orleans, a decision has to be made on the
level of flood protection the city should implement. Such decisions are usually
based on cost-benefit analyses. But in such an analysis, the results are contingent on
a number of underlying assumptions and varying these assumptions can lead to
different recommendations. Indeed, though a standard first-order analysis rules out
category 5 hurricane protection, taking into account climate change and other
human-related disruptions of environment, second-order impacts of large-scale
disasters, possible changes in the discount rate, risk aversion and damage
heterogeneity may make such a hurricane protection a rational investment, even if
countervailing risks and moral hazard issues are included in the analysis. These
results stress the high sensitivity of the CBA recommendation to several uncertain
assumptions, highlight the importance of second-order costs and damage
heterogeneity in welfare losses, and show how climate change creates an additional
layer of uncertainty in infrastructure design that increases the probability of either
under-adaptation (and increased risk) or over-adaptation (and sunk costs).
Introduction
Six months after the deadly landfall of the category 4 Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans, there is
an active debate about the reconstruction of New Orleans and the design of its future flood
protection system (e.g., Schwartz, 2005; Bohannon and Enserink, 2005). Although the
reconstruction of New Orleans has been questioned by House Speaker Dennis Hastert and is still a
debated question (Hahn, 2005), this paper will assume that it will be eventually carried out and
focus on an adjacent question, namely the necessity of making the city flood protection system able
to cope with category 5 hurricanes.
1 corresponding author ([email protected]). I am grateful to Philippe Ambrosi, Hans-Martin Füssel, François
Gusdorf, Minh Ha-Duong, Robert Hahn, Mike Jackson, Mike Mastrandrea and Jonathan Wiener for very useful
suggestions and advices on the form and content of this article. This research was supported by the European
Commission's Project No. 12975 (NEST) “Extreme events: Causes and consequences (E2-C2)”.
2
The design of natural disaster protection systems is based on cost-benefit analyses (CBA; see for
instance Arrow et al., 1996), even though other decision-making frameworks have been proposed
(e.g., the precautionary principle). In a CBA framework, New Orleans would only benefit from a
flood protection system able to cope with category 5 hurrica ...
Laypeople's and Experts' Risk Perception of Cloud Computing Services neirew J
Cloud computing is revolutionising the way software services are procured and used by Government
organizations and SMEs. Quantitative risk assessment of Cloud services is complex and undermined by
specific security concerns regarding data confidentiality, integrity and availability. This study explores how
the gap between the quantitative risk assessment and the perception of the risk can produce a bias in the
decision-making process about Cloud computing adoption.
The risk perception of experts in Cloud computing (N=37) and laypeople (N=81) about ten Cloud
computing services was investigated using the psychometric paradigm. Results suggest that the risk
perception of Cloud services can be represented by two components, called “dread risk” and “unknown
risk”, which may explain up to 46% of the variance. Other factors influencing the risk perception were
“perceived benefits”, “trust in regulatory authorities” and “technology attitude”.
This study suggests some implications that could support Government and non-Government organizations
in their strategies for Cloud computing adoption.
Cloud computing is revolutionising the way software services are procured and used by Government organizations and SMEs. Quantitative risk assessment of Cloud services is complex and undermined by specific security concerns regarding data confidentiality, integrity and availability. This study explores how the gap between the quantitative risk assessment and the perception of the risk can produce a bias in the decision-making process about Cloud computing adoption.
The risk perception of experts in Cloud computing (N=37) and laypeople (N=81) about ten Cloud computing services was investigated using the psychometric paradigm. Results suggest that the risk
perception of Cloud services can be represented by two components, called “dread risk” and “unknown risk”, which may explain up to 46% of the variance. Other factors influencing the risk perception were “perceived benefits”, “trust in regulatory authorities” and “technology attitude”.
This study suggests some implications that could support Government and non-Government organizations
in their strategies for Cloud computing adoption.
ARTICLE IN PRESSContents lists available at ScienceDirect.docxfestockton
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Telecommunications Policy
Telecommunications Policy 33 (2009) 706–719
0308-59
doi:10.1
� Cor
E-m
URL: www.elsevierbusinessandmanagement.com/locate/telpol
Cybersecurity: Stakeholder incentives, externalities,
and policy options
Johannes M. Bauer a,�, Michel J.G. van Eeten b
a Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies, and Media; Quello Center for Telecommunication Management and Law,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
b Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
a r t i c l e i n f o
Keywords:
Cybersecurity
Cybercrime
Security incentives
Externalities
Information security policy
Regulation.
61/$ - see front matter & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. A
016/j.telpol.2009.09.001
responding author. Tel.: þ1 517 432 8003; fax:
ail addresses: [email protected] (J.M. Bauer), m
a b s t r a c t
Information security breaches are increasingly motivated by fraudulent and criminal
motives. Reducing their considerable costs has become a pressing issue. Although
cybersecurity has strong public good characteristics, most information security
decisions are made by individual stakeholders. Due to the interconnectedness of
cyberspace, these decentralized decisions are afflicted with externalities that can
result in sub-optimal security levels. Devising effective solutions to this problem is
complicated by the global nature of cyberspace, the interdependence of stakeholders, as
well as the diversity and heterogeneity of players. The paper develops a framework for
studying the co-evolution of the markets for cybercrime and cybersecurity. It examines
the incentives of stakeholders to provide for security and their implications for the ICT
ecosystem. The findings show that market and non-market relations in the information
infrastructure generate many security-enhancing incentives. However, pervasive
externalities remain that can only be corrected by voluntary or government-led
collective measures.
& 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Malicious software (‘‘malware’’) has become a serious security threat for users of the Internet. Estimates of the total cost
to society of information security breaches vary but data published by private security firms, non-profit organizations, and
government, all indicate that their cost is non-negligible and increasing. From a societal point of view, not only the direct
cost (e.g., repair cost, losses due to fraud) but also indirect costs (e.g., costs of preventative measures) and implicit costs
(e.g., slower productivity increases due to reduced trust in electronic transactions) have to be attributed to information
security breaches. Bauer, Van Eeten, Chattopadhyay, and Wu (2008) in a meta-study of a broad range of research conclude
that a conservative estimate of these costs may fall between 0.2% and 0.4% of global GDP. A catastrophic security fail ...
Discussion Question Looking over the next five years, in your op.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion Question: Looking over the next five years, in your opinion, what will be the single greatest threat to the nation’s homeland security posture? Explain the reasoning for your selection. How well does DHS’ Fiscal Years 2014-2018 Strategic Plan address this threat?
Instructions: Fully utilize the materials that have been provided to you in order to support your response. Your initial post should be at least 350 words.
Lesson
Week Eight – Risk, Threat and Consequence in the Future
Predicting the future is an activity frequently fraught with uncertainty. Still, it is an activity that those of us who find ourselves within the homeland security enterprise must constantly engage in. Whether it’s those within the intelligence, the emergency response and emergency management communities, or those who might not be sure what role they play (such as academia or the business community), we all make decisions based upon what might occur in the future (whether that be the next moment, week, or years down the road). In addition, the input we provide and predictions we make impact others as well, whether that is our elected leaders who could utilize such information in their decision making process, or simply family members, coworkers, or students. Lastly, any steps taken moving forward must support the current National Preparedness Goal, which is:
A secure and resilient Nation with the capabilities required across the whole community to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the threats and hazards that pose the greatest risk. (DHS, 2015, p. 1)
Therefore, a balancing act of sorts must be taken that keeps an eye on present responsibilities and commitments, while looking ahead to what the future might hold. So in this our final week of class, we will look at factors likely to affect risk, threat and consequences for our communities in the future.
In 2010, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) launched the Strategic Foresight Initiative (SFI) as an ongoing effort to determine those factors that will impact risk factors in the nation as a whole and in our nation’s communities over the next 20 years. The SFI has resulted in the publication of a number of documents. Perhaps the most relevant to this current discussion is Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030: Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. The information found within this report is a culmination of the efforts of literally hundreds of emergency management and homeland security professionals and practitioners. They admit that moving forward; there is both an increased complexity and decreased predictability related to the operating environment our nation will find itself addressing. Therefore, it would behoove us to seriously consider the issues they have highlighted and make needed changes where applicable.
Forces of Change
With the help of technology and other factors, the world in which we live is an extremely interconnected one..
HOW REVERSIBILITY DIFFERENTIATES CYBER FROM KINETIC WARFARE: A CASE STUDY IN ...ijsptm
A pair of attacks on energy sector assets offers a unique opportunity to better understand the differences in
impact from cyber and kinetic warfare. A review of the 2021 cyber attack on Colonial Pipeline and the
missile strike on the Syvash wind farm demonstrates the principle of reversibility in action, particularly in
regard to the short-lived nature of cyber attacks. Within the context of security and strategy, particularly at
the cyber/energy security nexus, this means that traditional state security thinking needs to evolve to
address threats in the cyber domain rather than try to retrofit dated strategies. The two cases compared
offer lessons that can be applied more broadly in the formation of state-level cyber and energy strategic
thinking, ultimately improving resilience and the appropriateness of protection.
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 150 words eachPost 1It isnt so mfelipaser7p
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 150 words each
Post 1
It isn't so much what role the private sector plays in the determination of risks related to the challenges at the local level. It becomes more of what isn't the private sector doing and why aren't they contributing resources to Homeland Security. The private sector continually dedicates resources, funding, and personnel in support of Homeland Security and the operations associated with the partnership. "Within homeland security, there are five partnership archetypes that encompass the types of relationships we share with the private sector" (Department of Homeland Security, 2014, p. 61). These partnership archetypes allow Homeland Security and private sector organizations to utilize such models when challenges, roles, and responsibilities are defined. When challenges, roles, and responsibilities are not defined the problem increases, therefore the flexibility of the models can occur to achieve the desire outcome. The archetypes contribute to the private sector in the determination of risks related to the six challenges associated with Homeland Security. This is because the models can be applied to any situation or involvement between the two at the local level. When a model isn't achievable, the method or intertwining or conjoint models helps achieve in determination.
A specific example of how a privately owned or operated companies and business add or reduce risk in one of the six strategic challenge areas is the Air Cargo Advance Screening (ACAS) Program. This program correlates to the terrorism strategic challenge because it requires the partnership between the federal industry and the airline industry. This requires airline industries to submit documentation of air cargo in advance regarding shipments arriving to the U.S. from foreign locations. Granted this was originally a voluntary process that airlines already participated in, however, in June 2018 it become a requirement. "This is a necessary measure as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) continues to raise the baseline on aviation security worldwide" (Department of Homeland Security, 2018, p. 1). It is a practical application in mitigating future terrorism because it requires airlines to submit the documentation of air cargo at the earliest possibility before the cargo is loaded on the plane that it's being transported to the U.S. This program aids in the reduction and helps reduce terrorism because terrorism will employ any means necessary to send and receive the necessary tools and equipment to commit terrorist acts against U.S.
Post 2
As I continue to read and learn about the Quadrennial homeland security review, the more I realize how important and informative of a document it is regarding threats to the US. Hopefully, the 2018 version is released soon so we can see how threats change and evolve. As it relates to threats and hazards to the US and critical infrastructure, the private sector and public collaborate ofte ...
Risk-Sensitive Mitigation Planning in Seismically Vulnerable Urban Areas civej
Over the past decade, several number of commercial and non-commercial catastrophe risk models have been developed to assess the financial losses caused by natural catastrophes including earthquakes. The output of such models are in different sectors such as disaster risks management, financial institutions and also research centers. Generally, due to great amount of inherent uncertainty in these models the direct
deployment of the results by the user is a tough process. As an example, in disaster risk reduction sector a common missing link in this context is a decision-support medium that interprets the risk analysis outputs to the non-technical stakeholders. To overcome this problem, user-friendly analytical tools can be
employed to translate the disaster risk analysis results into an understandable language for the potential stakeholder user. Presenting two models, attempts to address two different examples of such decisionsupport tools. The first model, UERI, is structured to incorporate several urban risk components (hazard, physical vulnerability, disaster management facilities and human exposure) based on a number earthquake
risk indicators. The second tooles the use of a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model to finds an opt spatil land-use allocation patter a given urban environment area.
Both models are capable of assisting decision-makers in using the output results of existing damage and loss estimation methodologies and also facilitating the process of risk reduction planning by providing basic solutions for stakeholders. The proposed models have been applied to a vulnerable urban area in Tehran, Iran and their performances have been examined.
RISK-SENSITIVE MITIGATION PLANNING IN SEISMICALLY VULNERABLE URBAN AREAScivej
Over the past decade, several number of commercial and non-commercial catastrophe risk models havebeen developed to assess the financial losses caused by natural catastrophes including earthquakes. Theoutput of such models are in different sectors such as disaster risks management, financial institutions and
also research centers. Generally, due to great amount of inherent uncertainty in these models the direct
deployment of the results by the user is a tough process. As an example, in disaster risk reduction sector a
common missing link in this context is a decision-support medium that interprets the risk analysis outputs
to the non-technical stakeholders. To overcome this problem, user-friendly analytical tools can be
employed to translate the disaster risk analysis results into an understandable language for the potential
stakeholder user. Presenting two models, attempts to address two different examples of such decisionsupport
tools. The first model, UERI, is structured to incorporate several urban risk components (hazard,physical vulnerability, disaster management facilities and human exposure) based on a number earthquake
risk indicators. The second tooles the use of a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model to
finds an opt spatil land-use allocation patter a given urban environment area.
Both models are capable of assisting decision-makers in using the output results of existing damage and
loss estimation methodologies and also facilitating the process of risk reduction planning by providing
basic solutions for stakeholders. The proposed models have been applied to a vulnerable urban area in
Tehran, Iran and their performances have been examined.
1 A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the New Orleans Flood P.docxjoyjonna282
1
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the New Orleans Flood Protection System
Stéphane Hallegatte1
Center for Environmental Sciences and Policy, Stanford University,
and
Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement, Ecole Nationale des
Ponts-et-Chaussées
Abstract
In the early stages of rebuilding New Orleans, a decision has to be made on the
level of flood protection the city should implement. Such decisions are usually
based on cost-benefit analyses. But in such an analysis, the results are contingent on
a number of underlying assumptions and varying these assumptions can lead to
different recommendations. Indeed, though a standard first-order analysis rules out
category 5 hurricane protection, taking into account climate change and other
human-related disruptions of environment, second-order impacts of large-scale
disasters, possible changes in the discount rate, risk aversion and damage
heterogeneity may make such a hurricane protection a rational investment, even if
countervailing risks and moral hazard issues are included in the analysis. These
results stress the high sensitivity of the CBA recommendation to several uncertain
assumptions, highlight the importance of second-order costs and damage
heterogeneity in welfare losses, and show how climate change creates an additional
layer of uncertainty in infrastructure design that increases the probability of either
under-adaptation (and increased risk) or over-adaptation (and sunk costs).
Introduction
Six months after the deadly landfall of the category 4 Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans, there is
an active debate about the reconstruction of New Orleans and the design of its future flood
protection system (e.g., Schwartz, 2005; Bohannon and Enserink, 2005). Although the
reconstruction of New Orleans has been questioned by House Speaker Dennis Hastert and is still a
debated question (Hahn, 2005), this paper will assume that it will be eventually carried out and
focus on an adjacent question, namely the necessity of making the city flood protection system able
to cope with category 5 hurricanes.
1 corresponding author ([email protected]). I am grateful to Philippe Ambrosi, Hans-Martin Füssel, François
Gusdorf, Minh Ha-Duong, Robert Hahn, Mike Jackson, Mike Mastrandrea and Jonathan Wiener for very useful
suggestions and advices on the form and content of this article. This research was supported by the European
Commission's Project No. 12975 (NEST) “Extreme events: Causes and consequences (E2-C2)”.
2
The design of natural disaster protection systems is based on cost-benefit analyses (CBA; see for
instance Arrow et al., 1996), even though other decision-making frameworks have been proposed
(e.g., the precautionary principle). In a CBA framework, New Orleans would only benefit from a
flood protection system able to cope with category 5 hurrica ...
Laypeople's and Experts' Risk Perception of Cloud Computing Services neirew J
Cloud computing is revolutionising the way software services are procured and used by Government
organizations and SMEs. Quantitative risk assessment of Cloud services is complex and undermined by
specific security concerns regarding data confidentiality, integrity and availability. This study explores how
the gap between the quantitative risk assessment and the perception of the risk can produce a bias in the
decision-making process about Cloud computing adoption.
The risk perception of experts in Cloud computing (N=37) and laypeople (N=81) about ten Cloud
computing services was investigated using the psychometric paradigm. Results suggest that the risk
perception of Cloud services can be represented by two components, called “dread risk” and “unknown
risk”, which may explain up to 46% of the variance. Other factors influencing the risk perception were
“perceived benefits”, “trust in regulatory authorities” and “technology attitude”.
This study suggests some implications that could support Government and non-Government organizations
in their strategies for Cloud computing adoption.
Cloud computing is revolutionising the way software services are procured and used by Government organizations and SMEs. Quantitative risk assessment of Cloud services is complex and undermined by specific security concerns regarding data confidentiality, integrity and availability. This study explores how the gap between the quantitative risk assessment and the perception of the risk can produce a bias in the decision-making process about Cloud computing adoption.
The risk perception of experts in Cloud computing (N=37) and laypeople (N=81) about ten Cloud computing services was investigated using the psychometric paradigm. Results suggest that the risk
perception of Cloud services can be represented by two components, called “dread risk” and “unknown risk”, which may explain up to 46% of the variance. Other factors influencing the risk perception were “perceived benefits”, “trust in regulatory authorities” and “technology attitude”.
This study suggests some implications that could support Government and non-Government organizations
in their strategies for Cloud computing adoption.
ARTICLE IN PRESSContents lists available at ScienceDirect.docxfestockton
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Telecommunications Policy
Telecommunications Policy 33 (2009) 706–719
0308-59
doi:10.1
� Cor
E-m
URL: www.elsevierbusinessandmanagement.com/locate/telpol
Cybersecurity: Stakeholder incentives, externalities,
and policy options
Johannes M. Bauer a,�, Michel J.G. van Eeten b
a Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies, and Media; Quello Center for Telecommunication Management and Law,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
b Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
a r t i c l e i n f o
Keywords:
Cybersecurity
Cybercrime
Security incentives
Externalities
Information security policy
Regulation.
61/$ - see front matter & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. A
016/j.telpol.2009.09.001
responding author. Tel.: þ1 517 432 8003; fax:
ail addresses: [email protected] (J.M. Bauer), m
a b s t r a c t
Information security breaches are increasingly motivated by fraudulent and criminal
motives. Reducing their considerable costs has become a pressing issue. Although
cybersecurity has strong public good characteristics, most information security
decisions are made by individual stakeholders. Due to the interconnectedness of
cyberspace, these decentralized decisions are afflicted with externalities that can
result in sub-optimal security levels. Devising effective solutions to this problem is
complicated by the global nature of cyberspace, the interdependence of stakeholders, as
well as the diversity and heterogeneity of players. The paper develops a framework for
studying the co-evolution of the markets for cybercrime and cybersecurity. It examines
the incentives of stakeholders to provide for security and their implications for the ICT
ecosystem. The findings show that market and non-market relations in the information
infrastructure generate many security-enhancing incentives. However, pervasive
externalities remain that can only be corrected by voluntary or government-led
collective measures.
& 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Malicious software (‘‘malware’’) has become a serious security threat for users of the Internet. Estimates of the total cost
to society of information security breaches vary but data published by private security firms, non-profit organizations, and
government, all indicate that their cost is non-negligible and increasing. From a societal point of view, not only the direct
cost (e.g., repair cost, losses due to fraud) but also indirect costs (e.g., costs of preventative measures) and implicit costs
(e.g., slower productivity increases due to reduced trust in electronic transactions) have to be attributed to information
security breaches. Bauer, Van Eeten, Chattopadhyay, and Wu (2008) in a meta-study of a broad range of research conclude
that a conservative estimate of these costs may fall between 0.2% and 0.4% of global GDP. A catastrophic security fail ...
Discussion Question Looking over the next five years, in your op.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion Question: Looking over the next five years, in your opinion, what will be the single greatest threat to the nation’s homeland security posture? Explain the reasoning for your selection. How well does DHS’ Fiscal Years 2014-2018 Strategic Plan address this threat?
Instructions: Fully utilize the materials that have been provided to you in order to support your response. Your initial post should be at least 350 words.
Lesson
Week Eight – Risk, Threat and Consequence in the Future
Predicting the future is an activity frequently fraught with uncertainty. Still, it is an activity that those of us who find ourselves within the homeland security enterprise must constantly engage in. Whether it’s those within the intelligence, the emergency response and emergency management communities, or those who might not be sure what role they play (such as academia or the business community), we all make decisions based upon what might occur in the future (whether that be the next moment, week, or years down the road). In addition, the input we provide and predictions we make impact others as well, whether that is our elected leaders who could utilize such information in their decision making process, or simply family members, coworkers, or students. Lastly, any steps taken moving forward must support the current National Preparedness Goal, which is:
A secure and resilient Nation with the capabilities required across the whole community to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the threats and hazards that pose the greatest risk. (DHS, 2015, p. 1)
Therefore, a balancing act of sorts must be taken that keeps an eye on present responsibilities and commitments, while looking ahead to what the future might hold. So in this our final week of class, we will look at factors likely to affect risk, threat and consequences for our communities in the future.
In 2010, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) launched the Strategic Foresight Initiative (SFI) as an ongoing effort to determine those factors that will impact risk factors in the nation as a whole and in our nation’s communities over the next 20 years. The SFI has resulted in the publication of a number of documents. Perhaps the most relevant to this current discussion is Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030: Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. The information found within this report is a culmination of the efforts of literally hundreds of emergency management and homeland security professionals and practitioners. They admit that moving forward; there is both an increased complexity and decreased predictability related to the operating environment our nation will find itself addressing. Therefore, it would behoove us to seriously consider the issues they have highlighted and make needed changes where applicable.
Forces of Change
With the help of technology and other factors, the world in which we live is an extremely interconnected one..
HOW REVERSIBILITY DIFFERENTIATES CYBER FROM KINETIC WARFARE: A CASE STUDY IN ...ijsptm
A pair of attacks on energy sector assets offers a unique opportunity to better understand the differences in
impact from cyber and kinetic warfare. A review of the 2021 cyber attack on Colonial Pipeline and the
missile strike on the Syvash wind farm demonstrates the principle of reversibility in action, particularly in
regard to the short-lived nature of cyber attacks. Within the context of security and strategy, particularly at
the cyber/energy security nexus, this means that traditional state security thinking needs to evolve to
address threats in the cyber domain rather than try to retrofit dated strategies. The two cases compared
offer lessons that can be applied more broadly in the formation of state-level cyber and energy strategic
thinking, ultimately improving resilience and the appropriateness of protection.
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 150 words eachPost 1It isnt so mfelipaser7p
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 150 words each
Post 1
It isn't so much what role the private sector plays in the determination of risks related to the challenges at the local level. It becomes more of what isn't the private sector doing and why aren't they contributing resources to Homeland Security. The private sector continually dedicates resources, funding, and personnel in support of Homeland Security and the operations associated with the partnership. "Within homeland security, there are five partnership archetypes that encompass the types of relationships we share with the private sector" (Department of Homeland Security, 2014, p. 61). These partnership archetypes allow Homeland Security and private sector organizations to utilize such models when challenges, roles, and responsibilities are defined. When challenges, roles, and responsibilities are not defined the problem increases, therefore the flexibility of the models can occur to achieve the desire outcome. The archetypes contribute to the private sector in the determination of risks related to the six challenges associated with Homeland Security. This is because the models can be applied to any situation or involvement between the two at the local level. When a model isn't achievable, the method or intertwining or conjoint models helps achieve in determination.
A specific example of how a privately owned or operated companies and business add or reduce risk in one of the six strategic challenge areas is the Air Cargo Advance Screening (ACAS) Program. This program correlates to the terrorism strategic challenge because it requires the partnership between the federal industry and the airline industry. This requires airline industries to submit documentation of air cargo in advance regarding shipments arriving to the U.S. from foreign locations. Granted this was originally a voluntary process that airlines already participated in, however, in June 2018 it become a requirement. "This is a necessary measure as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) continues to raise the baseline on aviation security worldwide" (Department of Homeland Security, 2018, p. 1). It is a practical application in mitigating future terrorism because it requires airlines to submit the documentation of air cargo at the earliest possibility before the cargo is loaded on the plane that it's being transported to the U.S. This program aids in the reduction and helps reduce terrorism because terrorism will employ any means necessary to send and receive the necessary tools and equipment to commit terrorist acts against U.S.
Post 2
As I continue to read and learn about the Quadrennial homeland security review, the more I realize how important and informative of a document it is regarding threats to the US. Hopefully, the 2018 version is released soon so we can see how threats change and evolve. As it relates to threats and hazards to the US and critical infrastructure, the private sector and public collaborate ofte ...
Risk-Sensitive Mitigation Planning in Seismically Vulnerable Urban Areas civej
Over the past decade, several number of commercial and non-commercial catastrophe risk models have been developed to assess the financial losses caused by natural catastrophes including earthquakes. The output of such models are in different sectors such as disaster risks management, financial institutions and also research centers. Generally, due to great amount of inherent uncertainty in these models the direct
deployment of the results by the user is a tough process. As an example, in disaster risk reduction sector a common missing link in this context is a decision-support medium that interprets the risk analysis outputs to the non-technical stakeholders. To overcome this problem, user-friendly analytical tools can be
employed to translate the disaster risk analysis results into an understandable language for the potential stakeholder user. Presenting two models, attempts to address two different examples of such decisionsupport tools. The first model, UERI, is structured to incorporate several urban risk components (hazard, physical vulnerability, disaster management facilities and human exposure) based on a number earthquake
risk indicators. The second tooles the use of a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model to finds an opt spatil land-use allocation patter a given urban environment area.
Both models are capable of assisting decision-makers in using the output results of existing damage and loss estimation methodologies and also facilitating the process of risk reduction planning by providing basic solutions for stakeholders. The proposed models have been applied to a vulnerable urban area in Tehran, Iran and their performances have been examined.
RISK-SENSITIVE MITIGATION PLANNING IN SEISMICALLY VULNERABLE URBAN AREAScivej
Over the past decade, several number of commercial and non-commercial catastrophe risk models havebeen developed to assess the financial losses caused by natural catastrophes including earthquakes. Theoutput of such models are in different sectors such as disaster risks management, financial institutions and
also research centers. Generally, due to great amount of inherent uncertainty in these models the direct
deployment of the results by the user is a tough process. As an example, in disaster risk reduction sector a
common missing link in this context is a decision-support medium that interprets the risk analysis outputs
to the non-technical stakeholders. To overcome this problem, user-friendly analytical tools can be
employed to translate the disaster risk analysis results into an understandable language for the potential
stakeholder user. Presenting two models, attempts to address two different examples of such decisionsupport
tools. The first model, UERI, is structured to incorporate several urban risk components (hazard,physical vulnerability, disaster management facilities and human exposure) based on a number earthquake
risk indicators. The second tooles the use of a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model to
finds an opt spatil land-use allocation patter a given urban environment area.
Both models are capable of assisting decision-makers in using the output results of existing damage and
loss estimation methodologies and also facilitating the process of risk reduction planning by providing
basic solutions for stakeholders. The proposed models have been applied to a vulnerable urban area in
Tehran, Iran and their performances have been examined.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
1. HLSC 720-DISCUSSION 2-REPLY 1
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words. MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESIDES THE
TEXTBOOK. Must cite at least 2 sources in addition to the Bible.TEXTBOOK: Bennett, B. T.
(2018). Understanding, assessing, and responding to terrorism: Protecting critical
infrastructure and personnel (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN:
9781119237785.**FRANK**Critical infrastructure analysis, evaluation, and emergency
response ultimately depend upon its established risk assessment, weighing the value of
attack versus potential target vulnerability (Bennett, 2018). Bennett (2018) defines risk as,
a quantified measure of the possibility that a critical asset will suffer some degree or harm
or loss (Bennett, p. 203, 2018). Risk in its simplest form is a combination of three elements,
when discussing critical infrastructure, a threat toward the asset, any potential asset
vulnerabilities, and the resulting consequences of an attack (Bennett, 2018). Liu & Song
(2020) expanded upon this intentionally simplistic risk definition by including cyber
networks, big data, and telecommunications, encompassing risk assessment into the virtual
arena. Risk, increasingly, has moved beyond physical planning for actual critical
infrastructure response and into server management or cyber security (Liu & Song, 2020).
Quantitative/Qualitative Determining a true number to categorize risk based on
mathematical calculations which weigh a combination of risk-related elements briefly
describes quantitative risk analysis (Bennett, 2018). An essential aspect of quantitative risk
analysis is the establishment of an actual numerical value, allowing for a comparative scale
between multiple critical infrastructures across America (Lyu et al., 2019). For example, if
all libraries with open access were garnering a 3 on the risk scale, a library with partial
open access and metal detectors would be anointed a 2 on the risk scale, assuming the top is
a higher risk (Lyu et al., 2019). If a potential threat was intended upon using explosive
devices in each library, and each library had 50 employees, then the mitigated difference
between potential losses, determined from security differences, from the first to the second
library would establish its quantitative risk rating (Bennett, 2018). Critical Infrastructure
and its individualization denotate specific elements which increase or decrease their overall
risk assessment number, thereby, creating a quantitative risk assessment (Lyu et al.,
2019). Qualitative risk analysis, on the other hand, utilizes a matrix developed from
an event-descriptive scalable table exploring the ratio of hazard likelihood versus
consequences (Bennett, 2018). Although expansive, innately more complex and time-
consuming qualitative risk analysis is implemented more frequently in America,
particularly because it identifies changeable weak points (Bennett, 2018). For example,
2. Zimek & Hromada (2020) reviewed several consumer malls and shopping centers across
the world utilizing a lens of qualitative risk analysis. The research indicated that reducing
varying access points across the facilities could prevent terrorists easy access, limiting the
ease by which the attack could be carried out (Zimek & Hromada, 2020). Eventually, Zimek
& Hromada (2020) determining multiple entrances, exits, and hallways should be locked or
sealed to the general public, utilizing qualitative risk to improve upon weaknesses.
Comprehensive Risk/Worst Case Scenario Ascertaining the prominent factors in risk
requires a renewal of priorities, it appears the classic doomsayers or worst-case scenario
planners can, at times, prompt more action, however, operating within this theoretical full-
scale disaster mode often results in unrealistic expectations upon businesses or public
entities (Bennett, 2018). For example, if every military base, law enforcement agency, or
private hard target critical infrastructure attempted to incorporate anti-missile technology,
preventing nuclear attacks, the resulting cost and time expended would be inconceivable
(Gao & Deng, 2019). Therefore, researchers like (Gao & Deng) argue for a more achievable
risk assessment methodology, utilizing a comprehensive risk matrix to guide America, and
other world superpowers, toward affordable, achievable, and plausible risk-based
responses and changes. Levels of Analysis Layers of analysis must exist within a
comprehensive risk assessment, identifying the value of an asset through evaluation
becomes paramount to this process (Bennett, 2018). For example, a large urban police
station and a small town hall have completely different levels of value, and corresponding
risk assessment metrics (Bennett, 2018). The assets portfolio or services provided needs to
be weighed amongst its relative value, the urban police station keeps hundreds of
thousands of people safe, while the town hall is responsible for executive and clerical
decisions regarding tens of thousands of people (Gao & Deng, 2019). When viewing the
differences between the two targets in this light it becomes easy to determine a
comparative system-level assessment, hopefully, placing funds, personnel, and resources in
the proper track (Bennett, 2018). The allocation of resources versus risk
management, assessment, and analysis empowers many of Gods passages and messages,
For God gave us a spirit not of fear but of power and love and self-control (English Standard
Version, 2001/2016 2 Timothy 1:7). References Bennett, B. (2018). Understanding,
Assessing and Responding to Terrorism. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. English
Standard Version. (2016). Bible hub. Retrieved from https://biblehub.com (Original work
published 2001). Gao, S., & Deng, Y. (2019). An Evidential Evaluation of Nuclear Safeguards.
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719894550 Liu, W., & Song, Z. (2020). Review of
Studies on the Resilience of Urban Critical Infrastructure Networks. Reliability Engineering
& System Safety. 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106617 Lyu, X., Ding, Y., & Yang,
S. (2019). Safety and Security Risk Assessment in Cyber-Physical Systems. IET Cyber-
Physical Systems: Theory & Applications. 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-
cps.2018.5068 Zimek, O., & Hromada, M. (2020). Risk Analysis of Selected Soft Targets.
SGEM. 2(1). https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2020/2.1/s07.037