Charles I Turning Point

Charles I Turning Point
How far can the abdication of Charles I in 1555 be considered a key turning point in Spanish
History 1474–1598?
After the abdication of Charles I in 1555, his son Philip II became King of Spain, leaving a country
that had experienced many difficulties through the last century. Events such as Civil rebellions, an
uncertain monarchy and non–uniform religions had struck Spain, and various events had affected its
history. However, while the abdication was an important turning point in Spanish history, there are
various other events that also impacted it greatly. Events such as Ferdinand and Isabella establishing
themselves as Catholic Monarchs and giving Spain the front of defender of the Catholic faith,
Charles' election as Holy Roman Emperor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1525, Charles introduced an inquisition against Lutheran and Anabaptist heretics in the
Netherlands .He campaigned against the Infidel in central and eastern Europe, a move that was
supported by the Spanish people. He aimed to repel their advances in areas which threatened his
rule over his lands. In the Mediterranean, where Spanish interests were mainly threatened, he took
action in 1530, but in the end only four Spanish outposts remained on the north coast of Africa. It
was wars such as these that, while generally supported by Spain due to its religious policy, led to the
financial trouble Spain experienced in later reigns. Despite this, it shows how the Inquisition and
religious policies established by Ferdinand and Isabella continued to be upheld throughout
subsequent
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Q: European monarchs of the late fifteenth and early...
In northern Europe after the Middle Ages, monarchies began to build the foundations of their
countries that are still in affect today. During the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries these
"New Monarchs" made many relevant changes in their nations. During the middle of the fifteenth
century Europe was affected by war and rebellion, which weakened central governments. As the
monarchies attempted to develop into centralized governments once again, feudalism's influence
was lessened. This "new" idea of centralization was reflected in the monarch's actions. Rulers tried
to implement peace and restore the idea that the monarchy represented law and order in the nation.
These New Monarchs were able to build armies due to taxation, and ... Show more content on
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Louis XI and the Valois line formed a royal army, overpowered unruly nobles and bandits, and
increased the monarch's power over both parliament and the clergy. Louis XI was able to raise taxes
without the approval of parliament and eventually parliament asked for him to rule without their
input. The monarch's power over the clergy increased due to the Concordat of Bologna. In the
Concordat of Bologna, King Francis I and Pope Leo X signed an agreement that stated that the pope
was to be paid by French ecclesiastics, religious figures such as priests or the clergy, and the king
would appoint bishops and abbots.
The union of Aragon and Castile showed the establishment of the New Monarchy in Spain in 1469.
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile joined Aragon, which included the
Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily, and Naples, and Castile, the Americas, in a "personal union" only.
Both kingdoms recognized the monarchs, but there were few common institutions. The church
court, or Inquisition, was common however. Also, the church was reformed early on so it was free
from the corruption that occurred in the church in the rest of Europe. The reconquista was also
completed when Granada was taken over from the Moors in 1492. The church was at the center of
unification efforts. Palmer states it best as "(t)he rulers, though they

Spanish Empire Research Paper
Overall Introduction The Spanish Empire began with the union of Aragon and Castile to create the
unified territory of Spain. The exile of the moors created an attitude towards religious dominion.
This need to go out and convert other people led to the Age of Exploration in which Spain
discovered many new lands and converted millions of natives. This period also created the most
prosperous economy for Spain but would later be detrimental to the empire. New findings of gold
and silver flooded the economy which caused economic problems to coincide with other major
factors that caused the empire to fall. The Spanish Empire has been one of the largest empires in
history and influenced many parts of the world.
Middle of Empire: The Golden Age ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1518 Velazques tried to stop Cortes from going to Mexico but he went anyway. Cortes had many
desires but he "left Spain to seek his fortune in New World" (Hernán Cortés). Cortes took with him
500 men and 11 ships to the Mexican coastline. With the help of a native translator, Dona Marina,
Cortes was able to speak to the natives. Cortes did not treat the natives kindly, in fact he fought and
killed Montezuma who was the Aztec ruler. Once Cortes had heard the Spanish were coming to
arrest him for taking the ships he fled. The Spanish soldiers find Cortes and instead of arresting him,
Cortes tells them to join him in the fight. The soldiers ended up supporting Cortes and in 1521 and
the Spanish take the city of Tenochtitlan. It is clear to see how religion motivated the Spaniards
because "after the conquest of Mexico, a church was founded on the site of this temple" The image
below shows the major cities of the Aztec Empire which is located in Central

Ecclesiastical Breakdown And Revival: The Late Medieval...
Section Three: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival–The Late Medieval Church
Section Overview o By the latter thirteenth–century, the Roman Catholic Church appeared to be
extremely powerful.
 Threat of Holy Roman Empire to Rome vanquished
 The French king, Louis IX, was an enthusiastic supporter of the Church
 Council of Lyons (1274) declared a reunion of the Eastern Church with Rome after the pope sent
forces to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Turks (the reunion only lasted seven years)
The Thirteenth–Century Papacy o Pope Innocent III (r. 1198–1216) and the height of papal power
 Innocent enacted the doctrine of plentitude of power which enabled him to:
declare saints
dispose benefices
create a centralized papal monarchy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 French cardinals formed a conclave and elected Pope Clement VII, a cousin of the French king
The French cardinals claimed they had only voted for Urban VI out of fear
 Allegiances to the two popes
Urban VI (Italian pope in Rome) o supported by England and its allies including the Holy Roman
Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland)
Clement VII o supported by France and its allies including Naples, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon o
Conciliar Theory of Church Government
 conciliar theory
technically, since a pope is infallible, a council could not depose him
church scholars debated for thirty years whether or not a council of church leaders could regulate
the actions of a pope
'conciliarists' defined the church as a body, of which the pope was one member
Eventually, it was determined that cardinals representing both popes would convene at a council o
Council of Pisa (1409–1410)
 Cardinals convened and deposed both popes and elected a new pope, Alexander V
 Although most of western Europe accepted Alexander V a the legitimate pope, neither Urban VI
nor Clement VII agreed to step down o The Council of Constance (1414–1417)
 Three competing popes
John XXIII succeeded Alexander V as the consensus pope
Gregory XII succeeded Urban VI as the Italian

Spanish Empire Research Paper
The Spanish Empire was one of the biggest empires in the world also known as one of the primary
worldwide empires. Spain was an awfully capable nation in the 15 and 16th centuries. It driven
European exploration of the world, building the biggest colonies within the New World at the time
and it even made trade routes over the seas. The Spanish exchanged merchandise over the Atlantic
Sea, between Spain and its colonies within the Americas. They too exchanged over the Pacific Sea,
between Asian–Pacific nations and Mexico.
Spanish Conquistadors crushed the Aztec, Inca, and Maya Empires. They took huge domains in
North, South America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Spain made these domains into colonies. Spain,
particularly the kingdom of Castile, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this arrangement, Spain gave up its regions in Italy and The Netherlands. Spain was not Europe's
most prominent control. In any case, it would still have an critical part in European politics
Anyhow, at this time, Spain kept its huge overseas empire, and made it bigger. The Spanish Empire
went into conflict with the British Empire, which was attempting to take over more of America; the
French Empire; and the Dutch within the New World. Spain remained a major economic control
until it lost all its colonies within the Americas through revolutions.
Decolonization:
Spain decided to keep two colonies in its empire while in America: Cuba and Puerto Rico. It held
onto the Philippines and a few protected islands in Oceania, counting the Carolinas (counting the
Palau Islands) and the Marianas (counting Guam). In any case, when Spain lost the Spanish–
American War in 1898, it lost nearly all of these final regions. Spain kept control of the little islands
of Oceania (not counting Guam). Spain sold these islands to Germany in 1899. Spain attempted to
make up for these losses by making an another colonial empire in Africa. Spain controlled Morocco,
Western Sahara, and Equatorial Guinea, until decolonization within the 1960s and 1970s. The final
colony to pick up its freedom was the Sahara, in

Analysis Of Edward I Of England
Danny Ilyenko Mr. Coker World History A 1 October 2017 Edward I of England Edward was born
on June 17 of 1239 at the Westminster Palace. He was the firstborn of Henry III who was his father,
and Eleanor of Province was his mother. He was named after his father's favorite saint. "Edward
was a delicate child and suffered from a life threatening illness in 1246, which his devoted mother,
Eleanor of Province, nursed him through at Beaulieu Abbey" (Edward I). One of Edwards childhood
best friends was his cousin Henry of Almain, who was the son of his father's brother Richard. They
were such good friends that even as adults they stuck. Edward was a tall man whose height was 6
feet and 2 inches, he also had long arms and legs, this is where he ... Show more content on
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Edward had defeated Montfort's forces in the battle, this he thought. And he made a huge mistake of
following his enemies after they fled, because when he came back the rest of his army had been
captured and defeated. Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given as prisoners to the rebel
barons by an agreement called the Mise of Lewes. On May 28, 1265 Edward managed to escape his
enemy and joined the Earl of Gloucester, who had just become Henry III's ally. He later took over
Worcester and Gloucester, and Montfort had moved east to join his son Simon. Edward had a
surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle, right before he cut off Montfort. The opposite side met him and
they fought at the battle of Evesham on the August 4, 1265. Well in the end Montfort was killed and
defeated, his body was buried secretly near Evesham Abbey, while his head was sent over to
Wigmore Castle. Later in December, Edward had made peace with his younger cousin, Simon de
Montfort at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire. He led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports on
March 1266. The remaining rebels were hiding out at the Kenilworth Castle and didn't want to
surrender until Dictum of Kenilworth was taken over. Eleanor of Castile died in 1290 when she was
49. "Eleanor had been accompanying Edward on a journey to Lincoln, when she began to exhibit
symptoms of a feverish illness she had previously suffered from in 1287"(Edward I).She was forced
to go back home,

King Ferdinand II Of Aragon: Madrigalejo, Spain
King Ferdinand II of Aragon was born on March 10, 1452. He was born in Madrigalejo, Spain. His
father is John I of Aragon and his mother is Joanna Henriquez. He has an older stepbrother, Charles
IV of Viana. When Queen Blanche died in 1441, John I of Aragon dispossessed his son, Charles IV.
Around the same year of Fernand's birth, Charles attacked his father with french mercenaries at the
Battle of Oibar. Charles and the French mercenaries were defeated and captured and then released.
Charles fled to France and then to his relative, Alfonso V of Naples to ask for help to get his
birthright. Charles couldn't combine a lot forces together because he was poisoned in 1461. Queen
Isabella I was born on April 22, 1451. She was born in Madrigal de las ... Show more content on
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When she was three years old, her father died, so her half brother, Henry IV was next in line and
took the throne. Her younger brother, Alfonso was next in line after Henry. Isabella was raised by
her mother until 1457 because Isabella and her brother were taken to court by Henry to keep them
from being used by nobles. The nobles tried to replace Henry with Alfonso but failed. In July, 1468,
Alfonso died of poisoning but historians think it was the plague that killed him. Afonso named
Isabella his successor. The nobles offered her the crown but she refused. On October 19, 1469,
Ferdinand was 17 years old and he married Isabella who was 18 years old. Isabella and Ferdinand
are cousins so they married in secret and needed a special papal dispensation which was a fake.
Ferdinand and Isabella had seven children but only five survived. Isabella's first child was a girl
named Isabella, born in 1470. The second child she had was a stillborn son in 1475. The third child
was John, Prince of Asturias or Juan, born in 1478. The fourth child was a girl named Juana, known
as "The Mad" born in 1479. The fifth child is a girl named Maria, born in

The Causes Of The Crusades
Since the beginning of mankind, there have been a countless number of wars that took place. When
we look around world today, it drives us to think whether circumstances were always the same. Was
Religion the sole purpose why blood was shed, or was it the materialistic mentality to gain land,
wealth, and control trade? When you study closely you come to learn about one of the most intense
wars that took place between the eleventh and thirteenth century. It started in 1095 when the Seljuk
Turks were migrating into the city of Anatolia and its Emperor Alexios I requested for help. Pope
Urban II, who answered the call and launched the first crusade. The Crusades were a series of wars
the Catholic Church launched mainly against the Muslims, as well as some Jewish and Christian
communities who had theological differences. The idea that if you died in the war you would be
forgiven for all your sins and ascension to heaven would occur was endorsed by Peter the Hermit. In
1099, knights and peasants were deployed to the holy land. They successfully conquered Jerusalem
in 1099 nad kept massacring its inhabitants. In 1187, Muslims under the leadership of Saladin took
the holy city back. The leaders of Christendom made more efforts to recapture the city but they were
unsuccessful. There are many factors as to why Christians failed to take control of Jerusalem again.
Disunity amongst the European monarchs and different conflicts of interest were a major reason to
why Jerusalem was never

Short Summary : Queen Isabella And The Unification Of Spain
Queen Isabella The book Queen Isabella and the Unification of Spain tells the story of Queen
Isabella's life. It shows how she became queen, who she got married to, the life of her children and
their marriages, how Isabella deals with and fixes conflicts, and in all rules her kingdom. Many
problems rise up that Isabella has to worry about, like deaths, losing her throne, wars, conflict in
religion, and many other everyday trials. Some of the bigger, life changing events will be addressed
in this essay through questions some might have about Queen Isabella. How did Isabella become
queen? How did she keep peace between countries, and unity with in Castile? Was Isabella able to
keep her children in royal Families? How did Isabella become queen? Well, King Enrique IV was
the ruler of Castile before Isabella. Enrique and Isabella are half siblings sharing an insane mother
and different fathers. Enrique was not a good king, when the town would complain about taxes,
hunger, and poverty, the king would not listen and would go escape into the woods hunt and do
other things. Isabella and her brother knew that he was to right for the throne, but knew it would be
wrong to take it from him, which is what Enrique was worried about. After Alfanso (Isabella's
brother) died, Enrique kept trying to send Isabella away or marry her off, but they ended up signing
a treaty that Isabella would no longer be forced to marry anyone she does not agree to. When
Ferdinand ll of Aragon proposed that they

In the Devil's Snare Book Report
Elliot, J.H., Imperial Spain: 1469–1716. London: Penguin Books, 1963. 423pgs. In Imperial Spain,
J.H. Elliot examines the history of early modern Spain from the reign of the Catholic Monarchs,
Isabella and Ferdinand, to the reformation of the Spanish government by the first member of the
Bourbon dynasty. According to the author, at the start of the 15th century, Spain was internally
weak, hopelessly divided and isolated from the continent by the Pyrenees. Yet, by 1492, Spanish
society experienced a tremendous transformation which allowed Isabella and Ferdinand to unify the
country, secure the largest transoceanic empire the world has ever known, and for a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aragon, the author states, was mostly left out of the affairs of empire and it turned its attention to its
Mediterranean possessions.
While it is true that Ferdinand interfered little with Isabella 's handling of Castilian affairs, Elliot
asserts in Chapter Four ("The Imperial Destiny") that certain key issues were handled jointly by the
monarchs. This was evident in the concessions that they were able to extract from the Vatican.
Patronato Real, or the right of presentation to all ecclesiastical benefices in the Kingdom of Granada
was granted to the sovereigns of Spain by Pope Innocent VIII while the Reconquista was still
ongoing. Eventually, the author goes on to say, this right would be extended to all Spanish domains.
This gave the rulers of Spain almost complete control of the Catholic Church in their territories and
in time, the clergy would become the most efficient of bureaucrats and administrators of the Spanish
empire.
Chapter Five is entitled "The Government and the Economy of the Reign of Charles V" and in it
Elliot argues that after Ferdinand 's death in 1516, his successor Charles I of Spain, V of the Holy
Roman Empire, inherited a thriving, pacified, quasi–united kingdom that had access to the
incredible wealth of the Americas. The problem, the author suggests, was that Charles and his
successors did not fully understand the complexity of the Spanish system they inherited.

Who Was Philip II The Prudent?
Philip II The Prudent " O how small a portion of earth will hold us when we are dead, who
ambitiously seek after the whole world while we are living." Philip II was the son of Charles V ( of
the Holy Roman Empire) , and Isabella of Portugal he was born in the capital of Valladolid on May
21, 1527. Philip considered himself culturally spanish because of the location he was born in
(Spain) he was fluent in mostly spanish but knew many other languages a lot like his father who was
a polyglot. Philip was born into royalty when philip was 11 months old he was given an oath of
allegiance to be the heir of the crown of the cortes of castile. Philip was raised in the royal court of
castile by his mother isabella and the help of a "maid" whom Philip was very attached to. Philip had
4 other siblings three sisters and one brother. He was also very close to his sisters Maria and Juana.
Philip became the Duke of Milan in 1540, but his father was determined to leave his hands in the
regency of spain at the young age of 16 philip had started "ruling" the ... Show more content on
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The palace was put in progress in 1568 and was finished in 1584 Philip ordered in to be made
because he wanted a proper burial place for his father Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. The person
who designed and oversaw the palace being made was Juan Bautista de Toledo he died in 1567 not
being able to see the completion of the palace. The person who took over afterward was Juan de
Herrera. he did the same tasks that Juan Bautista de Toledo did it was finished in less than 21 years
which was pretty good with the circumstances. The palace is still standing there today it showed as a
historical residence for the king of spain. The palace is 207 meters by 161 meters plus some more
where the actual palace of Philip II is. some of the things that were in the whole palace include a
library, school, church monastery

Contributions Of King Philip II
King Philip II, born May 21, 1527, son of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, ruled Spain for over
40 years, contributing greatly to the culture and the shaping Spanish society significantly. Young
Philip received an advanced education from multiple prominent mathematicians and tutors such as
Juan Martínez Siliceo and Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Despite this education, Philip II still
was unable to fluently speak any other languages except for Castilian, which during his rule, made
him unpopular to some of his people. As a child, he grew up in the confines of the the royal court of
Castile under the care of his mother and two sisters, surrounded by royalty.
When Philip II began his rule, Charles V had left his son with a colossal debt of roughly 36 million
ducats. Philip II was then forced to take out loans, however with no way to pay these loans back,
Spain's economic troubles continued. However, in hopes of reinvigorating the Spanish economy,
Spain began to take in loads of silver and gold from the New World, this was known as the Spanish
Revolution. Despite this being beneficial to Spain, the majority of western Europe suffered from this
due to the inflation that went along with it. As a result, the value of their rivals', the Ottomans', silver
coin became unstable, adding to their conflicts.
Philip then went on the marry the second of his four wives, Mary I of England. Though, this proved
to be a bad idea. Because Philip II was a leader of the Roman Catholic

The Rise of the Nation State
1. 'The growth of the nation–state, first in Western Europe and then elsewhere, has long been viewed
as the key political development of this era [i.e. the sixteenth century].' (Merry E. Wiesner–Hanks)
Discuss with reference to at least two of the following: England, France, Spain.
This essay examines how the growth of the nation–state was a key political development during this
period. It was a hugely important process and a stepping stone towards the systems we have in place
today. Although many of the aspects of state–building which will be addressed in this essay were
already taking place before the sixteenth century, it is during this era that they truly develop and
nation–states become extremely important in the political world ... Show more content on
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As a result, Henry VIII broke away from the church in Rome and by 1533; Archbishop of
Canterbury had power to annul marriage. This was followed by the Act of Supremacy (1934) which
made Henry, Supreme Head of the Church of England. This is another example of the growth in
power of the state as Henry transferred power from Rome to his own state. This example in England
shows just how key a development the growth of the state was.
Further evidence of state–building and its importance during this era was also visible in Spain. It
was united as a nation during this period using methods of state–building like those in England.
Firstly, it was unified through marriage. Isabella, the heiress of Castile, married Prince Ferdinand of
Aragon, thus uniting two of the main parts of Spain. This growth was further enhanced when
Ferdinand and Isabella then invaded Granada in the South, enhancing their own state. This, along
with the marriage of their children to various nobles across Europe, meant that Spain had grown into
a major power with influence all over Europe. This shows just how key the development of the
nation–state was. The monarchs continued to strengthen their power by undermining the power of
the upper nobles. "They reorganized the main royal council, making it larger, stronger, and more
professional, and filling it with lower–level nobility and educated non–nobles...members and
officials appointed by the monarch, not inherited by virtue of a noble

Why Is Charles V A Powerful Empire
Charles V: Ruler of the Most Extensive and Powerful Empire
Charles V was the most powerful and influential monarch in European history. He was the son of
Philip I from Castille, heir to the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary, Duchess of
Burgundy, which gives Charles V jurisdiction over the German nation (1519) and Habsburg
Netherlands (1506). His mother Joana the Mad was the third child of the Catholic Monarchs Isabella
and Ferdinand II, earning him the authority over the Spanish Empire (1516). Born in Ghent on
September 24, 1500, he was exalted to royalty at at the young age of six. His vast kingdom extends
from Spanish territories, across central, western, and southern Europe, through the Netherlands and
up to Austria. But with this enormous supremacy comes the huge responsibility of governing
geographically different domains, politically and spiritually diverse people, and aristocrats. Because
of the enormity of his dominion, enemies were threatened that this will lead to a European
hegemony. Hence, his authority was strewn with revolts and wars. His vision to unite Europe in a
Christian Empire encountered oppositions from his people, especially to the Protestant Reformation.
Although Charles V's ruled the most extensive and powerful empire, he was both a success and a
failure when implementing his ideas. This could be seen through the revolt of the Comunidades and
Germanias, the Influence of Erasmus, and as well as Humanism in the court of Charles V.
Having ruled the Netherlands as Duke of Burgundy, the death of Ferdinand II prompted the young
monarch to travel to Spain and assume the position left by his grandfather. He governed over people
whose traditions and customs greatly varied his own, and communicated in a language he can barely
speak, making his rule feel like a foreign authority. However, the death of his paternal grandfather
Maximilian elected him as King of Germany in 1519 and required him to leave Spain, humiliating
the Spanish aristocrats and its people. His decision to leave Castile under Flemish nobles,
specifically Dutch cleric Adrian of Utrecht, enthused a rebellion that started after the death of Queen
Isabella, leading to massive political instability.
The budding

What Is The Cause Of Henry Viii's War?
In 1509, Henry VIII of England married Catherine of Aragon. After birthing a daughter, doctors
notified the couple that Catherine was unable to give birth again. Henry VIII wanted a male heir and
was determined to get one. He plans to divorce Catherine, which was punishable by
excommunication. The pope refused to grant him a divorce so Henry VIII made the Archbishop of
Canterbury do so. This proceeded to break England from its Roman Catholic Church base, putting
Henry VIII as the Supreme Head in 1554, making the pope powerless. This led to the Reformation.
Martin Luther wrote the "Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences," or "The 95
Theses," in 1517. The documents started to doubt the Catholic Church. Martin Luther knew that the
divorce of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was illegal. He then spoke out against this. The
effect of this was the Reformation.
In 1086, William I of England made landowners pledge their allegiance to him alone. This is
repeated between 1934 and 1935 when Adolf Hitler made the German Armed Forces and the civil
servants of Nazi Germany pledge their loyalty to him. This allegiance replaces the constitution set at
that time. On January 30, 1933, President Paul von ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1337, the Hundred Years' War began. In 1328, when Charles IV of France died with a male heir,
Edward III of England felt he had the right to the throne because of his mother, Isabella of France.
Being French, they did not want a English king. Philip VI of France was also after the throne. This
then preceded to cause the two countries to erupt in war. Between 1348 and 1356, fighting halted
because of a sickness that was sweeping Europe out, the Black Death. This is repeated in the Civil
War where a large population of soldiers were killed by dysentery as well as typhoid fever, coming
from lice. Sickness could have been the main causes for both of these had not been for modern

Essay Emperor Charles V
Emperor Charles V (CHARLES I, King of SPAIN). Born at Ghent, 1500; died at Yuste, in Spain,
1558; was a descendant of the house of Hapsburg, and to this descent owed his sovereignty over so
many lands that it was said of him that the sun never set on his dominions. Charles was the son of
Philip, Duke of Burgundy, by Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and Burgundy was the
first heritage to which he at his led, on his fathers death in 1506. As he was a minor at that time, his
aunt, Margaret of Austria, undertook the regency for him. William of Chièvres, his father's chief
counsellor, had charge of the prince's household; Adrian of Utrecht, the Humanist and professor of
theology at Louvain, who undertook his education, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was not till the autumn of 1517 that he effected this purpose, and the Spanish opposition had
mean while been silenced. But the power left in the hands of Chièvres, and the Burgundians
provoked the uprising in Castile known as the War of the Communidad. It was a movement of the
cities. In Castile the discontentment of the ruling classes was joined to that of the handicraftsmen
and labourers, in Valencia the movement was exclusively one of mechanics and the proletariat. The
rebellion failed because the commercial cities of Southern Castile took no part in it, and because
Charles, acting upon his own judgment, placed Spaniards, instead of foreigners, in positions of
authority. In 1520 Charles left Spain to take possession of the German Empire to which he had been
elected. The French king, Francis I, had been his rival for the dignity; Leo X thought that his
interests in Italy were endangered by Charles' election. The Kingdom of Navarre was already a
matter of contention between France and Spain, while France and the Netherlands wrangled over
the original Dukedom of Burgundy as well as Tournai, Flanders, Artois, and some lesser territories.
War had not broken out over these questions, and nothing indicated that Charles would be a warlike
prince; but he had broken the alliance with France made under Chièvres. The Holy See opposed the
election of Charles even more vigorously than France. As King of Aragon, Charles was heir to the
Kingdom of Naples, a papal fief; the

How Did Spain Influence The Conquest Of Spain?
In the late 1400s, when Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon got married, they decided to
join forces and unite their kingdoms. This newly united country was known as Spain. Isabella and
Ferdinand were both Catholic, so they wanted their new country to remain Catholic as well.
Achieving this goal was not originally an issue, but became a major challenge in around the late
1400s to the early 1500s, when the Protestant Reformation began. Protestantism, a new branch of
Christianity, had spread rapidly around Europe. Around this time period, a Dominican friar warned
Isabella that even though Spain was at that time a Catholic country, former Jews and Muslims who
had converted to Catholicism were living there and secretly practicing their ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Inquisition, hundreds of thousands of Jews and Muslims were either converted to
Catholicism by force, tortured, or killed. These massive groups of people were conquered and
controlled by Spain. This fact gave the monarchs the idea that if they could convert these people to
their religion, maybe they could discover other societies and convert their people. The Spanish went
on to conquer the Incas and the Aztecs in the 1500s, two South American peoples (Herbut).
Although no one can say whether or not these events would have happened even if the Inquisition
did not, the Inquisition certainly inspired the Spanish to set out exploring and to conquer new
territories. Exploration and expanding their empire made Spain a more prominent and stronger
global power. Spain was also able to gain knowledge and insight from visiting these empires. The
conquered civilizations, the Aztecs and Incas, used a form of government that combined religion
and politics. In their government, there was no main leader of all citizens. Instead, missionaries
from various cultures were granted control over areas of land which are now known as parts of
Mexico and the American Southwest (Spanish Colonization). Even though the original reason to
come to these areas was to convert both societies to Catholicism, Spain ended up benefiting from
learning this style of government and they were able to use it to their own political benefits

The Effectiveness Of Racial Profiling
Imagine you get shot because of your skin color. Your skin color that you can't change. For that
reason you get killed or discriminated. Racial profiling is a practice that some law enforcement use
when it comes to someone being suspicious because of their race, ethnicity and religion. In 2004, 32
million people reported that they were unfairly singled out by law enforcement because of their
race, according to a new Amnesty International report (Goyette). One example of racial profiling is
when 9/11 happened, Muslims have been more likely to be questioned more in airports. Historically
speaking, racial profiling has been around since the 1700's in the United States and it still a problem
because innocent people are being targeted based on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Racial profiling is already illegal in some states because it goes against the the US constitution when
it promises equal protection under the law. But that doesn't stop them from doing it. There has been
steps that have been taken by some police departments to try to eliminate racial profiling. For
example, the Berkeley police department put out a policy on reducing racial profiling and training
the cops and different procedures to limit racial profiling. Also in San Diego, they enacted a way to
limit racial profiling by putting in cameras so they can video record cops communicating with the
people who got pulled over. Another way people see as a solution is to hire more female law
enforcement. Hiring more female law enforcement will help because they are less likely to use force
against someone and they when that happens, they're departments cost less because they don't get
sued. A study done by the National Center for Women in policing states that "The average male
officer is two to three times more likely than the average female officer to have a citizen name him
in a complaint of excessive force." (Lonsway 2). The fact is saying that the average male officer is
more likely to use force and have a complaint than the average

How Did Charles I Influence The World
As King of Spain Charles became ruler of many greater and lesser European states. He was the
heir of three of Europe's leading dynasties, Habsburg Monarchy, Burgundian Netherlands, and
the Crowns of Castile and Aragon. From Spain he ruled over large areas in Central, Western, and
Southern Europe, and the Spanish colonies in the Americas and Asia. Charles was
the first king to rule Castile, León, and Aragon at the same time. In 1519,
Charles became Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria. From that point forward, his
empire spanned nearly four million square kilometers across Europe, the Far East, and the
Americas. Charles V was born on February 24, 1500 in Ghent Belgium. Charles died on
September 21, 1558 at age 58. He died from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charles was known to be one of the greatest
emperors in the world next to Charlemagne. Charles V wasn't a perfect leader with all the power
and land he owned he ran into multiple problems. shortly after Charles V was elected he ran into
problems with France for about his whole life. These problems made him expand but signing the
Treaty of Gravelines in 1520 . This treaty he signed with King Henry VIII of England helped
him invade North Italy in 1521. Which was then ruled by France. After defeating the French in
Pavia and capturing Francis I in 1525 Charles felt triumput. In 1526 Charles V got Francis I to
sign the Treaty of Madrid. The Treaty of Madrid gave Charles the land of Burgundy.
Also this treaty aloud Charles V to marry Francis I sister and also gave up many lands in Italy

like Flanders, Artois, and Tournai as well as parts of France all to Charles V. Although when
they released Francis I he crossed the border he said that this contract was never ratified and
attempted to dethrone Charles V. Charles was apart of four wars with France. Although Charles
V owned many land and had great power he spent most of his time battling. One of his

Religion And Its Impact On The Church Of The 1400-1500s
Chapter 14 Unit Questions Pluralism attracted the most negative attention to the Church of the
1400–1500s because when Church–appointed officials did not show up to their benefices, leading to
the lack of responsibilty of the Church officials. Immorality was mostly neglect of the rule of
celibacy, however immorality was not entirely sexual transgressions, there was also clerical
drunkenness, gambling, and indulgence in fancy dress. Ignorance was the lack of education, as
many priests were barely able to read or write. Finally, in regard to pluralism or absenteeism, many
clerics had benefices, but rarely ever visited them, let alone performed the religious duties the
offices entailed, this led to the attracton of the most negative attention. Catholics believed they
would gain salvation by both faith and good works. Luther disagreed with the percepts of Catholic
salvation by saying that salvation comes by faith alone. Luther argued that women and men are
saved by the "arbitrary" decision of God, heedless of good works or the sacraments. Luther
preached that God, not people, established salvation. The major ways in which Luther challenged
the Catholic Church included different ideas of salvation, where religious authority resides, what the
church was, and what the highest form of Christian life was. Where Catholics believed salvation
was achieved by both faith and good works, Luther believed it was gained through only faith.
Christian doctrine had long maintained that

Research Paper On Spanish Culture
Spanish Culture: People and Origin
Spain to most it remains a mystery. Puzzled they ask, "Where did they come from? What are they
like? Why do they have such a diverse culture?" these questions could only be answered by a true
Spaniard, and seeing whereas I am not, I was at a genuine a loss. I decided to look it up this report is
a compilation of my findings. In order to fully understand Spain and her people, one must first
understand their origin, where they came from.
Two groups entered the Iberian Peninsula; the Celts and the Iberians. The Celts, who came via the
Pyrenees, one of Iberia's northern mountain ranges, and spread across the Atlantic coastline. They
supported themselves by herding and by working iron. The Iberians, so deemed by the Greeks, came
up from North Africa, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Gallegan is of a dreamy disposition, poetical, and imaginative, superstisous, apt to believe in
apparitions and to feel the presence of the super–natural world.
The Austrian is less reserved and more consciously intelligent, less cautious, and more vivacious.
He is still deeply poetical, but the faith at times naïve, of the Gallegan, is where undermined by a
quite yet keen since of humor. A sturias has given Spain several of her enlightened statesmen.
The Basque are forest–men, fishermen, and peasants. They are strong, healthy and simple. In recent
years their inherent spirit of enterprise has blossomed to such an extent that now the Basque has
become the chief capitalist of modern Spain. The Basque is apt to hold fast to his opinions, as
people who have not many opinions to spare want to do. He is stern, loyal uncompromising and

Rise Of Spain Research Paper
During the 15th and 16th centuries, Spain led European global exploration and colonial expansion
across the world. Trade flourished across the Atlantic and pacific oceans, allowing Spain to claim
vast territories in North and South America, amongst other smaller territories. The Spanish Empire
quickly became the foremost global power, reaching its peak in the 18th century, and became known
as the empire on which the sun never sets. Historian Stanley G. Payne states that "by combining
complex marriage alliances with an expansionist agenda, the Spanish Habsburgs were able to create
the "most unique imperial structure in world history, consisting of both a discontiguous European
continental empire and the first true world empire, with possessions ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These religious and political components of the Habsburg Dynasty, driven by its expansionist
agenda, enabled Spanish success and influenced Spain's ability to grow as an empire and imperial
force. However, equally as significant was Spain's advancement in technological thinking, which
granted Spain great economic success through its ability to 'think outside the box', or outside of
Europe, as it were. Spain's colonisation of the Americas and discovery of materials not available in
Europe led its discontiguous empire, which generated a lot of affluence and prosperity from abroad.
The combination of these political, religious, technological and economic elements is crucial to the
rise of the Spanish Empire, and heavily contributed to its powerful status as an imperial force all
around the

How Did Queen Isabella's Impact On Spain
Queen Isabella's Impact on Spain Queen Isabella had a positive impact on Spain because she united
two kingdoms, so there was centralized power, spread Christianity all across Spain by getting rid of
anyone who practiced another religion, and made a strong bureaucracy and created new laws to
centralized power which played a big role in unifying Spain. Queen Isabella was an extremely
powerful ruler who not only Unified Spain, but she did it under one religion as well as one law. By
using her genius military skills combined with her intelligence she was able to unify Spain with one
religion. She created new laws and a new way of government to provide order to the country.
Although she could not have done this all without the help of her husband, Ferdinand. Together,
Isabella and Ferdinand were able to come together and unite their two kingdoms. Queen Isabella
was able to unite Spain under one rule by combining her husband's kingdom, Kingdom of Aragon,
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Isabella got this position because her brother died and had no choice but to give it to her. She knew
if she were to marry Ferdinand, she would be able to combine their two kingdoms together. Queen
Isabella also united Spain under one religion. This religion was Christian. She strongly believed in
this religion and wanted everyone in her kingdom to as well. Although she did this in a deadly way,
where she would make anyone who was a different religion and who would not convert, leave the
kingdom forever, or be killed. For Spain's government, Queen Isabella established a bureaucracy
and created new laws that limited certain people's power. She wanted order for her kingdom, so she
needed to create these laws in order to keep everything organized. Although she lead many events
that killed many people, and received a great loss in education and culture, she still lead many
positive events that truly

The Rise And Fall Of Spain
The Social, Political and Economic Reasons of the Rise and Fall of Spain
During the 15th century, many considered Spain insignificant. However, within a century it became
a world–dominant power in Europe. Although Spain only took a brief time to rise, it was also short–
lived. The rise of Spain was due to its flourishing culture, stable political system and successful
voyages to the New World. On the other hand, its decline was due to religious control, resistance
from other countries and inflation.
The year 1469 held the marriage of two Catholic monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of
Aragon. Their marriage marked the unity of Spain and the beginning of a joint reign. The duo
imposed a central religion and dialogue for their fellow Spaniards. To reunify Spain's religion they
brought the church in order to control the corruption of the sale of indulgence. They also established
the Spanish Inquisition that helped avoid challenges from the Reformation. It's was originally used
to convert Jews and Islamic Moors, but was later used to punish those who questioned the Catholic
Church. Isabella and Ferdinand's marriage later triggered the Golden Age, which is often interpreted
as the age of learning. It increased the acknowledgement on the arts and literatures in cities and
countless people became artists who later emerged as influential figures. With the help of many
artists, Golden Age successfully uniformed the values of – both socially and culturally – Spaniards.

The Pros And Cons Of King Philip II
Was Philip II of Spain a successful absolute monarch during his rule? Many people believe he had
what it took to be absolute monarch, but there were several constraints he faced as a ruler in Spain.
Philip II was known for building one of the largest empires from creating effective domestic and
foreign policies to gain leadership of his kingdom instead of the local authorities in charge, but he
did face problems while ruling the kingdom. His addressed many of these policies, such as the
policy against the Turks, but there were also many policies that were humiliating to his rule in
power. Philip II faced many problems, some of them as a result of his policies and some of them
were to fix his problems while in power. First of all, there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(Trueman) In addition, there were many domestic and foreign policies Philip II created during his
rule in power. One policy he created was against the Muslims. As of the year that he created the
policy, he lost half of the strength of his navy from losing wars with the Turkish Empire, as talked
about before ("Philip II"). While attempting to repair his navy back to its full strength once again,
the Muslim pirates attacked Spain. Prisoners were taken, but King Philip was able to bring back his
navy, but soon enough, the Turks attacked again and it was looking very poor for Spain at this point
("Good King Philip?"). After many more small wars, both sides were left with very little military
presence, so Spain and France signed a truce. Philip II also created a two–fold policy: "He sent
ministers to Portugal to build up support for him being king which would have meant Spain
absorbing Portugal into her kingdom" (Trueman). He also created a very large army, also stated
above. The noblemen of Portugal supported Philip II, and also clearly hoped to get rewards for their
support. Nearly all of the problems Philip II faced were results of his policies and problems that
were soon to be fixed. To what extent was Philip II an absolute monarch? Even though King Philip
II made very delusional policies and opinions, there was a very intelligent side to him. He was
known to be a very successful monarch because he was a strong leader who had contrary beliefs
than

Christopher Columbus Research Paper
Key Individuals:
Christopher Columbus:
Explorer and navigator Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in the Republic of Genoa, Italy. His
first voyage into the Atlantic Ocean in 1476 nearly cost him his life. Columbus participated in
several other expeditions to Africa. 1492, Columbus left Spain in the Santa Maria, with the Pinta
and the Niña along side.
Christopher Columbus was hoping to find the new lands in his journey of 1492 which is now the
Americas in which he found Hispaniola.
On the evening of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera with three ships: a
larger carrack, the Santa María ex–Gallega, and two smaller caravels, the Pinta and the Santa Clara,
nicknamed the Niña after her owner Juan Niño of Moguer. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By 20 December 1506 Joanna was in the village of Torquemada in Castile, attempting to exercise
her rights to rule alone in her own name as Queen of Castile. The country fell into disorder. Her son
and heir–apparent, Charles, later Charles I, was a six–year–old child being raised in his aunt's care
in northern European Flanders; her father, Ferdinand II, remained in Aragon, allowing the crisis to
grow. The queen was unable to secure the funds required to assist her to protect her power. In the
face of this, Ferdinand II returned to Castile in July 1507. His arrival coincided with a remission of
the plague and famine, a development which quieted the instability and left an impression that his
return had restored the health of the

Spain’s Golden Age and the Reign of Philip II Essay examples
Spain's Golden Age and the Reign of Philip II
A 'golden age' can be interpreted in many ways; it can be a time of great power for a monarch, or a
country. It can be described as a time when some activity is at its peak, or as a period of great peace,
prosperity and happiness. I will look at the period 1474 – 1598 to see if any of the monarchs' reigns
meet any of these interpretations of a 'golden age'.
The kingdom of Aragon had its own Cortes, which limited Ferdinand's power as he was subject to
the fueros[1]. In Castile however, the Cortes were relatively powerless; not necessary to pass laws
and had little interest in taxation. No Cortes was called between 1480 and 1498, which is ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, this new system had a limited effect, as they were merely extensions of Ferdinand and
Isabella's councils of Aragon and Castile for example, the Council of the Indies, and were only used
to deal with new territories. Charles was still the source of all power, and the Councils only offered
advice to him. Therefore, the administration did not change much, and changes that were made were
almost ad hoc, as efficiency was only improved because of financial needs.
Philip II had many advisors, but he made the final decisions, and Philip wanted to see all paperwork,
even small matters like planning permission. This made the administration very slow, as Philip
could not look at all the paperwork from all of Spain and his other territories. However, Philip did
build a castle in Madrid, where he lived and this meant that the administration was stationary, not
like with his father and Ferdinand and Isabella; wherever they went. This did improve the
administration a little, but not by very much; he was too slow at making decisions and he wanted to
know all the facts before he made a decision but rarely he got all of the facts.
The administration of Spain did not contribute to any of the monarch's reigns being a 'golden age'. It
did not change much in the period 1474 – 1598, and the monarchs did not improve it enough;
therefore

The Kingdom Of England Versus Valois Capetians For Control...
Why Did This Conflict Begin and Why Was It Fought? The Hundred Years War Was A Group Of
Battles From 1337 – 1453. The Kingdom Of England Versus Valois Capetians For Control Of The
French Throne. This War Has Been Divided Into Three Separate Phases: 1. The Edwardian Era War
(1337 – 1360) 2. The Caroline War (1369 – 1389) 3. The Lancastrian War (1415 – 1453) It Was
During This War That Saw The Burning Murder Of St Joan Of Arc. The Key Battles Of This
Conflict. The War Of Two Peters Was Fought From 1356 – 1375 Between The Kingdoms Of Castile
And Aragon. The Two Rulers Were Peter Of Castile And Peter IV Of Aragon. This Was During The
Edwardian War The 1383 – 1385 Crisis Was A Period Of Civil War in Portugal. During this time no
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was King during the 1st phase of the Hundred Years War. He married once and had 11 children,
4 died upon birth. Both Charles VI and his wife Joan the Lame died when the Black Death hit
Europe. John I of Castile. He was King of Castile from 1379 to 1390 and during this time was the
1383 – 1385 Crisis. He was the last Spanish Monarch to have a coronation. During the 1383 – 1385
Crisis, John invaded Portugal. In 1385 Castile was defeated and John and his wife Beatrice were
dethroned as King and Queen of Portugal. He died in 1390 when he fell of his horse. His death was
kept secret to his family for 10 days. He was 32 years old. How Did Conflict affect England and
France? England and France made peace with each other. Both countries lost 5 kings during the
Hundred Years War. Why did this conflict come to an end? The Battle of Castillon was the last war
and marked the end of the Hundred Year War. Although, England and France remained at war
formally for another 20 years. After the English were defeated in the Hundred Year War, landowner
became angry due to major financial losses and cause unrest. England returned all their troops from
France back to England and as of then the Hundred Year War was over. Consequences Of The War.
The Lasting Effects. England's landowners became angry and caused unrest. This started another
war 2 years later in 1455 and lasted 22

Late Medieval Religion
In our present–day society, we consider anything that came before us as primitive. It is an
unfortunate stereotype that all peasants lived in small, dirty shacks and ate gruel while kings and
queens were in their lavish castles and gorging themselves with fine cuisine. Yet, one should not
discount the Late Medieval Period. Civilization evolved in several ways during this time and it is
often ignored as one of the most progressive times in all human history. In just the span of two
centuries, our modern lives were shaped by defining events such as the influence of religion and the
faith of its adherents being shaken and transformed because of internal strife. Moreover, Peasants
gained political power and riches through new economic opportunities, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Nearly half of the continental population had succumbed to one of the most unfortunate events that
struck. Europe suffered a massive drop in population because of several factors, not solely because
of the Bubonic Plague. "Between 1315 and 1317, crop failures produce the greatest famine of the
Middle Ages,"(Kagan 292). Factors such as malnutrition, overpopulation, economic instability, and
overall poor health were harming Europe years before the plague could take its turn at debilitating
the population that would recover at a snail's pace(Jones). The Bubonic Plague introduced itself to
Europe via trade ships that came from Asia. Going from major trade ports like Constantinople and
Sicily, the malady traveled to areas like Spain, France and northern Europe(Kagan). While the cause
of it might be known to us today, it was a mystery to those that were alive to witness the carnage
caused by the plague. Corruption, promiscuity, poisonous fumes and the Jewish people were cast as
scapegoats that brought on this disease(Kagan). Aromatics were thought to prevent the smell of
death from infecting people, so they became popular with those trying to evade the painful illness.
Help from God to end the pandemic was requested by the pious adherents with
supplications(Boccaccio). Even though the Bubonic Plague and Great Famine ended the lives of
copious amounts of

The Plague Dbq
Section One: The Black Death I. Preconditions/Causes of the Plague A. Population of Europe
doubled in 1000–1300 1. Strained food supply 2. Caused higher unemployment rates and lower
wages B. The Black Death followed trade routes from Asia into Europe 1. The plague traveled south
to north along major trade routes II. Popular Remedies A. People believed that the plague was
caused by corruption in the atmosphere 1. Some people blamed poisonous fumes from earthquakes
B. Remedies 1. Many people wore "aromatic" amulets 2. lifestyle changes a. moderate and
temperate living b. fleeing from the plague or staying in seclusion 3. religious fanatics a. flagellants
b. Jews as scapegoats III. Social/Economic Consequences A. Farms decline 1. Supply and demand:
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clement VII was still the French pope 2. Emperor Sigismund demanded that John XXIII call a
council in Constance which made a declaration entitled Sacrosancta which: a. elected a new pope,
Martin V (the three other popes were forced to resign) b. asserted the supremacy of church councils
over individual pope c. demanded that regular meetings of church councils F. The Council of Basel
(1431–1449) 1. Church council negotiated directly with the Hussites, a group formerly identified as
heretics 2. Four Articles of Prague presented to council by Hussites a. give laity the Eucharist with
the cup as well as bread b. free, itinerant preaching c. exclusion of clergy from holding secular
offices and owning property d. just punishment of clergy who commit mortal sins 3. Council of
Basel showed dominance over the papacy but Pope Pius II (r. 1458–1464) issued a papal bull
Execrabilis which condemned appeals to councils and made them completely void. G.
Consequences 1. Without effective papal authority and leadership, secular control of national or
territorial churches increased a. Kings asserted their power over the church in England and France b.
German, Swiss, and Italian magistrates and city councils reformed and regulated religious

Police Brutality Against African Americans
"What are you following me for?" "You shot me. You shot me!" "Please don't let me die" "Officer,
why do you have your guns out?" "I can't breathe." "I don't have a gun. Stop Shooting."(The Last
Words). These were some of the last words from victims of police brutality against African
Americans. Police brutality has been occurring ever since the police force began, but recently, the
police have been targeting African Americans. In 2016, more than 250 African Americans were
killed by the police. Most of the victims were unarmed and have not committed a serious offense.
These frightening statistics do not have to continue. If the average American recognized the severity
of the issue and raised their voice, this inequity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"From the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, to the Pullman Strike of 1894, the Lawrence textile strike
of 1912, the Ludlow massacre of 1914, the Steel strike of 1919, and the Hanapepe massacre of
1924, the police would brutally beat striking laborers." (History 1) But ever since the civil rights
movement of the mid– 1900s, the police have diverted their attention to African Americans. During
the civil rights movement, the police used appalling tactics on the protesters. March 7, 1965 was a
day famously known as "Bloody Sunday". Protesters marched from Selma to Montgomery as a
response to the killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson, a protester who was fatally shot by the police on
February 17. He was shot in the stomach by Trooper James Fowler during a protest. Six hundred
marchers, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee(SNCC), came together on March 7. They were to cross over the Edmund Pettus bridge,
over the Alabama river, but they fell short of that plan. "Just short of the bridge, they found their
way blocked by Alabama State troopers and local police who ordered them to turn around. When the
protesters refused, the officers shot teargas and waded into the crowd, beating the nonviolent
protesters with billy clubs and ultimately hospitalizing over fifty people. " (Selma 3)"Protesters
were rushed by K–9 German Shepherds and had high pressure water hoses used on them"(History).
In some cases,

Essay on Thirty Years War
Thirty Years War Philip, Spanish kings. Philip I (the Handsome), 1478–1506, king of Castile (1506),
was the son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy. He inherited Burgundy
and the Low Countries from his mother and was titular joint ruler of Castile with his wife, Joanna.
But her father ruled these lands as his regent, so he contested (1504) Ferdinand's regency and
assumed (1506) joint rule of Castile with his wife. Philip's early death, however, and his wife's
deteriorating mental condition allowed Ferdinand to resume joint control of Castile. The Low
Countries passed to Philip's son, who later became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Philip II,
1527–98, king of Spain (1556–98), king of Naples and Sicily (1554–98) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But the nation fought in Italy (1615–17) and entered the Thirty Years War. Although the church
prospered and the grandees accumulated vast estates, the Spanish economy declined, partly as a
result of Philip's expulsion (1609–14) of the Moriscos. During Philip's reign, Spanish culture
flourished and gave to the world great artists such as the author Cervantes and the painter El Greco.
Philip IV, 1605–65, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily (1621–65) and, as Philip III, king of Portugal
(1621–40), intelligent but lacking energy, was unable to prevent Spain's political and economic
decline. The Thirty Years War continued until 1648, and the war with France (1621–59) ended with
Spain's humiliation. Portugal revolted (1640), Catalonia was occupied by the French, and Spain had
to recognize the independence of the Netherlands (1648). Philip was a patron of the arts and, thanks
to Velazquez, was perhaps the most frequently portrayed king in history. The accession of Philip V,
1683–1746, the first Bourbon king of Spain (1700–1746), precipitated the War of the Spanish
Succession (1701–14) because his grandfather, Louis XIV of France, had accepted the Spanish
throne for Philip. By the Peace of Utrecht, Spain lost much territory, including the Spanish
Netherlands, Naples, and Sicily. Philip was forced to introduce the Salic law of succession, which
forbade female monarchs and thus precluded the crown's personal union with France. The

Colonization of the New World
Colonization of the New World
The discovery and colonization of the "New World" was one of the most significant and influential
events in the known history of mankind. It has shaped our present by changing the course of our
past and is a time of such great significance that it would be all but impossible to understand today
without at least some comprehension of the why 's of yesterday. What was it that drove such a
myriad of people to risk so much to tame the wild and vast lands we now know as and call the
Americas. What were the reasons, motivations, causes, events, and possibilities that captured the
minds and hearts of so many different peoples from such divers backgrounds? What led them to
leave their friends, families, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Howard Zinn it was for the Gold. Zinn claims that it was money and power that were
driving forces behind Columbus. He tells us that Spain promised him a 10% cut of all the gold
found, governorship of any new found lands, and the new title of Admiral.[2] Gold and the
regulation thereof are the primary focuses of Columbus ' letter to the King and Queen of Spain,
thought to have been written around the year 1492, but definitely written after the his initial
discovery.[3] So whether wholly or in part it appears that riches and power were factors contributing
to Columbus ' decision to risk so much. After all he made multiple trips across the Atlantic not just
one. So apparently he was concerned with more than just the discovery of a trade route. Columbus '
discovery was made possible by the Spanish Crown therefore all new found lands were claimed in
the name of Spain and a Spanish flag planted on the soil thereof in testament to this fact. Spain was
still a catholic nation at this time and the Spanish monarchy still acknowledged the Pope as the
dominant spiritual authority on the Earth. However it would not be long after Columbus ' discovery
that all of Europe would be shaken to its very foundation and set ablaze in what we now call the
Protestant Reformation. This revolution in spiritual thought was the result of a simple

Essay on The Realistic Objectives of Henry VII's Foreign...
The Realistic Objectives of Henry VII's Foreign Policy
According to the source, Henry's objectives were to ensure the security of his country and dynasty
and to avoid foreign military intervention i.e. build up good relationships with neighbouring foreign
powers. I also think that trade and prestige came into his objectives. Trade was important to him as
it ensured the power of his country and, again, was important to England's relationship with foreign
powers. Also prestige was important for Henry, but more for himself than for the good of the
country.
Why was foreign military intervention a problem for Henry VII between 1485 and 1509?
During Henry VII's reign, he was very worried about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was seeing a repeat of what had happened four years previously and, even though he had
defeated Lambert Simnel, he could not be so confident that he would manage it again. The fact that
Perkin Warbeck gained the support of James IV, Charles VIII and Maximilian Habsburg was what
worried Henry the most. Again it was more a matter of the way other powers had responded to the
pretender than Perkin Warbeck himself which posed a threat to Henry. When Perkin Warbeck
invaded England in 1495 he was quickly captured by Henry and sentenced to death. But although
Perkin Warbeck was dead, Henry was still worried by the fact that he had managed to get so much
international support. Could he rely on his neighbouring foreign powers anymore?
Foreign military intervention itself wasn't so much a problem for Henry: there were no large–scale
invasions of England during his reign and for the most part he managed to avoid war altogether. But
Henry was constantly worried about the threat of an invasion and pretenders like Perkin Warbeck
and Lambert Simnel only served as irritants to make him even more worried and to show him that
he didn't have the full support of important powers like France. One of his main purposes in life was
to secure the throne for his future dynasty. Therefore the avoidance of foreign invasion was of the

The Creation Of Western Civilization
From its beginnings at the foundation of ancient Greece, our present humanity has evolved itself to
be focused on the value of each individual. The contradiction in terms of Western civilization,
however, was also was made obvious right from the start. The Greek's attention on individuals arose
from a slavery based society. The focus on individual rights created both a democratic system and
an increase in learning, as well as scientific revolutions that would remain unique until the
Renaissance. Adding onto the Greek groundwork, the Romans furthered another significant
keystone of Western civilization; the establishment of laws. Through the collapse of Rome and
increasing Germanic barbarian invasions, the foundations of Western civilization had fundamentally
vanished. They were not put back into effect until the Italian Renaissance inspired massive attention
to the traditional texts. As a result, a change in European thinking switched from The Almighty back
to the individual. Starting chiefly as a theocratic and nationalist movement, the Reformation in
Germany provided an assortment of nationwide securities. It prohibited the Roman Church from
restricting academic discussion in northern Europe. New translations of the Bible also resulted in
the expansion of vulgar languages which encouraged literacy and education. The Enlightenment
brought us even closer to achieving westernized democracy, inquiring deeper into both religion and
tyranny. Many French philosophers held an

House Of Habsburgs Research Paper
The House of Habsburgs also known as the house of Austria was one royal house that had a great
influence in Europe. The House of Habsburgs continuously ruled over the Holy Roman throne from
around 1438 to around 1740. The house also produced kings and emperors for other kingdoms like
the kingdom of Germany, England and France. The house was split in the 16th century following
the rule of King Charles V, it was split into Austrian and Danish branches where there were no close
relationships between them, and they even intermarried among themselves. With the dynastic
marriages, the house was able to expand its domain but it became extinct in the 18th century.
Maximilian I was the ruler of Holy Roman Empire. He was the son of Fredrick III, the holy emperor
of the Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of Portugal. His rule lasted from 1508 to 1519 upon his
death. During his father's reign, in his last ten years, he helped him rule. Maximilian I was an
important figure in the House of Habsburgs because he was able to expand the house of Habsburg
through several of ways and that includes wars and his marriage to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Shang also known as the Yin dynasty ruled the yellow river valley in 2BC. The ruins which was
identified as the last Shang capital were uncovered and other things like tombs, and foundation of
palaces.
Polytheism is where people believe and worship more than one God and this was allowed in the
reign of Rudolph II.
Monotheism is where people believe and worship one God and this what was happening in the reign
of most kings and emperors in Europe. The pope only wanted people from all kingdoms to worship
one God.
Bible is the holy book that Christians use. In the 16th century only the pope and other ordained
cardinals and bishops were allowed to read the bible. The common people were not and if found
with one then they would be

Dandruff And Dry Itchy Scalp Issues
How Treat and identify Dandruff and Dry Itchy Scalp Issues
Supposedly, about one in 5 individuals have actually attempted a minimum of one hair treatment for
dandruff at some time in their life. Despite the fact that dandruff is a safe condition, it can be both
humiliating and irritating for individuals who have it. Dandruff can be dued to a range of things,
consisting of an overproduction of a kind of yeast on the scalp, anxiety, illness as well as the
modification of periods.
Often, exactly what's thought to be dandruff is merely hair shampoo residue from careless rinsing or
flaking from that gel you're hooked on. Or it might be dry scalp dued to dry indoor heat, severe hair
shampoos, too–frequent shampooing, gels or conditioners used straight ... Show more content on
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One typical error is to deal with seborrhea with a severe dandruff hair shampoo–– that just makes it
even worse. So, firstly you have to understand exactly what type of issue you have. Right here's
how you can inform:
Turn your head upside down and brush or intensely rub your scalp, backward and forward with
fingers over a sheet of dark paper. If you see small, dry, grainy hits, you have dry scalp. , if the
flakes are bigger and look greasy wet slightly a littleOilyOily they're dandruff. Possibilities are you
have seborrhea if you have huge oily flakes and your scalp is red and inflamed. If the scales stay
with the scalp, it might be psoriasis, and if it does not clear up, get in touch with a skin specialist.
Initially utilize a clarifying hair shampoo with cider vinegar to get rid of any accumulation of hair
shampoo or conditioner on the scalp if exactly what you have is dry scalp. Then attempt an oil
treatment or scalp cream created for dry. Scratchy scalp: Kiehl's Enriched Massage Oil for Scalp,
Phyto Therathrie Phytopolleine. or RenÃ© Furterer Carthame Intensive Oil Supplement for Dry
Hair &

Essay On Political Power In The 17th Century
Despite their growth of political power during the 16th century, Spain's political situation in the 17th
century is often seen as a time of "decline". Decentralized political power and ineffective taxation
were of the many reasons for the struggles faced by the Spanish Monarchy as well as the
progression of weak kings followed by power struggles. Before Spain started turning downward,
they were not only a European, but global power. This "began with the marriage (1469) of queen
Isabel of Castile (1474–1504) and king Ferdinand of Aragon (1479–1516), whose realm included
Aragon proper, Valencia and Catalonia" . Spain became united and brought together separate
territories and they were able to extended their authority to North Africa and Italy. "The Spanish
crown ruled an empire that included modern Portugal (to 1640) and Belgium, much of the Italian
peninsula, Mexico, and large portions of South America and the Caribbean" . Spain was the leader
and power during the late 16th century, but even the most powerful and successful leaders have their
downfall. During the 17th century, Spain was faced with many economic issues which aided in their
decline. Spain faced incessant piracy against their shipping in the Atlantic and doubled with the
interruptions of their very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The events that followed led to the fall of an empire. Through their struggles emerged great art, but
also a great lesson to those empires that followed. There's a general consensus amongst historians
that Spain did in fact suffer both political and economic decay during the 17th century, however, this
view has been greatly challenged by many. What is clear however is that a once global ruler was
diminished down to near nothing as a result of their economic destruction and poor

Charles I Turning Point

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