Ian McIlravey S&P Global Mobility

1. Charging Innovations and Infrastructure
Deployment for 2030 EV Adoption
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023
Ian McIlravey – Associate Director, S&P Global Mobility
March 29 2023
S&P Global Mobility

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IMPACT
3

4. EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Agenda
• Consumer Insights
• Technology Outlook
• Infrastructure Development
4

5. EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Charging Infrastructure Landscape: Where We are on Deployment in 2022?
5
<1%
Of cars on the road are EV (+ <0.5% PHEV)
Note: Map of households per public/semi-public charging station. Darker shade indicates fewer households per station. No data for Canada.
Source: S&P Global Mobility, vehicle registration data, 2022YE - Vehicle parc data, January 2023 – AFDC Public and Semi-Public Charging Stations
5%
Of cars sold are EV (+ ~1% PHEV)
128k
+13k Tesla
AC Public and semi-public
DC Public and semi-public
13k
+17k Tesla

6. Headwinds facing EV Growth
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Portfolio
Complexity
Supply of Raw
Materials
Increased R&D
Expense
Product
Acceptance
EV
Infrastructure
Refueling of EV
6

7. 7
Consumer Insights

8. Skepticism toward EV technology has grown (2022 Vs 2021) and while industry and macroeconomic factors help drive adoption of
electrification, pricing, charging infrastructure, and battery technology remain barriers
Consumer EV Purchase Sentiment
Consumer openness and buying decisions
8
Source: S&P Global Mobility, Consumer Survey – August 2022 Data
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
© 2022 S&P Global
58%
86%
71%
2022
2021
2019
Fuel savings
Environmental
benefits
Performance/driving
experience
Too expensive/pricing
issues
Lack of charging
station availability
Time required for
charging
Open to purchasing EV Reasons for and against purchasing an EV

9. Consumer Confidence
9
Confidence in EV technology has decreased since 2021, with most consumers opting to wait until technology improves
© 2022 IHS Markit
9
2022 49%
2021 59%
2019 43%
I believe electric vehicle technology is ready
for mass-market adoption
Top-2 box
S&P Global Mobility Fall 2022 Client Briefing | Detroit | September 22
© 2023 S&P Global

10. Consumers need workplace and easily accessible public charging in order to feel confident in EV technology
Consumer Sentiment Towards Charging Infrastructure
Is the charging infrastructure sufficient for final users?
10
Source: S&P Global Mobility, Consumer Survey – August 2022 Data
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Charging infrastructure is sufficient for my needs
Current owner Past owner Repeat owner Intender
48% 32% 49% 24%
No No No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes
-3ppt
VS 2021 Results: -4ppt +8ppt -2ppt

11. 0% 1000% 2000% 3000%
Less than 10 minutes
Between 10 minutes and a half
hour
Between a half hour and one hour
Between one hour and 2 hours
Between 2 hours and 3 hours
Between 3 hours and 4 hours
Between 4 hours and 5 hours
Between 5 hours and 6 hours
Between 6 hours and 7 hours
Between 7 hours and 8 hours
More than 8 hours
Abnormal day
Normal day
Number
of
respondents
Consumers are beginning to see and understand the tradeoffs associated with EVs/hybrids
Consumer Sentiment Towards Range and Fueling
Acceptable charging time and range
11
Source: S&P Global Mobility, Consumer Survey – August 2022 Data
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Acceptable charging time Acceptable minimum range
Mile Range
Avg. range of ICE vehicle
30%
10% 20%

12. 18%
17%
12%
35%
8%
10%
34%
17%
19%
18%
16%
36%
15%
50%
35%
31%
63%
65%
72%
30%
78%
40%
32%
52%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
US
UK
DE
CH
JP
SK
IN
BR
Yes – I am familiar and understand the principle I am familiar with the name but not sure about the principle Not familiar, don’t know
© 2022 IHS Markit
Consumer awareness remains relatively low regarding pending technologies which can improve the charging process in the near-medium term
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Awareness of New Technologies
Note: N=7813 (US: 1000; UK: 998; DE: 904; CH: 982; JP: 997; SK: 935; IN: 998; BR: 999)
Source: S&P Global Mobility, Consumer Survey – 2022 Data
12
V2G awareness by country

13. 13
Technology
Outlook

14. A global trend towards higher size of batteries is expected by 2032 with 50% of cars having 70kWh battery packs
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Battery Size Segmentation for VIO Forecast up to 2032
Note: Chart only includes BEVs, PHEVs and HEVs in Europe, North America and Greater China
Source: S&P Global Mobility, vehicle production data, October 2022 - Vehicle parc data, xxx 2022 - Charging infrastructure forecast, June 2022
14
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032
0 – 50kWh 50-60kWh 60-70kWh 70-80kWh 80-90kWh 90-100kWh 100kWh+
Market share by battery dimension (kWh) for VIO up to 2032

15. High voltage architectures are expected to remain niche for the first half of the decade, then grow strongly beyond 2025, achieving about
20M+ BEVs produced annually in 2034, facilitating greater adoption of higher power charging.
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
High Voltage Applications Driven by the Adoption of Next-generation Architectures
Note: Volumes refer to vehicles with System Sub-design = EV
Source: S&P Global Mobility, Vehicle-side Charging Forecast level 3 extended – September 2022 Data
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034
Millions
up to 650V 650V+
Europe, 25%
Greater China,
38%
Japan/Korea,
10%
North America,
23%
Others, 4%
Europe Greater China Japan/Korea North America Others
Voltage architecture evolution of BEVs 2021-2034 global Share of vehicles based on 650V+ architecture in 2034

16. While some innovations will have a direct correlation with the region of deployment the wireless charging adoption will mainly belong high-
end vehicles across multiple brands
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Uptake of Wireless Charging Capability by 2034 on a Global Scale
Note: Wireless charging adoption per segment is based on Global Price Class field
Source: S&P Global Mobility, Vehicle-side Charging Forecast level 3 extended – September 2022 Data
16
Wireless Charing share per vehicle segment 2021 - 2034
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034
Millions
Premium segment Mid segment Entry segment

17. Battery Swapping
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Battery swapping effectively addressing recharging times, though with its own set of complexity issues
Tailwinds facing battery
swapping
Source: S&P Global Dataset: Alternate Propulsion Forecast (October 2022)
USP/Key differentiator for
OEMs
Lower price tag of EVs
Reduced charging
Road trips!
Transfer of battery
ownership
Potential of two- and three-
wheelers
Support power grids:
charging time control & B2G
Easier to fix and track
possible faults
17

18. Challenging as battery
design becomes key
differentiator for
OEMs
Battery Swapping
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Battery swapping effectively addressing recharging times, though with its own set of complexity issues
Headwinds facing battery
swapping
Source: S&P Global Dataset: Alternate Propulsion Forecast (October 2022)
Limited supply of
charged batteries at
swapping stations
Consumer Acceptance
Requires collaboration
to become key
technology
High upfront investment
Depletion of battery
capacity
18

19. 19
Infrastructure
Development

20. Source: S&P Global Mobility interviews and publicly available consumer surveys conducted in US
EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
The Main Roadblocks of Infrastructure Deployment for the Years to Come
20
Consumers find pricing and charging availability still
a challenge and being the stations globally
underutilized does maintain charging service costly
An effective infrastructure development requires a shared
focus on interoperability, transparency, and open-
standards to streamline system integration and improve
the customer experience
The time to install a DC charging station is significantly
high, requiring up to 24 months with all the necessary
permits
Current charging stations are not always reliable, with
problematic faults that may impact more than a fourth
of public charging stations, requiring up to one week to
get restored
Unprofitable and underutilized stations are not able
to generate extra-profits to be reinvested on
stations deployment, generating a negative loop in the
sector
A lack of programmed investments and
available capacity in the distribution grid might
become a bottleneck for charging stations
deployment

21. EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Charging Infrastructure Landscape: Where We are on Deployment in 2022?
21
<1%
Of cars on the road are EV (+ <0.5% PHEV)
Note: Map of households per public/semi-public charging station. Darker shade indicates fewer households per station. No data for Canada
Source: S&P Global Mobility, vehicle registration data, 2022YE - Vehicle parc data, January 2023 – AFDC Public and Semi-Public Charging Stations
5%
Of cars sold are EV (+ ~1% PHEV)
128k
+13k Tesla
AC Public and semi-public
DC Public and semi-public
13k
+17k Tesla

22. EV Charging Infrastructure USA 2023 | © 2023 S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Charging Infrastructure Landscape: Where We are on Deployment in 2030?
22
7%
Of cars on the road are EV (+ <0.5% PHEV)
1.6 Million
AC Public and semi-public
Note: Map of households per public/semi-public charging station. Darker shade indicates fewer households per station. No data for Canada
Note: Tesla superchargers are excluded, destination charge are included in AC public and semi-public domain
Source: S&P Global Mobility, Sales Based Powertrain Forecast – Oct 2022 - Charging infrastructure forecast, January 2023
DC Public and semi-public
123k
46%
Of cars sold are EV (+ 5% PHEV)

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