The document characterizes the heterogeneity of sandstone reservoirs in the Shajara Formation through fractal dimension analysis using mercury intrusion techniques. Three fractal dimension units were identified - the Lower, Middle, and Upper Shajara units. Representative sandstone samples from each unit were analyzed using thermodynamic and 3D fractal models. The results indicate all samples exhibit fractal features and heterogeneous porous structures, with fractal dimensions ranging from 2.8668 to 2.9707. Grain size was found to be directly proportional to fractal dimension and permeability within each unit. The study provides a quantitative characterization of heterogeneity in the Shajara reservoirs.
Effect of Petrophysical Parameters on Water Saturation in Carbonate FormationIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of petrophysical parameters on water saturation in carbonate formations. The study analyzed data from two wells, including porosity, resistivity, and water saturation measurements from well logs and core analysis. Cementation factors ranged from 1.44 to 1.93 from core analysis and logs respectively. Tortuosity factors were 1.11 from logs and 1.6 from core analysis. Saturation exponents were 2.58 from logs and 2.095 from core analysis. Average water saturation from logs was 0.54% and from core analysis was 0.39%. The study aimed to obtain more accurate water saturation estimates by analyzing variations in cementation factor and saturation exponent from different measurement techniques
This document presents a case study of formation evaluation of two wells from the Mehsana Field in India. Logs from one well are analyzed to identify different zones and compare the classical Archie and Indonesian equations for calculating water saturation in shaly sands. The Indonesian equation, which accounts for clay volume, is found to provide more accurate estimates of water saturation compared to the Archie equation. Crossplots of various well log properties are also effective in evaluating shaly reservoirs and determining parameters like water resistivity and cementation exponent. The study demonstrates the challenges of evaluating shaly sands and importance of using appropriate models and crossplots.
This document provides guidance on techniques for acquiring sedimentological data from clastic rocks, including sedimentary logging. The key points covered include:
1. The essential equipment needed for sedimentary logging includes a notebook, measuring tools, and grain size comparator.
2. An important initial step is selecting a representative logging route that is physically accessible and shows continuity.
3. Descriptions of lithological units like mudstones and sandstones involve semi-quantitative scales for aspects like bioturbation.
4. Logs are plotted using scales for lithology, thickness, and grain size. Sedimentary structures are coded onto the log.
5. Example logs and exercises are provided to demonstrate plotting techniques and
This document summarizes the analysis of petrophysical data from two wells in the Upper Spraberry Formation to develop a rock-fluid model. Six distinct rock types were identified based on unique pore geometry, mineral composition, and fluid flow characteristics. Laboratory analysis of core plugs using nitrogen, helium, and mercury injection characterized porosity, permeability, pore size distribution, and wettability of each rock type. Clean sandy rocks generally had higher porosity and permeability than shaly or dolostone units. Integration of petrophysical data with log responses and core descriptions allowed differentiation of reservoir-quality from lower-quality rock intervals in the formation.
This study used finite element modeling to analyze swelling behavior in a tunnel excavated through marl rock. Laboratory tests on marl rock samples were used to calibrate two finite element programs, FISS and Nisa-II. FISS modeled the tunnel using the laboratory swelling test results. Nisa-II modeled time-dependent creep behavior by defining a creep function relating stress, strain, and time. Both programs analyzed stresses around the tunnel and indicated higher stresses in the sidewalls compared to the roof and floor. The study demonstrated a method to numerically model swelling behavior in tunnels using laboratory test data.
K.E. Al-Khidir, M.S. Benzagouta
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Natural Gas, College of Engineering,
King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
К.Е. Аль-Хидир, М.С. Бензагута
Инженерный колледж, Университет короля Сауда
Abstract. With reference to the reservoir characterization regarding the Khuff Formation – Khurtam Member (KSA), better reservoir quality prediction can be assigned to
the characterization of its physical properties. These properties determination are depending on facies description. These properties can be erratic according to the diagenetic change and control on pore geometrical attributes and reservoir characterization. In this
investigation, permeability and porosity have been measured in the laboratory. Rock Quality Index (RQI), flow zone index (FZI) as well as porosity groups have been
calculated. The use of different determined physical and petrophysical parameters and their plots have defined two Flow Zone Indicators (FZI) characterized by a restricted distribution of porosity permeability and rock quality index. Different approval statements were made by correlation process. These confirmation and data support made of the considered reservoir as relative tight reservoir and tight reservoir. The use of the R35 was organized to
make an approval to different statements with reference to the considered reservoir which can be classified as relative tight reservoir and tight reservoir. The R35 was carried out to approve not only that the reservoir is relative tight and tight but it can be classified in the range within the range of nano to microporous system.
This document provides an overview of soil classification systems, focusing on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). It describes the origins and components of the USCS, including defining soil properties like grain size, plasticity, and organic content. Guidelines are given for classifying soils based on these properties, including using a plasticity chart and dealing with borderline cases. The purpose of classification systems is to estimate engineering properties and communicate soil types between engineers based on simple test results.
Effect of Petrophysical Parameters on Water Saturation in Carbonate FormationIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of petrophysical parameters on water saturation in carbonate formations. The study analyzed data from two wells, including porosity, resistivity, and water saturation measurements from well logs and core analysis. Cementation factors ranged from 1.44 to 1.93 from core analysis and logs respectively. Tortuosity factors were 1.11 from logs and 1.6 from core analysis. Saturation exponents were 2.58 from logs and 2.095 from core analysis. Average water saturation from logs was 0.54% and from core analysis was 0.39%. The study aimed to obtain more accurate water saturation estimates by analyzing variations in cementation factor and saturation exponent from different measurement techniques
This document presents a case study of formation evaluation of two wells from the Mehsana Field in India. Logs from one well are analyzed to identify different zones and compare the classical Archie and Indonesian equations for calculating water saturation in shaly sands. The Indonesian equation, which accounts for clay volume, is found to provide more accurate estimates of water saturation compared to the Archie equation. Crossplots of various well log properties are also effective in evaluating shaly reservoirs and determining parameters like water resistivity and cementation exponent. The study demonstrates the challenges of evaluating shaly sands and importance of using appropriate models and crossplots.
This document provides guidance on techniques for acquiring sedimentological data from clastic rocks, including sedimentary logging. The key points covered include:
1. The essential equipment needed for sedimentary logging includes a notebook, measuring tools, and grain size comparator.
2. An important initial step is selecting a representative logging route that is physically accessible and shows continuity.
3. Descriptions of lithological units like mudstones and sandstones involve semi-quantitative scales for aspects like bioturbation.
4. Logs are plotted using scales for lithology, thickness, and grain size. Sedimentary structures are coded onto the log.
5. Example logs and exercises are provided to demonstrate plotting techniques and
This document summarizes the analysis of petrophysical data from two wells in the Upper Spraberry Formation to develop a rock-fluid model. Six distinct rock types were identified based on unique pore geometry, mineral composition, and fluid flow characteristics. Laboratory analysis of core plugs using nitrogen, helium, and mercury injection characterized porosity, permeability, pore size distribution, and wettability of each rock type. Clean sandy rocks generally had higher porosity and permeability than shaly or dolostone units. Integration of petrophysical data with log responses and core descriptions allowed differentiation of reservoir-quality from lower-quality rock intervals in the formation.
This study used finite element modeling to analyze swelling behavior in a tunnel excavated through marl rock. Laboratory tests on marl rock samples were used to calibrate two finite element programs, FISS and Nisa-II. FISS modeled the tunnel using the laboratory swelling test results. Nisa-II modeled time-dependent creep behavior by defining a creep function relating stress, strain, and time. Both programs analyzed stresses around the tunnel and indicated higher stresses in the sidewalls compared to the roof and floor. The study demonstrated a method to numerically model swelling behavior in tunnels using laboratory test data.
K.E. Al-Khidir, M.S. Benzagouta
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Natural Gas, College of Engineering,
King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
К.Е. Аль-Хидир, М.С. Бензагута
Инженерный колледж, Университет короля Сауда
Abstract. With reference to the reservoir characterization regarding the Khuff Formation – Khurtam Member (KSA), better reservoir quality prediction can be assigned to
the characterization of its physical properties. These properties determination are depending on facies description. These properties can be erratic according to the diagenetic change and control on pore geometrical attributes and reservoir characterization. In this
investigation, permeability and porosity have been measured in the laboratory. Rock Quality Index (RQI), flow zone index (FZI) as well as porosity groups have been
calculated. The use of different determined physical and petrophysical parameters and their plots have defined two Flow Zone Indicators (FZI) characterized by a restricted distribution of porosity permeability and rock quality index. Different approval statements were made by correlation process. These confirmation and data support made of the considered reservoir as relative tight reservoir and tight reservoir. The use of the R35 was organized to
make an approval to different statements with reference to the considered reservoir which can be classified as relative tight reservoir and tight reservoir. The R35 was carried out to approve not only that the reservoir is relative tight and tight but it can be classified in the range within the range of nano to microporous system.
This document provides an overview of soil classification systems, focusing on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). It describes the origins and components of the USCS, including defining soil properties like grain size, plasticity, and organic content. Guidelines are given for classifying soils based on these properties, including using a plasticity chart and dealing with borderline cases. The purpose of classification systems is to estimate engineering properties and communicate soil types between engineers based on simple test results.
The document discusses various geophysical investigation methods used in soil investigations, including seismic refraction and reflection surveys, resistivity surveys, and electromagnetic induction. It provides details on how each method works, including generating and measuring seismic waves or electrical currents and voltages in the ground to infer properties of subsurface soil and rock layers. Advantages are that the methods provide continuous subsurface profiles quickly and non-invasively over large areas. Examples of applications given include mapping bedrock, faults, and contaminant plumes.
The document analyzes the mechanical properties of a Martian regolith simulant called JSC Mars-1A through a series of soil mechanics experiments. Sieve and hydrometer analyses were used to determine particle size distribution, showing the regolith was poorly graded. Direct shear tests measured the simulant's friction angle of 41.3 degrees, indicating relatively weak shear strength similar to some Earth soils. While the regolith properties provided drainage, its grading and strength were suboptimal for construction. Further research is needed to modify regolith properties or identify alternative construction materials to enable building directly on Mars using local resources. Understanding Martian soil properties is crucial to establishing human colonies off Earth and ensuring long-term survival.
The Fullbore Formation MicroImager (FMI) instrument provides high resolution images of bedding and fractures in borehole walls. It uses electrical resistivity contrasts to image features around the borehole at vertical resolutions of 5 mm. FMI data is processed using Schlumberger software to correct speed, equalize histograms, and enhance images. FMI can be used for structural analysis, reservoir characterization of natural fractures and porosity, thin bed detection, and other applications. It images features like dips, fractures, vugs, laminations, and other sedimentological structures.
This document summarizes an XRD stress analysis of nano-diamond coatings deposited on WC-Co substrates. The key points are:
1. A compressive residual stress of 1.65GPa was measured in the nano-diamond coatings using the sin2ψ method with omega tilting mode.
2. "ψ-splitting" was observed, demonstrating the existence of non-zero shear stress normal to the coating surface, indicating a triaxial rather than biaxial stress state.
3. Various diffraction peaks and instrument settings were tested to obtain reliable stress measurements, with the (311) peak in omega mode providing the best results.
This article presents a workflow for predicting time-lapse stress effects in seismic data due to production-induced stress changes. The workflow involves building reservoir and geomechanical models, dynamically modeling fluid flow and reservoir compaction over time, calculating changes in elastic properties from stress changes, and using these to predict changes in seismic attributes. The workflow is demonstrated on a synthetic double-dipping anticline reservoir model. Modeling predicts vertical and horizontal subsurface displacement, changes in triaxial stress state in the overburden, and time-lapse changes up to 40ms in seismic attributes like P-wave and S-wave travel times that could be observed in field seismic data.
2010 rock slope risk assesment based on geostructural annaMasagus Azizi
The document describes a study on assessing rock slope stability along a highway in North Malaysia. Laser scanning and traditional surveying techniques were used to characterize discontinuities in eight rock slopes. Discontinuity orientations and positions were derived from laser scanning point clouds. Stability analyses using key block analysis identified potential failure mechanisms. A relative hazard index was developed based on slope geometry, stability, water presence, and protections to assess hazard levels and inform mitigation recommendations. The study provides a methodology for integrating advanced scanning with traditional surveys to evaluate rock slope stability.
This document summarizes an experiment that used atomic force spectroscopy to measure adhesion forces between an atomic force microscope tip and mica or quartz surfaces in both air and water environments. The key findings were:
1) Adhesion forces were significantly higher in air than in water due to capillary forces present in air.
2) Adhesion forces varied more on rougher quartz surfaces compared to smoother mica surfaces.
3) Variability in adhesion force measurements at the same point on a surface was attributed to small differences in tip-sample contact location each time.
Openhole wireline logging and interpretation schlum. report-33-46AR MARWEN
This document summarizes the analysis of well logging data from 2222 meters to 2496.5 meters. The tool run included a BSP-PEX-DSLT-HALS, which provided gamma ray, neutron porosity, density, photoelectric effect, and resistivity measurements. The log was interpreted through quality control checks, zoning of lithology, and evaluation of resistivity, density, and neutron porosity responses. Seven zones were identified, including limestone, dolomite, shale, and a water-bearing sandstone reservoir from 2362.5 to 2359.5 meters with high resistivity, indicating hydrocarbons.
The document discusses two common soil classification systems: the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials system (AASHTO). The USCS classifies soils into four major categories based on grain size, plasticity, and compressibility. The AASHTO system classifies soils into eight groups based on particle size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index for use in road construction. Both systems provide a standardized way to categorize soils based on simple tests to understand their engineering properties and behavior.
The document summarizes the stratigraphy, exploration methods, and drilling techniques used in the Kothagudem Coal Belt in Andhra Pradesh, India. The stratigraphy includes the Talcher, Barakar, and Kamathi formations from the Permian period. Exploration has involved surface mapping, borehole drilling, and geophysical surveys. Drilling methods used include rotary, wireline, and diamond drilling to obtain core samples. Geophysical logging of boreholes provided data on coal seam depths, thickness, and faults through measurements of spontaneous polarization, resistivity, and natural gamma radiation.
Sedimentological studies of marine oil fields in order to reduce drilling risk...bijceesjournal
Detailed studies of sedimentology and petrology of oil fields, especially oil fields located in the seas, play a very important role in reducing the risk of danger, increasing harvest, and reducing the amount of environmental pollution. The South Pars gas field in the waters of the Persian Gulf on the joint border line of Iran and Qatar and on the south coast of Iran has been used as a comprehensive model for this type of study. In these studies, the sedimentary environment and sequential stratigraphy of the Scorpion and Sarvak Formations in the South Pars gas field in wells 1 and 3 have been investigated. Microscopic studies and analysis of gamma-ray and acoustic diagrams of these formations have led to the identification of 9 facies in three facies belts related to wetland, dam, and open sea. Dam facies have been identified only in Sarvak formation. This study shows that the facies belts of the abovementioned formations in a ramp platform are also sloping. Sequence stratigraphy of Kazhdomi and Sarvak Formations in the study wells shows that Kazhdomi Formation has one sedimentary sequence (third category cycle) and Sarvak Formation has two sedimentary sequences. The lower boundaries of sequences 1 and 2 and the upper boundary of sequence 3 have type 1 (SB1) discontinuities, and the boundary between sequences 2 and 3 has type 2 (SB2) discontinuities.
Bimodal pore size behavior of the shajara formation reservoirs of the permo ...Khalid Al-Khidir
The sandstones of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation form the main part of the Unayzah Reservoir in the Greater Arabian Basin. It is divided into three reservoirs, namely from base to top Lower, Middle, and Upper Shajara reservoirs. Mercury intrusion technique was carried out on representative sandstone samples collected from the type section and the three reservoirs are generally characterized as heterogeneous megaporous reservoirs. The best reservoir quality is assigned to the lower sand unit of the Lower Shajara followed by the Middle Shajara Reservoir. One sample collected from the upper part of the Lower Shajara was described as low quality due to its fine grain characteristic and its proximity to the unconformity surface. Reservoir quality is controlled to a large extent by the depositional facies and specifically by rock texture illustrated by petrophysical description. The quality of the three reservoirs of the Shajara Formation, increases with the increase of grain size and grain sorting.
Keywords Shajara Reservoirs Shajara Formation Unayzah Group Pore size distribution
Bimodal pore size behavior of the shajara formation reservoirs of the permo ...Khalid Al-Khidir
This document summarizes a study of the pore size behavior of sandstone reservoirs in the Shajara Formation in Saudi Arabia. Mercury injection testing was performed on 9 sandstone samples from 3 reservoirs (Lower, Middle, and Upper Shajara). The results show that the reservoirs exhibit a bimodal pore size distribution and are characterized as heterogeneous megaporous reservoirs. Reservoir quality is found to increase with grain size and sorting. Pore aperture sizes were calculated from capillary pressure curves using standard equations.
SILT CONTENT APPROXIMATION OF NEOGENE SURMA GROUP MUDROCKS, SITAKUND ANTICLIN...Md. Yousuf Gazi
Petrography of the Neogene mudrocks in this study incorporates laser particle size
analysis, thin sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ten representative
mudrock samples were collected from outcrops of the Sitakund structure. From the
studies, it is evident that mudrocks of Sitakund structure are characteristically silty. The
silt content, as estimated by laser grain size analysis, of the mudrocks ranges from 39 to
77% with average of 58%. Significant amount of granular silt with the platy clay
minerals is also evident from the SEM micrographs. The silts are mainly quartz, feldspar
and micas. The high silt content in the Neogene mudrocks implies an enormous flux of
silty sediments with a very high rate of sedimentation allowing little time for a more
selective sorting. This supports the geologic history that the uplifting and erosion of
Himalaya was at the peak during Miocene and the Ganges mega delta received highest
rate of sedimentation and growth rendering shale consistently silty.
Arithmetic relaxation time of induced polarization fractal dimensionKhalid Al-Khidir
1. The document analyzes sandstone samples from the Shajara Formation in Saudi Arabia to characterize the reservoirs.
2. Arithmetic relaxation time of induced polarization was calculated from permeability distributions and used to calculate fractal dimensions.
3. Based on the results, the Shajara reservoirs were divided into three units from base to top: Lower, Middle, and Upper Shajara Arithmetic Relaxation Time Fractal Dimension Units. Fractal dimension increased with increasing permeability and relaxation time.
This study used ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to analyze the Quaternary stratigraphy of a sandy portion of the Marambaia Isthmus in Brazil. Five radar facies were identified in one GPR profile, representing different depositional environments: facies A and A' showed planar reflections indicating a low-energy beach or shore environment; facies B showed sigmoidal reflections indicating transport of shelf sediments during a marine transgression; facies C showed oblique reflections indicating eolian dune deposition during lower sea levels; and facies D showed well-sorted sand grains deposited by reworking. Together, the facies suggest periods of marine transgression and lower sea levels with dune formation, providing information on the
Fine Study of Sedimentary Microfacies in Delta Front- In Heidimiao Key Sand G...iosrjce
Integrated black emperor temple reservoir depositional time unit 310 wells logging curve shape,
sand body geometry and porosity and permeability data, combined with regional geological background, the
Puxi oilfield ancient block 1 black oil reservoir group each sand group sedimentary characteristics and
depositional model of research. Research results show that will Heidimiao original six layer segment to 10
depositional time unit, through comparison of the fine, the establishment of logging facies models, 14
sedimentary microfacies plane distribution characteristics and evolution rules are obtained, provides an
important geological basis for the exploration and development of reservoir.
1. The document discusses the identification of lithologic traps in the D3 Member of the Gaonan Region using seismic attribute analysis, acoustic impedance inversion, and sedimentary microfacies analysis.
2. Several lithologic traps were identified in the I and II oil groups of the D3 Member, with the largest trap located between wells G46 and G146X1 covering an area of about 2.35 km2.
3. Impedance inversion, seismic attribute analysis, and sedimentary microfacies characterization using 3D seismic data helped determine the location and development of effective lithologic traps in the thin sandstone-shale interbeds of the target stratum.
Hydrocarbon potential of the Borno Basin through Electrofacies and depositional environment analysis was carried out from well log and seismic reflection data to reassess the potential of the Basin thereby justifying the huge financial commitment of the Government. The reflection configuration pattern from the seismic reflection lines is characterized by variation from parallel, continuous and strong amplitude to sub parallel, chaotic discontinuous and low amplitude which indicate a variation from a low energy basinal setting of uniform rate of continental deposition to high energy environment of monolithologic deposits. Furthermore, the derivable log signatures shows a variation from serrated mud/sand to serrated blocky to serrated funnel and bell shapes with depth. This imply a stable massive mud/sand rich basinwide environment to an upward regressive sequence of bar deposit followed by a deltaic estuarine clastic sediment to gradual upward transgressive decrease in grain size to a fluvial point bar deposit. These environments identified from the research are known to be hydrocarbon province.
The document discusses various geophysical investigation methods used in soil investigations, including seismic refraction and reflection surveys, resistivity surveys, and electromagnetic induction. It provides details on how each method works, including generating and measuring seismic waves or electrical currents and voltages in the ground to infer properties of subsurface soil and rock layers. Advantages are that the methods provide continuous subsurface profiles quickly and non-invasively over large areas. Examples of applications given include mapping bedrock, faults, and contaminant plumes.
The document analyzes the mechanical properties of a Martian regolith simulant called JSC Mars-1A through a series of soil mechanics experiments. Sieve and hydrometer analyses were used to determine particle size distribution, showing the regolith was poorly graded. Direct shear tests measured the simulant's friction angle of 41.3 degrees, indicating relatively weak shear strength similar to some Earth soils. While the regolith properties provided drainage, its grading and strength were suboptimal for construction. Further research is needed to modify regolith properties or identify alternative construction materials to enable building directly on Mars using local resources. Understanding Martian soil properties is crucial to establishing human colonies off Earth and ensuring long-term survival.
The Fullbore Formation MicroImager (FMI) instrument provides high resolution images of bedding and fractures in borehole walls. It uses electrical resistivity contrasts to image features around the borehole at vertical resolutions of 5 mm. FMI data is processed using Schlumberger software to correct speed, equalize histograms, and enhance images. FMI can be used for structural analysis, reservoir characterization of natural fractures and porosity, thin bed detection, and other applications. It images features like dips, fractures, vugs, laminations, and other sedimentological structures.
This document summarizes an XRD stress analysis of nano-diamond coatings deposited on WC-Co substrates. The key points are:
1. A compressive residual stress of 1.65GPa was measured in the nano-diamond coatings using the sin2ψ method with omega tilting mode.
2. "ψ-splitting" was observed, demonstrating the existence of non-zero shear stress normal to the coating surface, indicating a triaxial rather than biaxial stress state.
3. Various diffraction peaks and instrument settings were tested to obtain reliable stress measurements, with the (311) peak in omega mode providing the best results.
This article presents a workflow for predicting time-lapse stress effects in seismic data due to production-induced stress changes. The workflow involves building reservoir and geomechanical models, dynamically modeling fluid flow and reservoir compaction over time, calculating changes in elastic properties from stress changes, and using these to predict changes in seismic attributes. The workflow is demonstrated on a synthetic double-dipping anticline reservoir model. Modeling predicts vertical and horizontal subsurface displacement, changes in triaxial stress state in the overburden, and time-lapse changes up to 40ms in seismic attributes like P-wave and S-wave travel times that could be observed in field seismic data.
2010 rock slope risk assesment based on geostructural annaMasagus Azizi
The document describes a study on assessing rock slope stability along a highway in North Malaysia. Laser scanning and traditional surveying techniques were used to characterize discontinuities in eight rock slopes. Discontinuity orientations and positions were derived from laser scanning point clouds. Stability analyses using key block analysis identified potential failure mechanisms. A relative hazard index was developed based on slope geometry, stability, water presence, and protections to assess hazard levels and inform mitigation recommendations. The study provides a methodology for integrating advanced scanning with traditional surveys to evaluate rock slope stability.
This document summarizes an experiment that used atomic force spectroscopy to measure adhesion forces between an atomic force microscope tip and mica or quartz surfaces in both air and water environments. The key findings were:
1) Adhesion forces were significantly higher in air than in water due to capillary forces present in air.
2) Adhesion forces varied more on rougher quartz surfaces compared to smoother mica surfaces.
3) Variability in adhesion force measurements at the same point on a surface was attributed to small differences in tip-sample contact location each time.
Openhole wireline logging and interpretation schlum. report-33-46AR MARWEN
This document summarizes the analysis of well logging data from 2222 meters to 2496.5 meters. The tool run included a BSP-PEX-DSLT-HALS, which provided gamma ray, neutron porosity, density, photoelectric effect, and resistivity measurements. The log was interpreted through quality control checks, zoning of lithology, and evaluation of resistivity, density, and neutron porosity responses. Seven zones were identified, including limestone, dolomite, shale, and a water-bearing sandstone reservoir from 2362.5 to 2359.5 meters with high resistivity, indicating hydrocarbons.
The document discusses two common soil classification systems: the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials system (AASHTO). The USCS classifies soils into four major categories based on grain size, plasticity, and compressibility. The AASHTO system classifies soils into eight groups based on particle size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index for use in road construction. Both systems provide a standardized way to categorize soils based on simple tests to understand their engineering properties and behavior.
The document summarizes the stratigraphy, exploration methods, and drilling techniques used in the Kothagudem Coal Belt in Andhra Pradesh, India. The stratigraphy includes the Talcher, Barakar, and Kamathi formations from the Permian period. Exploration has involved surface mapping, borehole drilling, and geophysical surveys. Drilling methods used include rotary, wireline, and diamond drilling to obtain core samples. Geophysical logging of boreholes provided data on coal seam depths, thickness, and faults through measurements of spontaneous polarization, resistivity, and natural gamma radiation.
Sedimentological studies of marine oil fields in order to reduce drilling risk...bijceesjournal
Detailed studies of sedimentology and petrology of oil fields, especially oil fields located in the seas, play a very important role in reducing the risk of danger, increasing harvest, and reducing the amount of environmental pollution. The South Pars gas field in the waters of the Persian Gulf on the joint border line of Iran and Qatar and on the south coast of Iran has been used as a comprehensive model for this type of study. In these studies, the sedimentary environment and sequential stratigraphy of the Scorpion and Sarvak Formations in the South Pars gas field in wells 1 and 3 have been investigated. Microscopic studies and analysis of gamma-ray and acoustic diagrams of these formations have led to the identification of 9 facies in three facies belts related to wetland, dam, and open sea. Dam facies have been identified only in Sarvak formation. This study shows that the facies belts of the abovementioned formations in a ramp platform are also sloping. Sequence stratigraphy of Kazhdomi and Sarvak Formations in the study wells shows that Kazhdomi Formation has one sedimentary sequence (third category cycle) and Sarvak Formation has two sedimentary sequences. The lower boundaries of sequences 1 and 2 and the upper boundary of sequence 3 have type 1 (SB1) discontinuities, and the boundary between sequences 2 and 3 has type 2 (SB2) discontinuities.
Bimodal pore size behavior of the shajara formation reservoirs of the permo ...Khalid Al-Khidir
The sandstones of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation form the main part of the Unayzah Reservoir in the Greater Arabian Basin. It is divided into three reservoirs, namely from base to top Lower, Middle, and Upper Shajara reservoirs. Mercury intrusion technique was carried out on representative sandstone samples collected from the type section and the three reservoirs are generally characterized as heterogeneous megaporous reservoirs. The best reservoir quality is assigned to the lower sand unit of the Lower Shajara followed by the Middle Shajara Reservoir. One sample collected from the upper part of the Lower Shajara was described as low quality due to its fine grain characteristic and its proximity to the unconformity surface. Reservoir quality is controlled to a large extent by the depositional facies and specifically by rock texture illustrated by petrophysical description. The quality of the three reservoirs of the Shajara Formation, increases with the increase of grain size and grain sorting.
Keywords Shajara Reservoirs Shajara Formation Unayzah Group Pore size distribution
Bimodal pore size behavior of the shajara formation reservoirs of the permo ...Khalid Al-Khidir
This document summarizes a study of the pore size behavior of sandstone reservoirs in the Shajara Formation in Saudi Arabia. Mercury injection testing was performed on 9 sandstone samples from 3 reservoirs (Lower, Middle, and Upper Shajara). The results show that the reservoirs exhibit a bimodal pore size distribution and are characterized as heterogeneous megaporous reservoirs. Reservoir quality is found to increase with grain size and sorting. Pore aperture sizes were calculated from capillary pressure curves using standard equations.
SILT CONTENT APPROXIMATION OF NEOGENE SURMA GROUP MUDROCKS, SITAKUND ANTICLIN...Md. Yousuf Gazi
Petrography of the Neogene mudrocks in this study incorporates laser particle size
analysis, thin sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ten representative
mudrock samples were collected from outcrops of the Sitakund structure. From the
studies, it is evident that mudrocks of Sitakund structure are characteristically silty. The
silt content, as estimated by laser grain size analysis, of the mudrocks ranges from 39 to
77% with average of 58%. Significant amount of granular silt with the platy clay
minerals is also evident from the SEM micrographs. The silts are mainly quartz, feldspar
and micas. The high silt content in the Neogene mudrocks implies an enormous flux of
silty sediments with a very high rate of sedimentation allowing little time for a more
selective sorting. This supports the geologic history that the uplifting and erosion of
Himalaya was at the peak during Miocene and the Ganges mega delta received highest
rate of sedimentation and growth rendering shale consistently silty.
Arithmetic relaxation time of induced polarization fractal dimensionKhalid Al-Khidir
1. The document analyzes sandstone samples from the Shajara Formation in Saudi Arabia to characterize the reservoirs.
2. Arithmetic relaxation time of induced polarization was calculated from permeability distributions and used to calculate fractal dimensions.
3. Based on the results, the Shajara reservoirs were divided into three units from base to top: Lower, Middle, and Upper Shajara Arithmetic Relaxation Time Fractal Dimension Units. Fractal dimension increased with increasing permeability and relaxation time.
This study used ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to analyze the Quaternary stratigraphy of a sandy portion of the Marambaia Isthmus in Brazil. Five radar facies were identified in one GPR profile, representing different depositional environments: facies A and A' showed planar reflections indicating a low-energy beach or shore environment; facies B showed sigmoidal reflections indicating transport of shelf sediments during a marine transgression; facies C showed oblique reflections indicating eolian dune deposition during lower sea levels; and facies D showed well-sorted sand grains deposited by reworking. Together, the facies suggest periods of marine transgression and lower sea levels with dune formation, providing information on the
Fine Study of Sedimentary Microfacies in Delta Front- In Heidimiao Key Sand G...iosrjce
Integrated black emperor temple reservoir depositional time unit 310 wells logging curve shape,
sand body geometry and porosity and permeability data, combined with regional geological background, the
Puxi oilfield ancient block 1 black oil reservoir group each sand group sedimentary characteristics and
depositional model of research. Research results show that will Heidimiao original six layer segment to 10
depositional time unit, through comparison of the fine, the establishment of logging facies models, 14
sedimentary microfacies plane distribution characteristics and evolution rules are obtained, provides an
important geological basis for the exploration and development of reservoir.
1. The document discusses the identification of lithologic traps in the D3 Member of the Gaonan Region using seismic attribute analysis, acoustic impedance inversion, and sedimentary microfacies analysis.
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Characterization of heterogeneity of the shajara reservoirs of the shajara formation of the permo carboniferous
1. ORIGINAL PAPER
Characterization of heterogeneity of the Shajara reservoirs
of the Shajara formation of the Permo-Carboniferous
Unayzah group
K. E. Al-Khidir & M. S. Benzagouta & A. A. Al-Qurishi &
A. A. Al-Laboun
Received: 8 January 2012 /Accepted: 10 August 2012 /Published online: 7 September 2012
# Saudi Society for Geosciences 2012
Abstract Representative sandstone samples were collected
from the surface-type section of the Shajara Formation of
the Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah Group for reservoir char-
acterization through fractal dimension investigation. Two
models based on mercury intrusion technique were
employed to represent the pores characteristics of these
sandstones. The results show that realistic dimensions and
outstanding fractal features of porous structures in Shajara
sandstones, when these materials are correlated by thermo-
dynamic model and 3-D fractal model of mercury intrusion.
On the basis of sub-Unayzah unconformity, sub-Middle
Shajara local unconformity, mudstone of the Middle Shajara
and sub-Khuff unconformity, the three porous and perme-
able sandstone units of Shajara Formation were treated
separately and classified here into three fractal dimension
units. The units from base to top are: Lower Shajara Fractal
Dimension Unit, Middle Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit,
and Upper Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit. The thermody-
namic model and 3-D fractal model were effectively used to
characterize the porous structures of Shajara sandstones in
logical and quantitative way.
Keywords Heterogeneity . Shajara formation . Shajara
fractal dimension units . Permeability
Introduction
The Unayzah Formation is hydrocarbon bearing in many oil
and gas fields in Saudi Arabia. It is composed of continental
siliciclastics of Permo-Carboniferous age. The formation
was formally defined by Al-Laboun (1987).
Lithologically, the clastic surface type section of the
Shajara Formation of the Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah
Group, that is exposed at Ash Shajara, Qusayba area, Al
Qassim district, Saudi Arabia, is classified into three mem-
bers: Lower Shajara Member, Middle Shajara Member, and
Upper Shajara Member (Al-Khidir 2007; Fig. 1). Local
unconformities were recognized within the Shajara Forma-
tion indicating minor stratigraphic break in sedimentation.
These local unconformities were interpreted as braided fluvial
channels. The clastic sequence starts with a red, porous,
permeable sandstone deposited unconformably on the Early
Devonian Tawail Formation.
On the other hand, the Middle Shajara Member is separated
from the Lower Shajara Member by a local unconformity.
Furthermore, a caliche surface (sub-Khuff unconformity) sep-
arates the Upper Shajara Member from the overlying Huqayl
Member of the Permo–Triassic Khuff Formation. Strongly
speaking, the sub-Unayzah unconformity, sub-Middle Shajara
unconformity, mudstone of the Middle Shajara Member, and
K. E. Al-Khidir (*) :M. S. Benzagouta
College of Engineering, Al Amoudi Research Chair in Petroleum,
EOR, Department of Petroleum Engineering and Natural Gas,
King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: kalkhidir@ksu.edu.sa
M. S. Benzagouta
e-mail: benz@ksu.edu.sa
A. A. Al-Qurishi
Petroleum and Natural Gas Research Institute,
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: aqurishi@kacst.edu.sa
A. A. Al-Laboun
College of Science Department of Geology, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: ibnlaboun@yahoo.com
Arab J Geosci (2013) 6:3989–3995
DOI 10.1007/s12517-012-0656-9
2. sub-Khuff unconformity represent the backbone to classify
the Shajara Formation into three lithological units.
From the Petrophysical point of view, the sandstones of
the Shajara Formation were divided into three porous and
permeable zones: Lower Shajara Permeable Zone, Middle
Shajara Permeable Zone, and Upper Shajara Permeable
Zone (Al-Khidir 2007). Therefore, the three permeable
zones represent the backbone to study the fractal dimensions
of the porous structures of Shajara sandstones using mercury
intrusion technique with certain degree of accuracy.
Methodology and experimental work
Two models were used to characterize the fractal dimen-
sions of the sandstones of the Shajara Formation. These
models are: thermodynamic and 3-D fractal model of mercury
intrusion technique using autopore III. The term fractal was
first introduced by Mandelbrot (1977). It is defined as a
material that changes in size but not in geometrical shapes.
An important property of a fractal is self-similarity, which
refers to a characteristic of a form exhibited when substructure
Fig. 1 Surface type section of
the Shajara Formation of the
Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah
Group, showing the three
fractal dimension units,
N 26° 52 17.4, E 43° 36 18;
Al-Khidir et al. (2012)
3990 Arab J Geosci (2013) 6:3989–3995
3. resembles a superstructure in the same form. The fractal
dimension is used to study heterogeneity of a system. The
greater the fractal dimension, the greater the heterogeneous
system. Many authors have studied the fractal dimension,
among them Katz and Thompson (1985), Friesen and Mikula
(1987), Hansen and Skjeltrop (1988), Krohn (1988),
Lenormand (1990), Angulo and Gonzalez (1992), Toledo et
al. (1993), Shen and Li (1994, 1995), Li and Horne (2003), Li
(2004), and Kewen (2004). Mercury intrusion method was
used on samples representing the investigated area. This was
done by injecting mercury under pressure using Micromeritics
Autopore 111. The output of this experiment is construction of
capillary pressure curve as a function of mercury saturation.
The capillary pressure data was then used to calculate the pore
radius using Washburn's equation.
r ¼ 2 Â σ Â cos θ Pc= ð1Þ
r Pore radius in meter (m)
σ Mercury interfacial tension in Neuton per meter
(0.485 N/m)
θ Mercury contact angle measured in degrees (130°)
Pc Capillary pressure in Neuton per square meter (N/m2
)
With special reference to the thermodynamic model, log-
arithm of work done divided by the square of the pore radius
was plotted versus the logarithm of pore volume divided by
the pore radius, and the value of the slope of the straight line
is equivalent to the fractal dimension (Df). The thermody-
namic model equation is given below:
Log Pc  v r^2=ð Þ ¼ Df  Log v^0:3 r=ð Þ þ c ð2Þ
For the 3-D fractal model, the logarithm of mercury
saturation divided by average capillary pressure was plotted
versus logarithm of capillary pressure. and the slope was
determined from the straight line and its value was added to
4 to give the fractal dimension (Df).
Log dSHg dPc= Þ ¼ ðDf À 4Þ Â LogPc
À
ð3Þ
Results and discussion
The results of fractal dimensions of the porous structures in
sandstones of the Shajara Formation of the Permo-
Carboniferous Unayzah Group were shown in Table 1 Three
fractal dimension units were identified depending on ther-
modynamic model and 3-D fractal model of mercury intru-
sion technique. These fractal dimension units are: Lower
Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit, Middle Shajara Fractal
Dimension Unit, and Upper Shajara Fractal Dimension
Unit.
Concerning the Lower Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit, it
is represented by two sequences, namely lower and upper
(Fig. 1). The lower sequence is illustrated by three samples,
SJ1, SJ2, and SJ3 as shown in Fig. 1. Sample SJ1 is
described as medium-grained, moderately well-sorted, po-
rous, friable, red sandstone as shown in Fig. 1. The result of
thermodynamic model of sample SJ1 is demonstrated in
Fig. 2 and Table 1. The obtained straight line indicates a
porous system, while the value of the fractal dimension
(3.1332) assigns for sample heterogeneity. This anisotropy
is also confirmed in Fig. 2 which shows the 3-D fractal
model acquiring a fractal dimension of 2.8668. Regarding
sample SJ2, it is identified as medium-grained, well-sorted,
porous, friable, yellow sandstone (Fig. 1). Similarly, this
sample is characterized by straight line and a value of fractal
dimension equals to 3.1317 as demonstrated in Fig. 3 and
Table 1. This heterogeneity is also represented in Fig. 3 and
Table 1 revealing a value of fractal dimension equals to
2.8683.
Table 1 Thermodynamic model and 3-D fractal model of the Shajara Reservoirs of Shajara Formation of the Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah Group
showing the three fractal dimension units
Formation Units No. Thermodynamic 3-D fractal Φ % KmD
Shajara Formation Upper Shajara Fractal
Dimension Unit
SJ-13 3.1279 2.8721 25 973
SJ-12 3.1317 2.8683 28 1,440
SJ-11 3.1255 2.8745 36 1,197
Middle Shajara Fractal
Dimension Unit
SJ-9 3.1293 2.8907 31 1,394
SJ-8 3.1285 2.8715 32 1,344
SJ-7 3.1284 2.8716 35 1,472
Lower Shajara Fractal
Dimension Unit
SJ-5 3.0929 2.9071 31 55
SJ-4 3.1046 2.8954 30 176
SJ-3 3.0937 2.9063 34 56
SJ-2 3.1317 2.8683 35 1,955
SJ-1 3.1332 2.8668 29 1,680
Arab J Geosci (2013) 6:3989–3995 3991
4. On the other hand, decrease in grain size occurred as we
proceed from sample SJ2 to SJ3 in the same lower sequence
of the Lowe Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit. Lithologically,
the sample SJ3 consists mainly of white to pink, fine-
grained sandstone, hard and fair to good sorting. Such grain
size variability can lead to reservoir quality assessment of
the Lower Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit, through fractal
dimension and permeability investigation (Fig. 4). That is to
say, grain size is directly proportional to fractal dimension
obtained from thermodynamic model as well as permeabil-
ity. In other words, high values of fractal dimension and
permeability correspond to the medium-grained sandstone
facies of this lower sequence (Table 1). In the case of 3-D
fractal dimension model, grain size and permeability are
inversely proportional to the fractal dimension. That is to
say, high value of fractal dimension and low value of per-
meability consign to the fine-grained sandstone sequence
(sample SJ3, as shown in Table 1).
The second sedimentary sequence of the Lower Shajara
Fractal Dimension Unit is isolated from the underlying
lower sequence by an intra lower Shajara unconformity as
delineated in Fig. 1. This sequence is illustrated by three
samples, namely SJ4, SJ5, and SJ6 as viewed in Fig. 1. With
regard to sample SJ4, it is described as coarse-grained, very
poorly sorted, white sandstone as mentioned in Fig. 1. This
sample possesses a fractal dimension value of about
3.1046.which is also account for heterogeneous system as
demonstrated in Fig. 5 and Table 1. This heterogeneity is
also documented by the value of the fractal dimension
(2.9954) obtained from the 3-D fractal model as shown in
Fig. 5. Again, reduction in grain size takes place as we
proceed from sample SJ4 to samples SJ5 and SJ6. Sample
SJ5 attained a fractal dimension value of about 3.0929
indicating a heterogeneous system as represented in Fig. 6.
Further verification of heterogeneity is shown in Fig. 6,
which displays a value of fractal dimension equals to
2.9071. No capillary pressure data available for sample SJ6,
but field observation demonstrates the presence of fine-
grained, compacted sandstone with yellow spots (Fig. 1).
Based on the obtained results of sample SJ4 and SJ5,
grain size is also directly proportional to the fractal dimen-
sion obtained from thermodynamic model, in addition to
Fig. 2 Thermodynamic and 3-D fractal model fractal for sample SJ-1
from Lower Shajara Fractal Shajar Dimension Unit
Fig. 3 Thermodynamic and 3-D model for sample SJ-2 from Lower
Fractal Dimension Unit
Fig. 4 Thermodynamic and 3-D fractal model for sample SJ-3 from
Lower Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit
Fig. 5 Thermodynamic and 3-D model for sample SJ-4 from Lower
Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit
3992 Arab J Geosci (2013) 6:3989–3995
5. permeability value. Furthermore high value of fractal di-
mension and permeability consign to sample SJ4 (coarse-
grained sequence) of this sequence as shown in sequence.
With regard to the fractal dimensions of sandstones from
Middle Shajara unit, their results were graphically repre-
sented in Figs.7, 8, and 9 and Table 1. This unit is separated
from the Lower Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit by sub-
middle Shajara local unconformity as shown in Fig. 1. This
unit is illustrated by four samples, namely SJ7, SJ8, SJ9, and
SJ10 as mentioned in Fig. 1. The Sample SJ7 consists
mainly of red sandstone is coarse-grained, moderately to
very well sorted, porous, and friable. This sample is also
characterized by straight line as shown in Fig. 7 which
accounts for a porous system. The result obtained from
thermodynamic model indicates the presence of a heteroge-
neous system (Df03.1284). Further pronouncement of het-
erogeneity is viewed by the 3-D fractal model (Fig. 7).
Based on this model, sample SJ7 acquired a value of fractal
dimension equals to 2.8716.
Similarly, reduction in grain size happened as we proceed
from sample SJ7 to SJ8 as illustrated in Fig. 1. Sample SJ8
is described as medium-grained, moderately well-sorted,
porous, friable, red sandstone (Fig. 1). This sample attained
a value of fractal dimension of about 3.1285 which also
delineates the presence of a heterogeneous system (Fig. 8
Table 1). The result displayed in Fig. 8 from 3-D fractal
model also announced for a heterogeneous system (Df0
2.8715). On the subject of sample SJ9, it is identified as
medium-grained, moderately well-sorted, porous, friable,
yellow sandstone (Fig. 1). As indicated in Fig. 9 and Table 1,
this sample has a value of fractal dimension equals to
3.1293, declaring the existence of a heterogeneous system.
Further verification of heterogeneity is shown in Fig. 9 and
Table 1.which reveals a value of fractal dimension corre-
sponds to 2.8707. On the topic of sample SJ10, it is recog-
nized as medium-grained, moderately sorted, porous,
friable, light brown sandstone (Fig. 1). This sample obtained
no capillary pressure data to determine its fractal dimension.
In and overall, concerning the fractal dimensions
obtained from thermodynamic model and the 3-D fractal
model for the Middle Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit, the
scenario is reversed. In the case of thermodynamic model,
Fig. 6 Thermodynamic and 3-D fractal model for sample SJ-5 from
Lower Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit
Fig. 7 Thermodynamic and 3-D model for sample SJ-7 from Middle
Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit
Fig. 8 Thermodynamic and 3-D fractal model for sample SJ-8 from
Middle Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit
Fig. 9 Thermodynamic and 3-D model for sample SJ-9 from Middle
Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit
Arab J Geosci (2013) 6:3989–3995 3993
6. the obtained fractal dimension enlarges upward with re-
duced grain size and permeability as shown in Table 1. On
the topic of the 3-D fractal model, the determined fractal
dimension decreases upward with reduction in grain size
and permeability as illustrated in Table 1.
With reference to the Upper Shajara fractal Dimension
Unit, it is represented by three samples, namely SJ11, SJ12,
and SJ13. Their results of fractal dimensions are shown in
Figs. 10, 11, and 12. The Sample SJ11 consists mainly of
medium grained-sandstone, fairly well to poorly sorted,
porous, friable, and yellow in color (Fig. 1). On the basis
of thermodynamic model, this sample acquiring a value of
fractal dimension equals to 3.1255 and straight line (Fig. 10)
delineates the occurrence of a heterogeneous porous system.
This heterogeneity is confirmed in Fig. 10 and Table 1. That is
to say, fractal dimension equals to 2.8745. Concerning sample
SJ12 it is identified as very coarse-grained, moderately sorted,
porous, friable, yellow sandstone (Fig. 1). The fractal dimen-
sion obtained for this sample from thermodynamic model was
found to be 3.1317 assigning for heterogeneous system
(Fig. 11 and Table 1). Moreover, this heterogeneity is verified
in Fig. 11 which shows a value of fractal dimension identical
to 2.8683. Sample SJ13 is described as coarse-grained, mod-
erately sorted, porous, friable, light brown, cross bedded
sandstone as demonstrated (Fig. 1). This sample posses fractal
dimension value equivalent to 3.1279 pronouncing also for
heterogeneous system as indicated in Fig. 12. This heteroge-
neity is also affirmed in Fig. 12 which attains a value of fractal
dimension equals to 2.8721.
In and overall, such grain size variability can guide to
reservoir quality evaluation of the Upper Shajara Fractal
Dimension Unit, in the course of fractal dimension and
permeability examination. That is to say, grain size is di-
rectly proportional to fractal dimension determined from
thermodynamic model as well as permeability. On other
wards, high values of fractal dimension and permeability
correspond to the very coarse-grained sandstone sequence
(SJ12) as indicated in Fig. 11 and Table 1. Regarding the3-D
fractal dimension model, the value of fractal dimension
increases upward with decrease grain size and permeability
as shown in Table 1
An excellent correlation factor (1) was determined from
Fig. 13 to show the mathematical capability of the two
models and their permanence in calculating the fractal
dimensions of the porous structures of Shajara sandstones
with certain degree of precision. Figure 13 shows that fine-
Fig. 10 Thermodynamic and 3-D fractal model for sample SJ-11 from
Upper Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit
Fig. 11 Thermodynamic and 3-D model for sample SJ-12 from Upper
Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit
Fig. 12 Thermodynamic and 3-D fractal model for sample SJ-13 from
Upper Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit
Fig. 13 Thermodynamic model versus 3-D fractal model
3994 Arab J Geosci (2013) 6:3989–3995
7. grained facies of the Lower Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit
attained the lowest values of fractal dimensions obtained
from thermodynamic model. On the other hand, medium-
and coarse-grained facies of the Shajara Formation are char-
acterized by low values of fractal dimensions obtained from
3-D fractal model, compared to the fine-grained sequence
(Fig. 13).
Conclusion
& The thermodynamic model and 3-D fractal model of
mercury intrusion show their effectiveness, mathemati-
cal capabilities, and continuity in evaluating the fractal
dimension of the sandstones of the Shajara Formation of
the Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah Group.
& Three fractal dimension units were identified on the
basis of unconformities and mudstone of the Middle
Shajara unit.
& Excellent correlation factor (1) was obtained which as-
sign for the competency of the two models.
& The results of the fractal dimensions indicate the hetero-
geneity of the Shajara Reservoirs which account for a
wide range of pore sizes.
Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank Al Amoudi Re-
search Chair in Petroleum EOR, King Abdulaziz City for Science and
Technology and King Saud University, Depart of Petroleum Engineering
for the use of their laboratories.
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