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CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH.pptx
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Describes the characteristics, processes and ethics of research.
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS • Empirical • systematic • Controlled • Analytical • Objective • original work • replicability CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 3
- 4. EMPIRICAL • Research is based on direct experiences or observation by the researcher. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 4
- 5. SYSTEMATIC • Research is based on valid procedures and principles. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 5
- 6. OBJECTIVE/LOGICAL • As a researcher, your research must be unbiased and logical. • All findings must be logically based on empirical data which are based on real life situations. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 6
- 7. CONTROLLED • In research, all variables, except those that are tested/experimented on, are kept constant. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 7
- 8. ANALYTICAL • Data gathered must be analyzed critically so that there is no error in the coming up with interpretations. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 8
- 9. CRITICAL • Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 9
- 10. CYCLICAL Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 10
- 11. ORIGINAL WORK • Research requires effort to get at the researcher’s own investigation and produce the data needed to complete the study. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 11
- 12. REPLICABILITY • The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 12
- 13. LEARNING TASK 1:YES OR NO! 1. Research starts with a problem and always ends with an answer. 2. Research utilizes proven logical process in gathering the data. 3. Research replicates to arrive at valid and conclusive results. 4. Research is conducted in a organized manner with bias. 5. Research utilizes historical and experimental procedures. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 13
- 14. LEARNING TASK 1:YES OR NO! 6. Research is said to be critical if it exhibits cautious judgement. 7. Research is based on invalid procedures and principles. 8. Research is not based on observation by the researcher. 9. The research process begins with a very broad idea of a topic. 10. The purpose of research is not to inform action. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 14
- 15. RESEARCH PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 15
- 16. RESEARCH PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 16
- 17. LEARNING TASK 2: FB (FOLLOW AND BUILD) TIME! DIRECTIONS: FOLLOW EACH PROCESS ON THE CYCLE BELOW AND BUILD YOUR OWN MNEMONIC DEVICE FOR YOU TO EASILY REMEMBER THE RESEARCH PROCESS CYCLE. ANSWER THE GUIDE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 17
- 18. LEARNING TASK 2: FB (FOLLOW AND BUILD) TIME! DIRECTIONS: FOLLOW EACH PROCESS ON THE CYCLE BELOW AND BUILD YOUR OWN MNEMONIC DEVICE FOR YOU TO EASILY REMEMBER THE RESEARCH PROCESS CYCLE. ANSWER THE GUIDE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW. CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 18 My mnemonic device to easily remember the research cycle is ____________________.
- 19. Which among the processes is the easiest step in a research? Why? How about the most difficult? Why? 19
- 20. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Honesty. Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public 20 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 21. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Objectivity. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. 21 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 22. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action. 22 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 23. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities. 23 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 24. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Share your findings especially to your informants/respondents. 24 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 25. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Intellectual Property. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize. 25 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 26. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records. 26 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 27. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication 27 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 28. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies. 28 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 29. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Non-Discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity. 29 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 30. ETHICS IN RESEARCH • Human Subjects protection. When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly. 30 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- 31. CONCEPT CHECK 1. What is the practice of protecting participants' personal identities and answers by ensuring their responses cannot be linked back to them? a. Anonymity b. Confidentiality c. Privacy d. Legality
- 32. CONCEPT CHECK 2. Adopting ethical principles in research means: a. Avoiding harm to participants b. The researcher is anonymous. c. Deception is only used when necessary d. Selected informants give their consent
- 33. CONCEPT CHECK 3. Why is it important that personal data about research participants are kept within secure, confidential records? a. So that the participants cannot find out what has been written about them. b. In case individuals, places, or organizations can be harmed through identification or disclosure of personal information. c. So that government officials, teachers, and other people in authority can have easy access to the data d. None of the above
Editor's Notes
- Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information to answer questions. But to qualify as research, the process must have certain characteristics: it must, as far as possible, be systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical and critical.
- Your research must be based on observations and experimentations of theories. This involves your direct experiences in conducting research. As a researcher, you cannot just do any magic in coming up with data; you need to experience in doing it.
- Systematic- Your research follows orderly and sequential procedures; it must be based on valid procedures and principles. You cannot just jump into conclusion with undergoing the steps.
- Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.
- Research has also stages to undergo which require your patience and perseverance. You need to exert efforts in order to have quality output. Below is a diagrammatic presentation of the steps when doing research (Prieto et al, 2017).
- different models of the research process exist, each containing different numbers of stages, most include the same general elements.
- different models of the research process exist, each containing different numbers of stages, most include the same general elements.
- different models of the research process exist, each containing different numbers of stages, most include the same general elements.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.
- Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews. This is important as it promote the values that are essential such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address.