This document outlines the key characteristics and types of research. Major characteristics include being empirical, systematic, controlled, employing hypotheses, analytical, and objective. Other characteristics relate to context, naturally occurring settings, humans as instruments, descriptive data, and emergent design. Types of research include library, field, and laboratory. Strengths include human insight while weaknesses relate to the researcher's skills. The document also discusses ethics in research including principles like honesty, objectivity, and confidentiality as well as considerations for qualitative research.

1. Characteristics of Research

2. Major Characteristics:
1. Empirical - based on observations and
experimentation of theories. (real-life situations)
2. Systematic - Research follows orderly and
sequential procedures.
3. Controlled - in research, all variables except
those that are tested/experimented on, are kept
constant.

3. 4. Employ hypothesis - guides the investigation
process.
5. Analytical - Critical analysis of all data used so
that there is no error in the researcher's
interpretations.
6. Objective - unbiased and logical.
7. Original work - requires effort to get at the
researcher's own investigation and produce data
needed to complete the study.

4. Other characteristics:
1. Concern for context and meaning
-Human experience takes its meaning from social,
historical, political and cultural influences.
2. Naturally occuring settings
-research studies behavior as it happens naturally in a
school, classroom, community or an organization.
3. Humans as instruments
- The researcher is the primary instrument for gathering
and analyzing data.

5. 4. Descriptive data
-data used in qualitative studies are in
the form of words or pictures or other
visuals rather than numbers and
statistics.
5. Emergent Design
-design canoot be finalized at the onset

6. Types of Research
1. Library Research - done primarily in the
library
2. Field Research - done in natural setting such
as barangay, school, or factory
3. Laboratory Research - conducted in artificial
or controlled conditions

7. Strength and Weakness of a Research
• Strength - using human insight and
experience
• Weakness - being so heavily dependent
on the researcher's skill, training,
intellect, discipline and creativity.

8. Ethics and Research
• Ethics - norms for conduct that distinguish between
acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
• a method, procedure or perspective for deciding how to
act and for analyzing complex problems and issues.
• Researchers have the duty to ensure that they do not
deliberately mislead participants as to the nature of the
research.
• Maintain privacy of participants including confidentiality
and anonymity for their identity.

9. Functions of Ethics
1. Norms promote the aims of research
2. Promotesvalues that are essential to collaborative
work such as trust, accounatbility, mutual respect and
fairness.
3.Ensure that researchers can be held accountable to
the public.
4. Helps build public support quality and integrity in
research.

10. Ethical Principles
• Honesty Social Responsibility
• Objectivity Non- discrimination
• Integrity Competence
• Carefulness Legality
• Openness
• Respect for intellectual property
• Confidentiality
• Responsible publication
• Respect for colleagues

11. Ethical Considerations in a Qualitative Research
1. The kind of information obtained
2. Act professionally maintaining respect towards the
participants.
3. Expected to give back to the participating in a way of
acknowledging them or showing appreciation of time, effort
or cooperation.
4. Writes a letter and seek permission to conduct the study.