Metodologi Penelitian

1. Metode Penelitian
Pertemuan 1

2. Introduction to
Research
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3. Penelitian
• Penelitian  proses ilmiah yang mencakup sifat formal dan intensif
• Penelitian adalah penyelidikan dari suatu bidang ilmu pengetahuan
yang dijalankan untuk memperoleh fakta-fakta/prinsip-prinsip dengan
sabar, hati-hati serta sistematis (J Suprapto MA)
• Penelitian adalah pemikiran yang sistematis mengenai berbagai jenis
masalah yang pemecahannya memerlukan pengumpulan dan
penafsiran fakta-fakta (David H. Penny)
• Penelitian (menurut Kerlinger, 1986) : proses penemuan yang
mempunyai karakteristik sistematis, terkontrol, empiris dan
mendasarkan pada teori dan hipotesis.
• Penelitian adalah usaha seseorang yg dilakukan secara sistematis
mengikuti aturan-aturan metodologi.
• Penelitian  Art and science guna mencari jawaban terhadap suatu
permasalahan (Yoseph dan Yoseph, 1979)
• Penelitian: cara pengamatan/inkuiri dan mempunyai tujuan untuk
mencari jawaban permasalahan atau proses penemuan, baik discovery
maupun invention.
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4. Metode Penelitian
• Metode penelitian pada dasarnya merupakan cara ilmiah untuk
mendapatkan data dengan tujuan dan kegunaan tertentu.
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5. Business Research
• Business research: an organized and systematic inquiry or
investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the purpose of
finding answers or solutions to it.
Research Methods for Business
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 5
• The role of theory and information in research
• Research and manager

6. Applied versus Basic Research
Research Methods for Business
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 6
• Generates a body of
knowledge by trying to
comprehend how certain
problems that occur in
organizations can be solved.
Basic research
• Solves a current problem
faced by the manager in the
work setting, demanding a
timely solution.
Applied
research

7. More Examples of Research Areas in Business
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Absenteeism
Communication
Motivation
Consumer decision making
Customer satisfaction
Budget allocations
Accounting procedures

8. Example – area of Research on Accounting
• Accounting Standard
Implementation
• Local Government
Financial Reporting
• E-Reporting
• Disclosure of FR
• Accounting System
• Internal Control
• Audit of financial statement
• Tax Policy
– Tax Amnesty
– Tax Revaluation
– Tax Compliance
• Tax and Financial Reporting
• Tax and Good Governance
• Local Government Budgeting
• E-Budgeting
• Implementation of
Performance Budget
• Procurement
• Planning Process
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9. Why managers should know about research
• Being knowledgeable about research and research
methods helps professional managers to:
– Identify and effectively solve minor problems in the work setting.
– Know how to discriminate good from bad research.
– Appreciate the multiple influences and effects of factors impinging
on a situation.
– Take calculated risks in decision making.
– Prevent possible vested interests from exercising their influence in
a situation.
– Relate to hired researchers and consultants more effectively.
– Combine experience with scientific knowledge while making
decisions.
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10. The Manager–Researcher Relationship
• Each should know his/her role
• Trust levels
• Value system
• Acceptance of findings and implementation
• Issues of inside versus outside researchers/consultants
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11. Internal Researchers
Advantages:
• Better acceptance from staff
• Knowledge about organization
• Would be an integral part of
implementation and evaluation
of the research
recommendations.
Disadvantages
• Less fresh ideas
• Power politics could prevail
• Possibly not valued as “expert”
by staff
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12. Eksternal Researchers
Advantages
• Divergent and
convergent thinking
• Experience from several
situations in different
organizations
• Better technical training,
usually
Disadvantages
• Takes time to know and
understand the
organization
• Rapport and cooperation
from staff not easy
• Not available for
evaluation and
implementation
• Costs
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13. Research Knowledge and Ethics
• Knowledge about research and managerial effectiveness:
– Manager responsible for final outcome by making the right decision.
– Research may use big data, sophisticated methodology, newly
theory.
– Consider changing turbulent environment
• Ethic and business research
– Code of conduct while conducted research – organization, process, sponsor
– Ethical on each step
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14. Scientific
Investigation
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15. Objective
• The Hallmarks of Scientific Research
• Some obstacles to conducting scientific research in the management
area
• The building blocks of science in research
• The hypothetico deductive method
• Other types of research

16. Definition of Scientific Research
• Scientific Research focusing on solving problems and
pursues a step by step logical, organized and rigorous
method to identify the problems, gather data, analyze
them and draw valid conclusions there from.

17. Why Scientific Research?
• This research is not based on hunches, experience and intuition.
• It is purposive and rigorous.
• Enables all those who are interested in researching and knowing
about the same or similar issues to come up with comparable
findings when data are analyzed.
• Findings are accurate and confident.
• Apply solutions to similar problems – generalization.
• It is more objective.
• Highlights the most critical factors at the work place that need specific
attention to solve or minimize problems.
• Scientific Investigation and Managerial Decision Making are integral
part of effective problem solving.
• It can be applied to both basic and applied research.

18. Berpikir Ilmiah
Skeptik : selalu menanyakan bukti & fakta yg
mendukung pertanyaan
Analitik : selalu menganalisis setiap pertanyaan atau
persoalan
Kritik : selalu mendasarkan pikiran atau pendapat pada
logika & mampu menimbang berbagai hal secara
obyektif berdasarkan data, dan analisis akal sehat

19. Metode Ilmiah
1.berdasarkan
fakta
bebas dari
prasangka
menggunakan
prinsip analisis
menggunakan
hipotesis.
menggunakan
ukuran
obyektif
menggunakan
teknik
kuantifikasi

20. Hallmarks of scientific research:
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Purposiveness
Rigor
Testability
Replicability
Precision and
Confidence
Objectivity
Generalizability
Parsimony

21. Hypothetico-Deductive Research
• The Seven-Step Process in the Hypothetico-Deductive Method
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Identify a
broad problem
area
Define the
problem
statement
Develop
hypotheses
Determine
measures
Data
collection
Data
analysis
Interpretation
of data

22. Deduction and Induction
• Hypothesis testing
Deductive reasoning: application of a general
theory to a specific case.
• Counting white swans
Inductive reasoning: a process where we
observe specific phenomena and on this basis
arrive at general conclusions.
Both inductive and deductive processes are
often used in research.
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23. Alternative approaches to what makes good research
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Positivism Constructionism
The middle ground:
• Critical realism
• Pragmatism

24. Positivism
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• Scientific research is the way to get to the truth
• Rigour and replicability, reliability, and
generalizability
• Key approach: experiment

25. Critical realism
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There is an external reality but we cannot
always objectively measure this external reality
The critical realist is critical of our ability to
understand the world with certainty

26. Constructionism
The world as we know it is
fundamentally mental
Aim to understand the rules people
use to make sense of the world
Research methods are often
qualitative in nature
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27. Pragmatism
Do not take a particular position on what makes
good research
Research on both objective and subjective
phenomena can produce useful knowledge
Relationship between theory and practice
Purpose of theory is to inform practice
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Dwi Martani - 081318227080
martani@ui.ac.id atau dwimartani@yahoo.com
http://staff.blog.ui.ac.id/martani/