CHARACTERISTIC-OF-A-MINERALS (1).ppt
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The document discusses minerals and their characteristics. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and are studied by mineralogists. The document outlines the key characteristics minerals must have and describes different types of minerals including silicate and non-silicate minerals. It also discusses how minerals form and can be identified based on their physical properties such as color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage/fracture, and density.
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Minerals
This document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It begins by defining what constitutes a mineral and explaining the key criteria. The main mineral groups are then introduced, particularly silicate minerals which are the most common. The document outlines different silicate mineral structures and provides examples. Physical properties that can be used to identify unknown minerals are described in detail. These include habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, streak, and other properties. Common non-silicate minerals are also listed. The document concludes with links to additional mineral resources.
Quartz group of minerals
Quartz is found in almost every geological environment. It is a common constituent in most of the rock types and soil groups. Granite, sandstone, limestone, and most of the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks contain quartz. Quartz contains mainly oxygen and silicon. These two constituents make upto 75 % of the earth’s crust. An alternate name for the Quartz Group is the Silica Group.
Minerals
The document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It defines what qualifies something as a mineral and lists the five criteria. Key points include: minerals have distinct chemical compositions and physical structures; they are classified based on their chemical makeup and crystal structure; silicate minerals are the most common and are made of silica tetrahedrons; physical properties like habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, and streak are used to identify unknown minerals. Mafic and felsic silicates are contrasted and different silicate mineral structures are described. Common non-silicate minerals are also named.
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this ppt was our presentation in earth and science and I just want to share this because my effort side said so. thank you and God bless
Aluminosilicate ppt
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This document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It begins by defining what constitutes a mineral and explaining the key criteria. The main mineral groups are then introduced, particularly silicate minerals which are the most common. The document outlines different silicate mineral structures and provides examples. Physical properties that can be used to identify unknown minerals are described in detail. These include habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, streak, and other properties. Common non-silicate minerals are also listed. The document concludes with links to additional mineral resources.
Quartz group of minerals
Quartz is found in almost every geological environment. It is a common constituent in most of the rock types and soil groups. Granite, sandstone, limestone, and most of the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks contain quartz. Quartz contains mainly oxygen and silicon. These two constituents make upto 75 % of the earth’s crust. An alternate name for the Quartz Group is the Silica Group.
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The document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It defines what qualifies something as a mineral and lists the five criteria. Key points include: minerals have distinct chemical compositions and physical structures; they are classified based on their chemical makeup and crystal structure; silicate minerals are the most common and are made of silica tetrahedrons; physical properties like habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, and streak are used to identify unknown minerals. Mafic and felsic silicates are contrasted and different silicate mineral structures are described. Common non-silicate minerals are also named.
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this ppt was our presentation in earth and science and I just want to share this because my effort side said so. thank you and God bless
Aluminosilicate ppt
Kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite are polymorphs that have the chemical formula Al2SiO5 but different crystal structures. Kyanite forms at high pressures, andalusite at low pressures, and sillimanite at high temperatures. They are commonly found in metamorphic rocks and have various industrial uses, especially as refractory materials. The document provides details on the crystal structures, physical properties, typical locations, and applications of these aluminosilicate minerals.
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This document provides an outline for a lecture series on mining geology. It introduces key concepts related to mining, including definitions of mining, minerals, and ore deposits. It discusses various types of ore deposits and characteristics that determine their economic viability, such as grade, shape, depth, and stability. The document also lists topics that will be covered in each lecture, including ore mineralogy, the mining cycle, resource classification, mining methods, processing, waste management, and environmental issues. The series aims to give students a non-technical overview of the mining and mineral extraction process.
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The document provides an overview of minerals and their properties. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystal structures. It then covers various mineral groups including silicates, which are the most abundant mineral group composed of silica tetrahedra bonded together. Physical properties of minerals like crystal form, cleavage, luster, and hardness are also summarized as they are used to identify different minerals.
Evolution of magma
- Magma forms by partial melting of the mantle or crust and consists of molten or semi-molten rock. It varies in temperature, pressure, density and composition depending on its origin and evolution.
- Magma evolves as it differentiates through fractional crystallization, assimilation, and mixing. Early crystallizing minerals remove elements from the magma, changing its composition over time according to Bowen's reaction series.
- Magma rises towards the Earth's surface where it cools and crystallizes to form either plutonic or volcanic rocks, depending on the cooling rate. Slow cooling results in large mineral crystals in plutonic rocks, while rapid cooling of lava forms volcanic rocks like obsidian with little
Physical Properties of Minerals
Properties of minerals can be used to identify them, including color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, acid test, crystals, and special properties. Color is not always reliable since many minerals can be the same color or a mineral can come in different colors. A mineral's luster refers to how it shines and can be metallic, non-metallic, vitreous, or pearly. Hardness is measured on Mohs scale from 1 to 10 based on which materials can scratch the mineral. Special properties include traits like magnetism, radioactivity, or fluorescence under UV light that are unique to certain minerals.
PYROXENE GROUP OF MINERALS
Pyroxene is a group of minerals that are found in igneous rocks like basalt and gabbro. Pyroxene minerals are subdivided into two groups based on their crystal system - orthopyroxenes which are orthorhombic and clinopyroxenes which are monoclinic. Common pyroxene minerals include augite, diopside, enstatite, and hypersthene. Pyroxenes can be identified through their birefringence, cleavage properties, and color variations under plane polarized light. They also have industrial uses as a lithium source.
Mineral Cleavage and Fracture
Cleavage and fracture are ways that minerals break under stress. Cleavage occurs along planes of weakness in a mineral's atomic structure. It is measured by quality, number of sides, and habit. Quality ranges from perfect to none. Number of sides range from one to all directions. Habit depends on the crystal structure and can be basal, cubic, octahedral, prismatic, rhombohedral, or dodecahedral. Fracture describes the surface created when minerals break and can be conchoidal, uneven, hackly, splintery, earthy, even, or subconchoidal.
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Igneous rock
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OLIVINE GROUP OF MINERALS
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Formation of igneous rocks
The document discusses different methods of classifying igneous rocks, including based on their chemical composition (e.g. silica content into acid/felsic, intermediate, basic/mafic, and ultramafic types), mineralogy (presence of saturated vs. unsaturated minerals), texture (phaneritic or aphanitic), and mode of occurrence (intrusive vs. extrusive). It also describes classification based on the proportions of light-colored minerals like quartz and feldspar versus dark-colored minerals like pyroxene and olivine.
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Garnet is a group of six silicate minerals that are isomorphous and never occur in pure form. They vary slightly in properties but can be indistinguishable without analysis. Garnets have the general formula X3Y2(SiO4)3 and consist of silicon tetrahedrons linked to distorted metal octahedrons, forming a cubic crystal structure. They commonly occur as dodecahedrons or trapezohedrons and vary in color from red to green to black. Garnets are used as abrasives, for water jet cutting, filtration, and as gemstones due to their variety of colors and hardness.
Physical properties
The document discusses various physical properties used to identify minerals, including luster, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, and other diagnostic characteristics. It provides definitions and examples of different types of luster (metallic, sub-metallic, non-metallic), cleavage (perfect, imperfect, absent), fracture (even, uneven, hackly, conchoidal), Mohs scale of hardness (ranging from 1 to 10), approaches to measuring specific gravity, and other properties like color, streak, and reaction to acid that can aid identification. The document also includes examples of analyzing physical properties to identify mineral specimens.
Mineral Luster and Transparency
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The pyroxene group of minerals is a type of inosilicate that contains chains of silica tetrahedrons. There are two main types: single chain and double chain structures. This determines the cleavage angles and forms of the minerals. Common pyroxene minerals include augite, diopside, enstatite, and jadeite. They are found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks as well as various metamorphic rock types.
Difference between mineral and mineraloid
A mineral must be naturally occurring, solid, inorganic, have a definite crystal structure and chemical composition. A mineraloid is similar to a mineral but lacks a definite crystal structure, having an amorphous internal structure instead. Mineraloids also may have a chemical composition that varies more than what is accepted for minerals. Examples of mineraloids include obsidian, opal and pumice, while examples of minerals include olivine, pyroxene and calcite. The key difference is that minerals have an ordered crystal structure while mineraloids do not.
Physical Properties of Minerals
Minerals' physical properties that distinguish every mineral including:
Color
Streak
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and how to make difference between two minerals
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Minerals and rocks can be identified by their physical and chemical properties. A mineral has definite properties including being naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, having a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. There are several types of rocks including sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks which are classified based on their formation. Sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation and cementation of sediments and can be clastic, chemical, or organic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma and include extrusive volcanic and intrusive plutonic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical changes in the Earth's crust.
Minerals_-_Rocks.ppt
Minerals and rocks can be identified based on their physical and chemical properties. A mineral is defined as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. Minerals may form from the cooling of lava or magma, or from chemical or physical changes to existing rocks. Rocks are composed of one or more minerals and can be classified as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic based on their formation process. The identification of a material as a mineral or rock involves testing its properties, such as hardness, crystal structure, or chemical reactivity.
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The document provides an overview of minerals and their properties. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystal structures. It then covers various mineral groups including silicates, which are the most abundant mineral group composed of silica tetrahedra bonded together. Physical properties of minerals like crystal form, cleavage, luster, and hardness are also summarized as they are used to identify different minerals.
Evolution of magma
- Magma forms by partial melting of the mantle or crust and consists of molten or semi-molten rock. It varies in temperature, pressure, density and composition depending on its origin and evolution.
- Magma evolves as it differentiates through fractional crystallization, assimilation, and mixing. Early crystallizing minerals remove elements from the magma, changing its composition over time according to Bowen's reaction series.
- Magma rises towards the Earth's surface where it cools and crystallizes to form either plutonic or volcanic rocks, depending on the cooling rate. Slow cooling results in large mineral crystals in plutonic rocks, while rapid cooling of lava forms volcanic rocks like obsidian with little
Physical Properties of Minerals
Properties of minerals can be used to identify them, including color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, acid test, crystals, and special properties. Color is not always reliable since many minerals can be the same color or a mineral can come in different colors. A mineral's luster refers to how it shines and can be metallic, non-metallic, vitreous, or pearly. Hardness is measured on Mohs scale from 1 to 10 based on which materials can scratch the mineral. Special properties include traits like magnetism, radioactivity, or fluorescence under UV light that are unique to certain minerals.
PYROXENE GROUP OF MINERALS
Pyroxene is a group of minerals that are found in igneous rocks like basalt and gabbro. Pyroxene minerals are subdivided into two groups based on their crystal system - orthopyroxenes which are orthorhombic and clinopyroxenes which are monoclinic. Common pyroxene minerals include augite, diopside, enstatite, and hypersthene. Pyroxenes can be identified through their birefringence, cleavage properties, and color variations under plane polarized light. They also have industrial uses as a lithium source.
Mineral Cleavage and Fracture
Cleavage and fracture are ways that minerals break under stress. Cleavage occurs along planes of weakness in a mineral's atomic structure. It is measured by quality, number of sides, and habit. Quality ranges from perfect to none. Number of sides range from one to all directions. Habit depends on the crystal structure and can be basal, cubic, octahedral, prismatic, rhombohedral, or dodecahedral. Fracture describes the surface created when minerals break and can be conchoidal, uneven, hackly, splintery, earthy, even, or subconchoidal.
Gems
Gems are expensive mineral stones that provide links between various scientific fields. There are about 150 natural gem compounds. Diamonds, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires sell at the highest prices due to their beauty, rarity, traditions, and perceptions of permanence. Gems have characteristics like color, refractive index, dispersion, absorption, and facets that make them attractive. Their properties like hardness, chemical stability, and double refraction also provide practical applications beyond decoration. Many gems like quartz, topaz, and tourmaline are studied scientifically or believed to have healing properties according to traditions.
Igneous rock
The document discusses igneous rocks, which form when magma cools and crystallizes. There are three main types - intrusive rocks that cool slowly underground and have large crystals, extrusive rocks that cool quickly above ground and have small crystals, and volcanic glass that cools instantly. The rate of cooling affects crystal size and rock texture. Igneous rocks contain minerals that crystallize in a specific order as the magma cools, and can be classified as mafic or felsic based on their mineral composition. Common igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and obsidian.
Silicates And Carbonates
The document discusses two major mineral groups: silicates and carbonates. Silicates are the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust and are formed from the combination of silicon and oxygen atoms into tetrahedrons. Silicate minerals crystallize from cooling magma and their structure and composition provide clues about formation conditions. Carbonates are the second most common mineral group and contain carbon, oxygen, and metallic elements like calcium and magnesium. They are found in rocks like limestone and marble.
OLIVINE GROUP OF MINERALS
The document discusses the olivine group of minerals. It describes the history of the term "olivine" and defines key members of the olivine group. Olivine is a common mineral found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks. It is the first mineral to crystallize from cooling magma due to its high melting temperature. Olivine weathers quickly on Earth's surface, breaking down to form fertile volcanic soils. It has various industrial and gemstone uses.
Formation of igneous rocks
The document discusses different methods of classifying igneous rocks, including based on their chemical composition (e.g. silica content into acid/felsic, intermediate, basic/mafic, and ultramafic types), mineralogy (presence of saturated vs. unsaturated minerals), texture (phaneritic or aphanitic), and mode of occurrence (intrusive vs. extrusive). It also describes classification based on the proportions of light-colored minerals like quartz and feldspar versus dark-colored minerals like pyroxene and olivine.
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This lesson discusses what minerals and rocks are. It tackles various types of minerals and rocks. It discusses the rock cycle and how it produces the different kinds of rocks on our planet.
Felspar group
This document provides a summary of alkali feldspar and plagioclase feldspar. It discusses their crystal structure, composition, physical and optical properties, paragenesis, and applications. Alkali feldspar includes orthoclase, sanidine, and microcline. Plagioclase feldspar is a solid solution between albite and anorthite. Both have important industrial uses such as in ceramics, glass, paints, plastics, and as gemstones. The document is presented by Atish Kumar Sahoo for his MTech course at the Department of Applied Geology.
Garnet GROUP OF MINERAL
Garnet is a group of six silicate minerals that are isomorphous and never occur in pure form. They vary slightly in properties but can be indistinguishable without analysis. Garnets have the general formula X3Y2(SiO4)3 and consist of silicon tetrahedrons linked to distorted metal octahedrons, forming a cubic crystal structure. They commonly occur as dodecahedrons or trapezohedrons and vary in color from red to green to black. Garnets are used as abrasives, for water jet cutting, filtration, and as gemstones due to their variety of colors and hardness.
Physical properties
The document discusses various physical properties used to identify minerals, including luster, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, and other diagnostic characteristics. It provides definitions and examples of different types of luster (metallic, sub-metallic, non-metallic), cleavage (perfect, imperfect, absent), fracture (even, uneven, hackly, conchoidal), Mohs scale of hardness (ranging from 1 to 10), approaches to measuring specific gravity, and other properties like color, streak, and reaction to acid that can aid identification. The document also includes examples of analyzing physical properties to identify mineral specimens.
Mineral Luster and Transparency
The document describes various properties of mineral luster and transparency. It defines 14 different categories of luster - from dull/earthy to metallic. It also defines 3 categories of transparency - transparent, translucent, and opaque. Certain minerals like quartz and calcite can be transparent or translucent depending on chemical impurities. Ulexite has a unique property where it appears opaque from the side but transparent from the top due to its columnar crystal structure.
Minerals - Identifying Minerals
Minerals can be identified through various physical properties including color, streak, hardness, luster, cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, magnetism, acid testing, smell, taste, double refraction, and fluorescence. Some key properties include hardness measured on Mohs scale, metallic or non-metallic luster, whether the mineral breaks along smooth planes of cleavage or irregularly fractures, and comparing the mineral's weight to an equal volume of water to determine specific gravity. Identifying the combination of physical characteristics can help determine what mineral one has.
The pyroxene group of minerals03
The pyroxene group of minerals is a type of inosilicate that contains chains of silica tetrahedrons. There are two main types: single chain and double chain structures. This determines the cleavage angles and forms of the minerals. Common pyroxene minerals include augite, diopside, enstatite, and jadeite. They are found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks as well as various metamorphic rock types.
Difference between mineral and mineraloid
A mineral must be naturally occurring, solid, inorganic, have a definite crystal structure and chemical composition. A mineraloid is similar to a mineral but lacks a definite crystal structure, having an amorphous internal structure instead. Mineraloids also may have a chemical composition that varies more than what is accepted for minerals. Examples of mineraloids include obsidian, opal and pumice, while examples of minerals include olivine, pyroxene and calcite. The key difference is that minerals have an ordered crystal structure while mineraloids do not.
Physical Properties of Minerals
Minerals' physical properties that distinguish every mineral including:
Color
Streak
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Crystalline Structure
Luster
Others
and how to make difference between two minerals
Introduction to Crystallography
Crystallography is the study of crystals, their growth, structure, and properties. A crystal is a solid with a regular, repeating internal structure at the atomic scale. Crystals have long-range order and are bounded by smooth, flat faces. Crystals can be classified based on their degree of crystallinity as euhedral, subhedral, or anhedral. Crystals exhibit symmetry properties like planes, axes, and centers of symmetry. They can also take on specific crystallographic forms like prisms, bipyramids, and rhombohedra. A crystal's habit describes its external shape and is influenced by its structure and growth conditions like temperature, pressure, and impurities.
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This document provides a summary of the contents of a lecture on minerals. It discusses the definition of a mineral, classification of minerals into rock-forming and ore-forming groups. It also describes various mineral properties that can be used for identification such as color, streak, hardness, cleavage, luster, and explains systems for classifying minerals based on these properties. Common rock-forming minerals and their characteristics are also outlined.
Rocks & minerals
The document provides information on rocks and minerals. It begins by defining a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and are classified based on their formation process as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
Earth%20and%20life%20lesson.docx
This document discusses minerals and rocks. It provides 11 physical properties and 8 chemical properties used to identify minerals, such as color, hardness, luster, crystalline structure, and chemical composition. It also defines 3 main classes of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their distinguishing characteristics, such as their formation processes and common examples. The document aims to teach students to identify minerals based on their properties and classify rocks according to their origins.
Chapter 3 - Minerals
This document provides information about minerals and their properties. It defines a mineral as being naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, and having a definite crystal structure and chemical composition. Minerals form through crystallization as magma or hot water solutions cool. Common minerals include quartz, calcite, and pyrite. Minerals have various properties that can be used to identify them such as color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. Many minerals are important resources and are used to make products like glass, jewelry, and metals. Metals are extracted from minerals through mining and smelting.
Minerals slideshare
1) Minerals are naturally formed solid substances with a crystal structure that are not alive and have a definite volume and shape.
2) All minerals share characteristics of being formed by natural processes, having a unique chemical makeup, and being made up of particles arranged in a repeating crystal pattern.
3) Minerals are grouped based on their chemical composition, with the most abundant group being silicates containing oxygen and silica like quartz and mica.
Chapter 3-minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and ordered atomic structures. They form through natural geological processes on or inside Earth. Key properties used to identify minerals include hardness, luster, specific gravity, streak, and cleavage/fracture. Minerals have many important uses beyond gems, including as sources of useful elements like iron, aluminum, and titanium that are integral to infrastructure, transportation, and technology.
Minerals
1) The document is a report on mineralogy presented to an Earth Science professor at Technological University of the Philippines by Hannah Joy N. Lontayao.
2) It defines minerals and rocks, and explains that minerals have definite chemical compositions and atomic structures while rocks are combinations of minerals.
3) The report describes several properties of minerals including crystal form, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and specific gravity. It also discusses the seven main mineral groups.
Chapter 3 minerals
The document provides an overview of minerals, including their definition, classification, properties, and importance. It discusses that minerals are the building blocks of rocks and there are over 4,000 known types. Minerals have specific physical properties like crystal structure, hardness, and cleavage that allow them to be identified. The most abundant minerals in the Earth's crust are silicates, which make up the majority of rocks.
Lecture7 minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solids with a definite chemical composition and physical properties. The study of minerals is called mineralogy. Minerals can be identified by their crystal structure, hardness, luster, color, density and other physical properties. The most abundant elements in Earth's crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Minerals form through processes such as cooling of magma, evaporation of briny liquids, and precipitation from fluids. Rocks are assemblages of minerals or mineraloids in a solid state and can be igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic.
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Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciences
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
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Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionEpcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
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In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
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原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
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4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
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CHARACTERISTIC-OF-A-MINERALS (1).ppt
- 2. MINEROLOGY - IS THE STUDY OF MINERALS MINERALS BUILDIN G BLOCKS OF ROCKS MINEROLOGIS T -THE PERSON WHO STUDIES MINERAL
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF A MINERAL NATURALLY OCCURRING CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION INORGANIC HOMOGENOUS SOLID
- 4. Coal is NOT a mineral because it comes from plants Amber is NOT a mineral because it comes from tree sap Pearls is NOT a mineral because it comes from oysters 2. INORGANIC - NOT COMPOSED OF ORGANIC MATTER; NOT FROM LIVING THINGS OR THE REMAINS OF LIVING THINGS.
- 5. 3. Have a definite volume and a definite shape. Stable and solid at room temperature Mercury is not a mineral because it is liquid at room temperature HOMOGENOUS SOLIDS
- 6. Silicate Minerals a) silicon and oxygen groupings; SiO2 1) combined with one or more metals Talc- Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 2) Largest group of minerals 1) 90% of the earth's crust Non-silicate minerals b) DO NOT contain SiO2 1) subdivided into several other classes 2) Extremely rare 8% of the Earth's crust 3) Few are relatively common calcite DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- 7. a) Native Elements –elements found in nature in their mineral form. gold (Au), sulfur (S), silver(Ag) b) Sulfides – minerals that contain sulfur ions. Galena (PbS), Pyrite (FeS2) d) Sulfates - minerals which include the sulfate ion (SO4 2-). Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) NON-SILICATE SUBDIVISIONS
- 8. d) Oxides - minerals that contain oxygen bonded with one or more metals Hematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4) minerals containing (OH) are typically included in this class. (hydroxides) Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) e) Halides - minerals with that contain Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine ions. Halite (NaCl), Fluorite (CaF2) NON-SILICATE SUBDIVISIONS
- 9. f) Carbonates – minerals that contain a carbonate ion, CO2− 3. Calcite (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) Many more subdivisions; each with chemical similarities NON-SILICATE SUBDIVISIONS
- 10. 1. The internal structure or arrangement of atoms within a mineral Halite (NaCl) 2. Atoms/molecules are arranged in repeating geometric patterns. CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
- 11. a) Cubic - Galena, Halite, Pyrite b) Tetragonal – Chalcopyrite c) Hexagonal - Quartz, Calcite d) Orthorhombic - Olivine, Topaz 3. SIX BASIC CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
- 12. e) Monoclinic – Mica, gypsum f) Triclinic – Feldspar, Turquoise SIX BASIC CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
- 13. 4. Minerals form a) When lava or magma cools to solidification b) When water evaporates and leaves minerals remain c) When water is supersaturated with a mineral; minerals will settle out of the water and deposit as a precipitate. MINERAL FORMATION
- 14. 1. Minerals can be identified by their physical and chemical characteristics. a) Physical Properties: Color Streak Luster Hardness Cleavage or Fracture Density IDENTIFYING MINERALS
- 15. 2. Color: Not a reliable property; some minerals can be many different colors. a) Color may vary due to: 1) Natural coloring agents - impurities 2) Weathering; exposure to the environment b) Malachite-green c) Quartz-clear, purple, white, grey-brown… d) Sulfur-yellow e) Hematite-black, silver, reddish brown PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 16. 3.Streak: The color of the mineral in its powdered form. a)Determined by using a streak plate 1) Quartz: White/colorless 2) Hematite: reddish brown PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 17. 4. Luster: The way a mineral shines/reflects light from its surface. a) Metallic: reflects light like the surface of a polished metal 1) Galena, Pyrite, Graphite, Magnetite… b) Non Metallic: reflects light in more subtle ways 1) Pearly-Mica 2) Glassy-Quartz 3) Dull/Earthy-Bauxite 4) Waxy-Talc 5) Brilliant-Diamond PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 18. c) When a mineral scratches a substance; it is harder than the substance PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5. Hardness: A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched. a) Determined by a minerals internal structure. b) When a mineral is scratched by a substance; it is softer than the substance
- 19. TESTING HARDNESS Hardness Name of Mineral 1 Talc 2 Gypsum 3 Calcite 4 Fluorite 5 Apatite 6 Feldspar 7 Quartz 8 Topaz 9 Corundum 10 Diamond Common Objects 2.5 Fingernail 3.5 Copper 4.5 Iron Nail 5.5 Glass 6.5 Steel File 7 Streak Plate Mohs Hardness Scale
- 20. 6. Cleavage: When a mineral splits/breaks along smooth flat surfaces a) Mica - One direction; sheet b) Galena – Three; cubic shape a) Determined by atomic structure of mineral 1) Cleavage is the way a mineral breaks 2) Crystal Shape is the way crystal grows PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 21. 7. Fracture: When a mineral breaks unevenly into curved or irregular pieces with a rough and jagged surfaces. a) Sulfur, bauxite, hematite, quartz PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 22. 8. Density or Heft: Minerals have different densities, and vary in weight given the same sample size. How heavy the mineral feels in your hand PHYSICAL PROPERTIES