The document summarizes the history of civil rights struggles in the United States. It discusses how various groups like black Americans, women, older Americans, disabled individuals, and gays and lesbians fought for legal equality and protections from discrimination. It also outlines key civil rights legislation and Supreme Court cases related to issues like desegregation, voting rights, affirmative action, and same-sex marriage that are still debated today. Civil rights in the US have been an ongoing process of deliberation to expand opportunities and justice for all groups.

1. American Government and Politics: Deliberation, Democracy, and Citizenship Chapter Seven Civil Rights

2. Chapter Seven: Learning Objectives Describe the history of the civil rights struggle in the United States Describe the key provisions of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965

3. Chapter Seven: Learning Objectives Explain the key issues in the contemporary debates over school desegregation, voting rights, and affirmative action Describe the history of the struggle by women in the United States to achieve legal and political equality with men

4. Chapter Seven: Learning Objectives Explain the different legal standards used by the Supreme Court in reviewing race discrimination and gender discrimination cases Summarize federal efforts to eliminate discrimination against older Americans and those with disabilities

5. Chapter Seven: Learning Objectives Describe the controversy over same-sex marriage in the United States and the role played by state courts, the U.S. Congress, state legislatures, and voter-approved initiatives

6. Introduction While the Declaration of Independence set forth the idea that all men are created equal and possess unalienable rights, we are aware of the fact that many groups have had to fight for legal and political equality in the United States.

7. Equality for Black Americans: Ending Slavery Early American policy toward slavery Importation of slaves banned in January 1808 Missouri Compromise of 1820 Mexican-American War Underground Railroad

8. Equality for Black Americans: Ending Slavery Early American policy toward slavery Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Lincoln-Douglas debates Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation

9. Equality for Black Americans: Ending Slavery Source: www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson1/.

10. Equality for Black Americans: Reconstruction and Jim Crow Reconstruction era (1865-1877) Freedmen’s Bureau created in 1865 Black Codes passed by many southern states Civil Rights Acts passed in 1866, 1875 Civil War Amendments (13 th , 14 th and 15 th )

11. Equality for Black Americans: Reconstruction and Jim Crow Jim Crow era (started in 1870s) Jim Crow laws in the South led to segregation Limits placed on black political power through literacy tests and poll taxes Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) set forth the separate but equal doctrine

12. The Struggle for Civil Rights in the Twentieth Century Two important African American leaders Booker T. Washington --Founder of the Tuskegee Institute W.E.B. Du Bois --Founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

13. The Struggle for Civil Rights in the Twentieth Century The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) made a significant impact in the struggle for civil rights. Do you believe the decision in Brown still affects us today? In what ways?

14. The Struggle for Civil Rights in the Twentieth Century The modern civil rights movement Launched by the Montgomery bus boycott Civil Rights Acts passed in 1957, 1960 Stressed civil disobedience Over 250,0000 at the March on Washington

15. The Struggle for Civil Rights in the Twentieth Century The modern civil rights movement Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) Civil Rights Act of 1965, 1968, and 1997 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 1970, 1975, 1982, and 2006

16. Key Civil Rights Controversies What do you believe are key issues in the debates over civil rights today? What is the difference between equality of opportunity and equality of results ? What is the government’s role, if any, in promoting equality?

17. Key Civil Rights Controversies: School Desegregation and Busing School desegregation and busing The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) stated that segregated schools were a violation of the equal protection guarantee of the Fourteenth Amendment.

18. Key Civil Rights Controversies: School Desegregation and Busing School desegregation and busing What is the difference between de jure segregation and de facto segregation ? Should students be bussed to schools in a way to ensure that schools are integrated?

19. Key Civil Rights Controversies: School Desegregation and Busing School desegregation and busing Milliken v. Bradley (1974) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) Bettmann/CORBIS

20. Key Civil Rights Controversies: Voting Rights Voting rights Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed to end suppression of the voting rights for blacks Concern over how law would affect political influence Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982

21. Key Civil Rights Controversies: Voting Rights

22. Key Civil Rights Controversies: Voting Rights Voting rights Shaw v. Reno (1993) and majority-minority districts Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District Number One v. Holder (2009)

23. Key Civil Rights Controversies: Affirmative Action Affirmative action What groups benefit from affirmative action? What are some potential controversies related to affirmative action policies?

24. Key Civil Rights Controversies: Affirmative Action Affirmative action and the Supreme Court Regents of the Univ. of California v. Bakke (1978) Adarand v. Pena (1995) Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Ricci v. DeStefano (2009)

25. Key Civil Rights Controversies: Affirmative Action Through its decisions, the Supreme Court has ruled that government programs using race as a qualification are subject to strict scrutiny . Supporters of affirmative action continue to use the diversity rationale to justify their position.

26. International Perspectives Apartheid in South Africa From 1948 to the early 1990s the minority white population oppressed the black population through apartheid. See page 228 for a list of policies during the apartheid era in South Africa.

27. Equality for Women How has the government expanded the civil and political rights of women? What are current controversies in the struggle for women’s rights?

28. Equality for Women The beginning of the women’s rights movement Married Women’s Property Acts (1839-1895) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Minor v. Happersett (1875)

29. Equality for Women The modern women’s movement Key issues --Suffrage --Workplace conditions (such as work hours) --Minimum wage [LC-B201-3643-12]/Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

30. Equality for Women The modern women’s movement Nineteenth Amendment (1920) granted suffrage In 1908 women’s workday limited to 10 hours In 1937 minimum wage set for women

31. Equality for Women The modern women’s movement Equal Pay Act of 1963 National Organization for Women formed (1966) Equal Rights Amendment was not ratified Title IX of 1972 has had a significant impact on college and university athletics

32. Equality for Women The Court and women’s rights Rational-basis test Immediate or heightened scrutiny Craig v. Boren (1976) Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (2007)

33. Equality for Women Women, the military, and the law The Supreme Court has made important decisions about women’s service. Rostker v. Goldberg (1981) United States v. Virginia (1996) Pam Price/CNP/Getty Images

34. Other Minorities How do civil rights laws protect other groups, such as the elderly, people with disabilities, and gays and lesbians? Mitch Kezar/Stone/Getty Images

35. Other Minorities: Older Americans Older Americans Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967) EEOC receives approximately 15,000-20,000 complaints each year about age discrimination Do you believe there is a problem with age discrimination in the United States?

36. Other Minorities: Disabled Individuals Disabled individuals Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) ADA prohibits discrimination in employment, public programs and service, and in public accommodations Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works

37. Other Minorities: Gays and Lesbians Gays and lesbians Sexual orientation is not a protected category States have been more responsive to protecting rights of gays and lesbians Major controversy is over same-sex marriage

38. Other Minorities: Gays and Lesbians Does the full faith and credit clause of the Constitution apply to same-sex marriages? Defense of Marriage Act (1996) Civil union laws (Vermont had first in 2000) Actions in various states have been mixed in extending marriage rights to same-sex couples

39. Civil Rights and Deliberative Democracy Throughout history there have been many clashes over securing civil rights for different groups of Americans. Deliberation still continues on important civil rights issues such as school desegregation, voting rights, and affirmative action.

40. Deliberation, Citizenship, and You Title IX and university athletics To comply with law colleges and universities have had to equalize the number of men and women playing varsity sports. What have been some of the effects of this policy on collegiate athletics?

41. Summary Minorities have long struggled for rights All branches of government have made decisions that have extended rights to groups once discriminated against Civil rights laws have been a result of deliberation about justice and the common good