it introduces basic concepts of programming

1. Fundamentals of
Computer Programming
Chapter One
Basic Concepts of Programming

2. 2
Outline
 Basics of Program Development
 What is computer programming?
 Reasons to study programming
 Introduction to Program Development Life Cycle
 Problem Analysis
Algorithm Design
Pseudo code
Flowchart
 An Overview of Programming Languages and Paradigms
Chapter 1

3. Chapter 1
3
1. Basics of Program Development
 Computer Program
 Self-contained set of explicit and unambiguous instructions that
tells the computer to perform certain specific tasks.
 It tells what to do and How to do it (the driver is a program)
 HOW  the computer program should determine the operations
to be carried out by the machine in order to solve a particular
problem and produce a specific result.
 Computer Programming
 Also shortened as Programming/Coding
 Skills acquired to design and develop computer programs
 The process of writing, testing, debugging, troubleshooting, and
maintaining the source code of computer programs.
 Software Development Life Cycle
 The overall process of software development

4. Chapter 1
4
Cont. . .
 The job prospects are great
 We are currently living in a world where computers are found nearly everywhere
and most objects are now connected to them
 We are living in the digital age and the growth of technology does not seem to be
coming to a stop.
 Programming makes things easier for you
 A simple computer program is capable of turning things around as you want.
 For example, if you're using a Smartphone to chat app or switch on/off your
electrical appliances, if you're unlocking your car with the push of a button, then
you must know that all these things are using some kind of program
 Coding develops structured and creative or logical thinking
 Learning to program teaches you persistence
 You’ll learn how to learn and become more detail-oriented
Some of the reasons to study
Computer Programming

5. Chapter 1
5
Program Development Life Cycle (1/2)
 Also referred as Software development procedure
 It is a conceptual model that describes the stages involved in a
software development project from an initial phase (planning)
through maintenance of the completed application
 It is scientific method approach and systems approach that used in
science and engineering, and in quantitative analysis respectively

6. Chapter 1
6
Program Development Life Cycle (2/2)
 Why SDLC? --- reading assignment

7. 7
Problem Analysis
What is/are Problem(s)?
 Literally It is an undesirable situation that prevents the organization/individuals from fully
achieving its purpose, goals, and objectives.
 Also, can be defined as the gap between the existing and the desired situation where problem-
solving will try to fill this gap
 In a computing world it is called a computational problem which may be solved by an algorithm.
 E.g. a decision problem
– it is a computational problem where the answer for every instance is either yes or
no {"Given a positive integer n, determine if n is prime.“}

8. 8
How to Transform Problems into Solution(s)?
- By means of problem-solving

9. 9
PROBLEM SOLVING AND ANALYSIS
 The process of transforming the description of a problem into a solution by using our knowledge of the
problem domain and by relying on our ability to select and use appropriate problem-solving strategies,
techniques, and tools.
 Whereas programming is a process of problem-solving.
PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem solving
techniques
Problem analysis
Algorithm design
Coding

10. 10
Cont’d
 It is the process of defining a problem and decomposing the
overall system into smaller parts to identify possible inputs,
processes, and outputs associated with the problem.
 The problem can be easily defined in three questions
 PROBLEM ANALSYSIS
1- What are the available
data or data that
represent the input of
the problem? (input)
3-What are the required
results or Output of the
program? (output)
2- What is the method or
set of processes that lead
to get the results from the
available data? (process)

11. 11
Cont’d
 To gain a better understanding of the real-world problem and user needs, and
 To propose abstract solutions and also validate it before jumping to the development.
GOAL (Why problem analysis?)

12. 12
ALGORITM DESIGN
 It is a set of a well-defined, step-by-step finite set of instructions that specifies a sequence of operations
(procedures) to be carried out in order to solve a specific problem or class of problems
 It is independent of any programming language
 Can be described either graphically or in natural language
What is an algorithm?

13. 13
Cont’d
 A computer is an “algorithm-responding” machine; it’s not a “heuristic-responding” machine
 You can’t tell a computer do things directly.
 Computer require a detailed, step-by-step set of instructions to perform any activities that collectively
form an algorithm
Why ALGORITHM?
Algorithm representation?
 The most commonly used are;
 Narrative (Pseudocode),
 Flowcharts

14. 14
Cont’d
Characteristics of an Algorithm
Should has at least one
well defined output
that matches the
desired result.
Must terminate after finite
number of steps.
Each instruction should be
clear and unambiguous.
Can have fine
number of inputs
(zero or more)
Each instruction must be basic
enough to be carried out
(feasible/do able)

15. 15
Pseudo code and Flowcharts

16. 16
ALGORTIGM REPRESENTATION
It is a type of diagram that
represents an algorithm,
showing the steps as boxes of
various kinds [ex: rectangles,
diamonds, ovals], and their
order by connecting these with
arrow
 A detailed description of
what a computer program
must do,
 Expressed in an natural
language like English and
mathematical symbols
rather than in a
programming language

17. 17
Flowchart
symbols
and
usage

18. 18
2.3 Problem-Solving
[Flowchart and Pseudocode]

19. Exercises
Purpose:
- To practice algorithm design using flowcharts and pseudo code.
Outcome:
- Able to demonstrate algorithm design.
Problems:
1. Draw a flowchart for a program that calculates and print the area and the perimeter of a rectangle.
2. Draw the flow chart for a program that calculates the total salary for an employee using the
equation: Total_Sal = Salary +Overtime
3. Draw a flowchart for a program that calculates and prints the sum of the even integers from 2 to 30.

20. 20
Problem 1 solution:
Analysis
 Input:
Length, Width
 Processing
• Area = length*width
• Perimeter = 2*( length + width)
 Output:
Area, Perimeter
start
Read L, W
perimeter = 2 (L+W)
Print area
End
area = L * W
Print perimeter
Flowchart

21. 21
Problem 2 solution:
Analysis
 Input:
Salary, Overtime
 Processing
Total_Salary = Salary +Overtime
 Output:
Total_Salary
start
Read Salary
Read Overtime
Total_Sal
=
Salary +Overtime
Print Total_Sal
End
Flowchart

22. Chapter 1
22
•Write a pseudo code and draw a flow chart where
you’ll be required to read a value from the user (e.g.
n) and display the sum of the numbers from 1 upto
n.
• E.g. If n = 5, your output should be 15
• i.e. 1+2+3+4+5 =15

23. 23
Problem 3 solution:
Analysis
 Input:
No input
 Processing
• Sum = 2+4+6+……+28+30
 Output:
sum
Pseudo code:
 Start the program
 Create a variable to hold
 a counter from 2 to 30
 the sum.
 Initialize the counter to 2 and the sum to zero.
 Loop While the counter is less-than-or-equal to 30
 Add the counter to the sum
 add two to the counter.
 repeat until the counter reach 30
 Print the sum.
 End of program

24. 24
Flowchart
Problem 3 solution:

25. Chapter 1
25
Programming Languages and Paradigms
Programming Languages
 An artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a
machine, particularly a computer.
 Like natural language (such as Amharic), are defined by syntactic and
semantic rules which describe their structure and meaning respectively.
 More specifically programming languages
 A set of different category of written symbols that instruct computer
hardware to perform specified operations required by the designer.
 It provides a linguistic framework for describing computations.
 A set of rules for communicating an algorithm with computer systems
(i.e. it provides a way of telling a computer what operations to perform).
 A tool for developing executable models for a class of problem domains.

26. Chapter 1
26
Programming Languages and Paradigms (cont’d)
 Types of Programming Languages
 Basically there are two types of programming language.
 Generations of Programming Languages

27. Chapter 1
27
Programming Languages and Paradigms (cont’d)

28. Chapter 1
28
Programming Languages and Paradigms (cont’d)

29. Chapter 1
29
Programming Languages and Paradigms (cont’d)
Programming Paradigms
 A style, or “way,” of programming
 Describes the way in which a particular computer program should be
written.
 Doesn’t refer to specific programming language
 Different programming languages are designed to follow a particular
paradigm or may be multiple paradigms.
 The major programming paradigms include the following
1. Imperative (Procedural) Programming
2. Logical / Declarative Programming
3. Functional Programming
4. Object-Oriented Programming
• https://www.cs.ucf.edu/~leavens/ComS541Fall97/hw-pages/paradigms/major.html
• https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/poplog/paradigms_lectures/lecture1.html
• https://hackr.io/blog/programming-paradigms

30. Chapter 1
30
Programming Languages and Paradigms (cont’d)
 Brief summary of programming paradigms
No Paradigms Descriptions Example
1 Imperative
(Procedural)
Programming
Programs as statements
that directly change
computed state (datafields)
Program
= algorithms + data
- good for decomposition
C, C++,
Java, PHP,
Python,
Ruby
2 Logical
(Declarative)
Programming
Defines program logic, but
not detailed control flow
Program
= facts + rules
- good for searching
Prolog,
SQL, CSS
3 Functional
Programming
Treats computation as the
evaluation of mathematical
functions avoiding state
Program
= functions . functions
- good for reasoning
C++, Lisp,
Python,
JavaScript
4 Object-
Oriented
Programming
Treats data fields as objects
manipulated through
predefined methods only
Program
= objects + messages
- good for modelling
C++, C#.,
Java, PHP,
Python

31. More Exercises
1. Draw a flowchart for a program that accepts a person’s initial bank balance followed by a sequence
of numbers representing transactions. A positive number represents a credit entry in the account
and a negative number represents a debit entry. The input is terminated by a zero entry. The
program should print the new balance.
2. Draw a flowchart and write a pseudo code for a program that calculates the Zakat, where the user
enter the amount of money then the program show the zakat.
Zakat =(2.5/100) * amount.
Note: Zakat is not calculated if the amount is less than 1000 S.R

32. 32
Summary
In this session, we learned and practiced how to transform given computational
problems into solutions. Specifically, mastered;
 Analyzing problems
 Constructing flowchart and
 Writing a pseudocode

33. 33
Reading Resources/Materials
 Chapter 1, 2 & 3: Problem Solving With C++ [10th
edition, University of California, San Diego, 2018;
Walter Savitch;
 Chapter 2 & 3: An Introduction to Programming with
C++ (8th Edition), 2016 Cengage Learning; Diane Zak
 Chapter 2: C++ how to program, 10th edition, Global
Edition (2017); P. Deitel , H. Deitel