CHAPTER 11 Communicating with Families
Suzanne Clouzeau/Pearson
Chapter Objectives
As a result of reading this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Discuss characteristics of family-professional partnerships that promote children’s development and learning.
2. Explain strategies for establishing and maintaining family-professional partnerships that benefit children.
3. Describe strategies for conducting effective parent conferences.
4. Discuss the roles of families in screening and assessment.
Parents are children’s first and most important teacher. As such, they have a critical role in their child’s development and learning. Teachers,administrators, and other early childhood providers understand that children’s success as learners depends on parents as well asprofessionals. The importance of having parents as partners in early childhood settings is essential to quality care and education (Dunst &Trivette, 2012; Schmidt & Matthews, 2013; Turnbull et al., 2006). Today’s children experience a variety of family relationships. Somechildren live with a single parent or with grandparents. Children may live in blended families where both parents had previous marriagesand children from the first and second marriages now live together as one family. Other children live in households with same-sex parents. Still others may live in households that include adults who function as caretakers but are not related. Therefore, the term families shouldacknowledge the expanded roles of parenting to include any persons that function as family in their daily lives. Throughout this book,information related to family partnerships during screening and assessment processes has been discussed. This chapter will be devoted tohow professionals can engage in meaningful partnerships with adults who serve in parenting roles for children, particularly during theassessment process. Strategies for communicating with families about children’s progress will be discussed, including planning and how toconduct effective family conferences.
11.1 Family-Professional Partnerships that Promote Children’s Development andLearning
Parents have always actively participated in early-childhood settings such as child-care centers and schools. When the first author’s fatherwas an elementary school student in the early 20th century in Austin, Texas, mothers took turns going to the school to prepare lunch forthe children. Traditionally, parents helped with school parties and volunteered in the classroom. Parent–teacher organizations raised moneyto secure needed books, equipment, and other materials that were not in the school budget.
Today, the idea of a partnership with parents goes beyond helping with school programs toward empowering and engaging families inmutually respectful interactions that benefit children. Fundamental to effective family-professional partnerships is the belief that theyshould be strengths-based (built on family resources and assets) and family-centered (led by family conce ...
ReferenceHardin, B. J., Wortham, S.C. (2015). Assessment in Ear.docxsodhi3
Reference:
Hardin, B. J., Wortham, S.C. (2015). Assessment in Early Childhood Education (7th ed.). [Vitalsource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://kaplan.bitalsource.com/#/books/9781323290804/
In-text citation: (Hardin & Wortham, 2015)
CHAPTER 11 Communicating with Families
Suzanne Clouzeau/Pearson
Chapter Objectives
As a result of reading this chapter, you will be able to:
1.Discuss characteristics of family-professional partnerships that promote children’s development and learning.
2.Explain strategies for establishing and maintaining family-professional partnerships that benefit children.
3.Describe strategies for conducting effective parent conferences.
4.Discuss the roles of families in screening and assessment.
Parents are children’s first and most important teacher. As such, they have a critical role in their child’s development and learning. Teachers, administrators, and other early childhood providers understand that children’s success as learners depends on parents as well as professionals. The importance of having parents as partners in early childhood settings is essential to quality care and education (Dunst & Trivette, 2012; Schmidt & Matthews, 2013; Turnbull et al., 2006). Today’s children experience a variety of family relationships. Some children live with a single parent or with grandparents. Children may live in blended families where both parents had previous marriages and children from the first and second marriages now live together as one family. Other children live in households with same-sex parents. Still others may live in households that include adults who function as caretakers but are not related. Therefore, the term families should acknowledge the expanded roles of parenting to include any persons that function as family in their daily lives. Throughout this book, information related to family partnerships during screening and assessment processes has been discussed. This chapter will be devoted to how professionals can engage in meaningful partnerships with adults who serve in parenting roles for children, particularly during the assessment process. Strategies for communicating with families about children’s progress will be discussed, including planning and how to conduct effective family conferences.
Family-Professional Partnerships that Promote Children’s Development and Learning
Parents have always actively participated in early-childhood settings such as child-care centers and schools. When the first author’s father was an elementary school student in the early 20th century in Austin, Texas, mothers took turns going to the school to prepare lunch for the children. Traditionally, parents helped with school parties and volunteered in the classroom. Parent–teacher organizations raised money to secure needed books, equipment, and other materials that were not in the school budget.
Today, the idea of a partnership with parents goes beyond helping with school programs toward empowering and engaging f ...
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student .docxJUST36
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student Learning
Chapter 8
Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Chapter 9
Using Families’ Ways of Knowing to Enhance Teaching and Student Learning
Maria R. Coady
Chapter 10
Fostering Student and Family Engagement in Learning Through Student-Led Parent Conferences
Ellen S. Amatea and Kelly L. Dolan
Educators need strategies for building effective partnerships with families, not only for the purpose of solving student problems, but also for maximizing student learning. In Chapters 8, 9, and 10, we describe strategies that educators use that focus on creating stronger connections with families to maximize student learning and development. In Chapter 8, we focus on the communication skills and practices that educators can use routinely to build a sense of connection with their students’ families. In Chapter 9, we examine the unique challenges faced by second language learners and their families and the instructional and noninstructional strategies that educators can use to build working relationships with families. In Chapter 10, we describe the use of student-led parent conferences as a powerful tool for establishing relationships with students and their families that give students a greater voice in their assessment of their learning.
CHAPTER 8 Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Describe specific attitudes and communication skills needed to develop trusting relationships with students’ families.
■ Outline cultural differences in communication styles that influence family–school interaction.
■ Describe everyday routines by which you can become acquainted with students’ families and develop ongoing lines of communication.
Educators who take the time to get acquainted with parents, to listen to them, to empathize with their perspective, and to learn from them about their child and their home culture, promote the successful learning of all their students and enhance their own ability to reach and teach each of their students.
There is a growing recognition that teachers are the key agents for reaching out to par-ents/caregivers. The teacher’s attitude and practices—not the education, socioeconomic status, or marital status of the parent—have the strongest influence on whether parents become involved in their children’s schooling (Colbert, 1996; Epstein & Sheldon, 2002; Erford, 2010). Educators, who take the time to get acquainted with parents, to listen to them, to empathize with their perspective, and to learn from them about their child and their home culture promote the successful learning of all their students and enhance their own ability to reach and teach each of their students (Weiss, Caspe, & Lopez, 2006). Lawrence-Lightfoot (2003) makes a poignant and powerful point that no dialogue is more important than that between te.
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student .docxdunnramage
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student Learning
Chapter 8
Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Chapter 9
Using Families’ Ways of Knowing to Enhance Teaching and Student Learning
Maria R. Coady
Chapter 10
Fostering Student and Family Engagement in Learning Through Student-Led Parent Conferences
Ellen S. Amatea and Kelly L. Dolan
Educators need strategies for building effective partnerships with families, not only for the purpose of solving student problems, but also for maximizing student learning. In Chapters 8, 9, and 10, we describe strategies that educators use that focus on creating stronger connections with families to maximize student learning and development. In Chapter 8, we focus on the communication skills and practices that educators can use routinely to build a sense of connection with their students’ families. In Chapter 9, we examine the unique challenges faced by second language learners and their families and the instructional and noninstructional strategies that educators can use to build working relationships with families. In Chapter 10, we describe the use of student-led parent conferences as a powerful tool for establishing relationships with students and their families that give students a greater voice in their assessment of their learning.
CHAPTER 8 Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Describe specific attitudes and communication skills needed to develop trusting relationships with students’ families.
■ Outline cultural differences in communication styles that influence family–school interaction.
■ Describe everyday routines by which you can become acquainted with students’ families and develop ongoing lines of communication.
Educators who take the time to get acquainted with parents, to listen to them, to empathize with their perspective, and to learn from them about their child and their home culture, promote the successful learning of all their students and enhance their own ability to reach and teach each of their students.
There is a growing recognition that teachers are the key agents for reaching out to par-ents/caregivers. The teacher’s attitude and practices—not the education, socioeconomic status, or marital status of the parent—have the strongest influence on whether parents become involved in their children’s schooling (Colbert, 1996; Epstein & Sheldon, 2002; Erford, 2010). Educators, who take the time to get acquainted with parents, to listen to them, to empathize with their perspective, and to learn from them about their child and their home culture promote the successful learning of all their students and enhance their own ability to reach and teach each of their students (Weiss, Caspe, & Lopez, 2006). Lawrence-Lightfoot (2003) makes a poignant and powerful point that no dialogue is more important than that between te.
Activity I An activity on the critical path of a project was sche.docxSALU18
Activity I: An activity on the critical path of a project was scheduled to be completed within 12 weeks, with a budget of $8,000. During a performance review, which took place 7 weeks after the activity was initiated, it was found that 50% of the work had already been completed and that the actual cost was $4,500.
a) Calculate the EV of the activity.
b) Calculate the CI and SI for the activity.
c) Calculate the expected BAC using the original estimate approach.
d) Calculate the expected BAC using the revised estimate approach.
e) Compare and discuss the results obtained in parts (c) and (d).
Activity II: Identify a new product that is based on an innovation in technology, and draw up a strategic technical plan for its development. Be sure to discuss the risk factors at each stage, and indicate how you would deal with each.
The assignment is to answer the question provided above in essay form. This is to be in narrative form and should be as thorough as possible. Bullet points should not to be used. The paper should be at least 1.5 - 2 pages in length, Times New Roman 12-pt font, double-spaced, 1 inch margins and utilizing at least one outside scholarly or professional source related to project management. The textbook should also be utilized. Do not insert excess line spacing. APA formatting and citation should be used.
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student Learning
Chapter 8
Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Chapter 9
Using Families’ Ways of Knowing to Enhance Teaching and Student Learning
Maria R. Coady
Chapter 10
Fostering Student and Family Engagement in Learning Through Student-Led Parent Conferences
Ellen S. Amatea and Kelly L. Dolan
Educators need strategies for building effective partnerships with families, not only for the purpose of solving student problems, but also for maximizing student learning. In Chapters 8, 9, and 10, we describe strategies that educators use that focus on creating stronger connections with families to maximize student learning and development. In Chapter 8, we focus on the communication skills and practices that educators can use routinely to build a sense of connection with their students’ families. In Chapter 9, we examine the unique challenges faced by second language learners and their families and the instructional and noninstructional strategies that educators can use to build working relationships with families. In Chapter 10, we describe the use of student-led parent conferences as a powerful tool for establishing relationships with students and their families that give students a greater voice in their assessment of their learning.
CHAPTER 8 Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Describe specific attitudes and communication skills needed to develop trusting relationships with students’ families.
■ Outline cul.
Activity I An activity on the critical path of a project was sche.docxnormanlane62630
Activity I: An activity on the critical path of a project was scheduled to be completed within 12 weeks, with a budget of $8,000. During a performance review, which took place 7 weeks after the activity was initiated, it was found that 50% of the work had already been completed and that the actual cost was $4,500.
a) Calculate the EV of the activity.
b) Calculate the CI and SI for the activity.
c) Calculate the expected BAC using the original estimate approach.
d) Calculate the expected BAC using the revised estimate approach.
e) Compare and discuss the results obtained in parts (c) and (d).
Activity II: Identify a new product that is based on an innovation in technology, and draw up a strategic technical plan for its development. Be sure to discuss the risk factors at each stage, and indicate how you would deal with each.
The assignment is to answer the question provided above in essay form. This is to be in narrative form and should be as thorough as possible. Bullet points should not to be used. The paper should be at least 1.5 - 2 pages in length, Times New Roman 12-pt font, double-spaced, 1 inch margins and utilizing at least one outside scholarly or professional source related to project management. The textbook should also be utilized. Do not insert excess line spacing. APA formatting and citation should be used.
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student Learning
Chapter 8
Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Chapter 9
Using Families’ Ways of Knowing to Enhance Teaching and Student Learning
Maria R. Coady
Chapter 10
Fostering Student and Family Engagement in Learning Through Student-Led Parent Conferences
Ellen S. Amatea and Kelly L. Dolan
Educators need strategies for building effective partnerships with families, not only for the purpose of solving student problems, but also for maximizing student learning. In Chapters 8, 9, and 10, we describe strategies that educators use that focus on creating stronger connections with families to maximize student learning and development. In Chapter 8, we focus on the communication skills and practices that educators can use routinely to build a sense of connection with their students’ families. In Chapter 9, we examine the unique challenges faced by second language learners and their families and the instructional and noninstructional strategies that educators can use to build working relationships with families. In Chapter 10, we describe the use of student-led parent conferences as a powerful tool for establishing relationships with students and their families that give students a greater voice in their assessment of their learning.
CHAPTER 8 Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Describe specific attitudes and communication skills needed to develop trusting relationships with students’ families.
■ Outline cul.
1.1 Why a Family-Centered ApproachTraditionally, schools through.docxpaynetawnya
1.1 Why a Family-Centered Approach
Traditionally, schools throughout the world have been institutions in which teachers, social workers, and educational specialists are considered the sole source of knowledge, information, and expertise, and parents are expected to support and implement the advice of these experts. Until recently, in contrast with schools, early childhood care and education programs followed a parent-oriented approach in which parents assumed a more active role. Families got together to care for each other's children; sometimes the older women in a community cared for the young children, and mothers rotated care in mother's-day-out programs. One example of high-quality family-oriented child care in the United States can be found in the Kaiser Shipyards during WWII, where mothers worked in factories building ships. These programs provided family medical care and even meals for mothers to take home after their shift in the factory (Hurwitz, 1998). However, over the years, many early childhood programs became more like schools, expecting parents to listen passively to their advice and to help implement their programs (Keyser, 2006).
The development of a family-centered early care and education approach can be traced to the federal early childhood program Head Start. Formed in 1965 as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty, Head Start was developed as a comprehensive program for low-income families with preschool-age children, with a focus on parent involvement and community collaboration (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 2012). The architects of Head Start recognized the need to work in an equal partnership with families of low-income children (Greenberg, 1969). To this end, the program was designed with very specific roles and responsibilities for parents. Program Performance Standards outline overall standards to be met in each component area. These are critical quality indicators used to ensure the program meets the unique needs of the communities and families the program serves. Component areas that must meet these performance standards include specific requirements for parent activities, such as opportunities for parents to follow a career path to become teachers in the local program. Additionally, all local Head Start programs have a governing body, known as a policy council, which must include parents. This body has direct responsibilities in a variety of areas, including approval of hiring and firing of all staff, budget and program component approval, and overall program evaluation (HHS, 2012).
The design of local Head Start programs led more and more early childhood programs to consider a shared approach to power and control. Other early childhood models (such as Waldorf, Montessori, Reggio Emilia, and local community-based programs) practice different degrees of the family-centered approach, depending on their unique philosophy, history, and ownership. With a family-centered approach ...
ReferenceHardin, B. J., Wortham, S.C. (2015). Assessment in Ear.docxsodhi3
Reference:
Hardin, B. J., Wortham, S.C. (2015). Assessment in Early Childhood Education (7th ed.). [Vitalsource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://kaplan.bitalsource.com/#/books/9781323290804/
In-text citation: (Hardin & Wortham, 2015)
CHAPTER 11 Communicating with Families
Suzanne Clouzeau/Pearson
Chapter Objectives
As a result of reading this chapter, you will be able to:
1.Discuss characteristics of family-professional partnerships that promote children’s development and learning.
2.Explain strategies for establishing and maintaining family-professional partnerships that benefit children.
3.Describe strategies for conducting effective parent conferences.
4.Discuss the roles of families in screening and assessment.
Parents are children’s first and most important teacher. As such, they have a critical role in their child’s development and learning. Teachers, administrators, and other early childhood providers understand that children’s success as learners depends on parents as well as professionals. The importance of having parents as partners in early childhood settings is essential to quality care and education (Dunst & Trivette, 2012; Schmidt & Matthews, 2013; Turnbull et al., 2006). Today’s children experience a variety of family relationships. Some children live with a single parent or with grandparents. Children may live in blended families where both parents had previous marriages and children from the first and second marriages now live together as one family. Other children live in households with same-sex parents. Still others may live in households that include adults who function as caretakers but are not related. Therefore, the term families should acknowledge the expanded roles of parenting to include any persons that function as family in their daily lives. Throughout this book, information related to family partnerships during screening and assessment processes has been discussed. This chapter will be devoted to how professionals can engage in meaningful partnerships with adults who serve in parenting roles for children, particularly during the assessment process. Strategies for communicating with families about children’s progress will be discussed, including planning and how to conduct effective family conferences.
Family-Professional Partnerships that Promote Children’s Development and Learning
Parents have always actively participated in early-childhood settings such as child-care centers and schools. When the first author’s father was an elementary school student in the early 20th century in Austin, Texas, mothers took turns going to the school to prepare lunch for the children. Traditionally, parents helped with school parties and volunteered in the classroom. Parent–teacher organizations raised money to secure needed books, equipment, and other materials that were not in the school budget.
Today, the idea of a partnership with parents goes beyond helping with school programs toward empowering and engaging f ...
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student .docxJUST36
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student Learning
Chapter 8
Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Chapter 9
Using Families’ Ways of Knowing to Enhance Teaching and Student Learning
Maria R. Coady
Chapter 10
Fostering Student and Family Engagement in Learning Through Student-Led Parent Conferences
Ellen S. Amatea and Kelly L. Dolan
Educators need strategies for building effective partnerships with families, not only for the purpose of solving student problems, but also for maximizing student learning. In Chapters 8, 9, and 10, we describe strategies that educators use that focus on creating stronger connections with families to maximize student learning and development. In Chapter 8, we focus on the communication skills and practices that educators can use routinely to build a sense of connection with their students’ families. In Chapter 9, we examine the unique challenges faced by second language learners and their families and the instructional and noninstructional strategies that educators can use to build working relationships with families. In Chapter 10, we describe the use of student-led parent conferences as a powerful tool for establishing relationships with students and their families that give students a greater voice in their assessment of their learning.
CHAPTER 8 Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Describe specific attitudes and communication skills needed to develop trusting relationships with students’ families.
■ Outline cultural differences in communication styles that influence family–school interaction.
■ Describe everyday routines by which you can become acquainted with students’ families and develop ongoing lines of communication.
Educators who take the time to get acquainted with parents, to listen to them, to empathize with their perspective, and to learn from them about their child and their home culture, promote the successful learning of all their students and enhance their own ability to reach and teach each of their students.
There is a growing recognition that teachers are the key agents for reaching out to par-ents/caregivers. The teacher’s attitude and practices—not the education, socioeconomic status, or marital status of the parent—have the strongest influence on whether parents become involved in their children’s schooling (Colbert, 1996; Epstein & Sheldon, 2002; Erford, 2010). Educators, who take the time to get acquainted with parents, to listen to them, to empathize with their perspective, and to learn from them about their child and their home culture promote the successful learning of all their students and enhance their own ability to reach and teach each of their students (Weiss, Caspe, & Lopez, 2006). Lawrence-Lightfoot (2003) makes a poignant and powerful point that no dialogue is more important than that between te.
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student .docxdunnramage
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student Learning
Chapter 8
Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Chapter 9
Using Families’ Ways of Knowing to Enhance Teaching and Student Learning
Maria R. Coady
Chapter 10
Fostering Student and Family Engagement in Learning Through Student-Led Parent Conferences
Ellen S. Amatea and Kelly L. Dolan
Educators need strategies for building effective partnerships with families, not only for the purpose of solving student problems, but also for maximizing student learning. In Chapters 8, 9, and 10, we describe strategies that educators use that focus on creating stronger connections with families to maximize student learning and development. In Chapter 8, we focus on the communication skills and practices that educators can use routinely to build a sense of connection with their students’ families. In Chapter 9, we examine the unique challenges faced by second language learners and their families and the instructional and noninstructional strategies that educators can use to build working relationships with families. In Chapter 10, we describe the use of student-led parent conferences as a powerful tool for establishing relationships with students and their families that give students a greater voice in their assessment of their learning.
CHAPTER 8 Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Describe specific attitudes and communication skills needed to develop trusting relationships with students’ families.
■ Outline cultural differences in communication styles that influence family–school interaction.
■ Describe everyday routines by which you can become acquainted with students’ families and develop ongoing lines of communication.
Educators who take the time to get acquainted with parents, to listen to them, to empathize with their perspective, and to learn from them about their child and their home culture, promote the successful learning of all their students and enhance their own ability to reach and teach each of their students.
There is a growing recognition that teachers are the key agents for reaching out to par-ents/caregivers. The teacher’s attitude and practices—not the education, socioeconomic status, or marital status of the parent—have the strongest influence on whether parents become involved in their children’s schooling (Colbert, 1996; Epstein & Sheldon, 2002; Erford, 2010). Educators, who take the time to get acquainted with parents, to listen to them, to empathize with their perspective, and to learn from them about their child and their home culture promote the successful learning of all their students and enhance their own ability to reach and teach each of their students (Weiss, Caspe, & Lopez, 2006). Lawrence-Lightfoot (2003) makes a poignant and powerful point that no dialogue is more important than that between te.
Activity I An activity on the critical path of a project was sche.docxSALU18
Activity I: An activity on the critical path of a project was scheduled to be completed within 12 weeks, with a budget of $8,000. During a performance review, which took place 7 weeks after the activity was initiated, it was found that 50% of the work had already been completed and that the actual cost was $4,500.
a) Calculate the EV of the activity.
b) Calculate the CI and SI for the activity.
c) Calculate the expected BAC using the original estimate approach.
d) Calculate the expected BAC using the revised estimate approach.
e) Compare and discuss the results obtained in parts (c) and (d).
Activity II: Identify a new product that is based on an innovation in technology, and draw up a strategic technical plan for its development. Be sure to discuss the risk factors at each stage, and indicate how you would deal with each.
The assignment is to answer the question provided above in essay form. This is to be in narrative form and should be as thorough as possible. Bullet points should not to be used. The paper should be at least 1.5 - 2 pages in length, Times New Roman 12-pt font, double-spaced, 1 inch margins and utilizing at least one outside scholarly or professional source related to project management. The textbook should also be utilized. Do not insert excess line spacing. APA formatting and citation should be used.
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student Learning
Chapter 8
Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Chapter 9
Using Families’ Ways of Knowing to Enhance Teaching and Student Learning
Maria R. Coady
Chapter 10
Fostering Student and Family Engagement in Learning Through Student-Led Parent Conferences
Ellen S. Amatea and Kelly L. Dolan
Educators need strategies for building effective partnerships with families, not only for the purpose of solving student problems, but also for maximizing student learning. In Chapters 8, 9, and 10, we describe strategies that educators use that focus on creating stronger connections with families to maximize student learning and development. In Chapter 8, we focus on the communication skills and practices that educators can use routinely to build a sense of connection with their students’ families. In Chapter 9, we examine the unique challenges faced by second language learners and their families and the instructional and noninstructional strategies that educators can use to build working relationships with families. In Chapter 10, we describe the use of student-led parent conferences as a powerful tool for establishing relationships with students and their families that give students a greater voice in their assessment of their learning.
CHAPTER 8 Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Describe specific attitudes and communication skills needed to develop trusting relationships with students’ families.
■ Outline cul.
Activity I An activity on the critical path of a project was sche.docxnormanlane62630
Activity I: An activity on the critical path of a project was scheduled to be completed within 12 weeks, with a budget of $8,000. During a performance review, which took place 7 weeks after the activity was initiated, it was found that 50% of the work had already been completed and that the actual cost was $4,500.
a) Calculate the EV of the activity.
b) Calculate the CI and SI for the activity.
c) Calculate the expected BAC using the original estimate approach.
d) Calculate the expected BAC using the revised estimate approach.
e) Compare and discuss the results obtained in parts (c) and (d).
Activity II: Identify a new product that is based on an innovation in technology, and draw up a strategic technical plan for its development. Be sure to discuss the risk factors at each stage, and indicate how you would deal with each.
The assignment is to answer the question provided above in essay form. This is to be in narrative form and should be as thorough as possible. Bullet points should not to be used. The paper should be at least 1.5 - 2 pages in length, Times New Roman 12-pt font, double-spaced, 1 inch margins and utilizing at least one outside scholarly or professional source related to project management. The textbook should also be utilized. Do not insert excess line spacing. APA formatting and citation should be used.
PART III Building Family–School Relationships to Maximize Student Learning
Chapter 8
Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Chapter 9
Using Families’ Ways of Knowing to Enhance Teaching and Student Learning
Maria R. Coady
Chapter 10
Fostering Student and Family Engagement in Learning Through Student-Led Parent Conferences
Ellen S. Amatea and Kelly L. Dolan
Educators need strategies for building effective partnerships with families, not only for the purpose of solving student problems, but also for maximizing student learning. In Chapters 8, 9, and 10, we describe strategies that educators use that focus on creating stronger connections with families to maximize student learning and development. In Chapter 8, we focus on the communication skills and practices that educators can use routinely to build a sense of connection with their students’ families. In Chapter 9, we examine the unique challenges faced by second language learners and their families and the instructional and noninstructional strategies that educators can use to build working relationships with families. In Chapter 10, we describe the use of student-led parent conferences as a powerful tool for establishing relationships with students and their families that give students a greater voice in their assessment of their learning.
CHAPTER 8 Getting Acquainted with Students’ Families
Teresa N. Leibforth and Mary Ann Clark
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Describe specific attitudes and communication skills needed to develop trusting relationships with students’ families.
■ Outline cul.
1.1 Why a Family-Centered ApproachTraditionally, schools through.docxpaynetawnya
1.1 Why a Family-Centered Approach
Traditionally, schools throughout the world have been institutions in which teachers, social workers, and educational specialists are considered the sole source of knowledge, information, and expertise, and parents are expected to support and implement the advice of these experts. Until recently, in contrast with schools, early childhood care and education programs followed a parent-oriented approach in which parents assumed a more active role. Families got together to care for each other's children; sometimes the older women in a community cared for the young children, and mothers rotated care in mother's-day-out programs. One example of high-quality family-oriented child care in the United States can be found in the Kaiser Shipyards during WWII, where mothers worked in factories building ships. These programs provided family medical care and even meals for mothers to take home after their shift in the factory (Hurwitz, 1998). However, over the years, many early childhood programs became more like schools, expecting parents to listen passively to their advice and to help implement their programs (Keyser, 2006).
The development of a family-centered early care and education approach can be traced to the federal early childhood program Head Start. Formed in 1965 as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty, Head Start was developed as a comprehensive program for low-income families with preschool-age children, with a focus on parent involvement and community collaboration (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 2012). The architects of Head Start recognized the need to work in an equal partnership with families of low-income children (Greenberg, 1969). To this end, the program was designed with very specific roles and responsibilities for parents. Program Performance Standards outline overall standards to be met in each component area. These are critical quality indicators used to ensure the program meets the unique needs of the communities and families the program serves. Component areas that must meet these performance standards include specific requirements for parent activities, such as opportunities for parents to follow a career path to become teachers in the local program. Additionally, all local Head Start programs have a governing body, known as a policy council, which must include parents. This body has direct responsibilities in a variety of areas, including approval of hiring and firing of all staff, budget and program component approval, and overall program evaluation (HHS, 2012).
The design of local Head Start programs led more and more early childhood programs to consider a shared approach to power and control. Other early childhood models (such as Waldorf, Montessori, Reggio Emilia, and local community-based programs) practice different degrees of the family-centered approach, depending on their unique philosophy, history, and ownership. With a family-centered approach ...
8.1 Why Working With Families Is So ImportantBuilding supportive.docxalinainglis
8.1 Why Working With Families Is So Important
Building supportive and collaborative relationships with families is one of the most important priorities in early childhood education. Trust between home and school is built over time, starting with the very first phone call or visit to the program. Positive relationships between program staff and family members are supported in small ways, such as the friendly tone of voice a teacher uses at pickup time, or in big ways, such as the welcoming policies described in the family handbook.
Benefits to Children
Just as infants and young children must learn how to trust others in order to learn and grow, an early childhood program must earn a family's trust before the child can fully participate in what the program has to offer. Children benefit when families and teachers communicate and work closely together, forming trusting relationships and sharing expectations and ideas (Barbour, 2007).
Strong parent-school relationships create positive outcomes for children both cognitively and emotionally (Callender & Hansen, n.d.). For example, studies of Head Start children reveal a positive correlation between parent involvement and children's academic growth in the areas of vocabulary, literacy, and mathematics (Wen, Bulotsky-Shearer, Hahs-Vaughn, & Korfmacher, 2012). Other studies indicate that parental involvement in school improves children's behavior and self-esteem, and it also decreases the chances children will be referred for special education services (Callender & Hansen, n.d.; Henrich & Blackman-Jones, 2006; Pena, 2000).
Benefits to Families
Parents and other family members, such as grandparents, also benefit from family involvement in early childhood programs. The staff members of the early childhood programs, including administrators, teachers, and caregivers, serve as role models for parents, demonstrating nurturing and learning relationships and interactions. Parents who spend time in their children's early childhood classrooms learn strategies for supporting children's learning that they can use in their own interactions with their children (Keyser, 2006).
Benefits to the Program
For the early childhood administrator, building a strong collaborative partnership with families is good for business. Whether your organization is nonprofit or for-profit, your program's success and reputation are built on the positive word of mouth generated by happy families. From marketing to fee collection, strong collaborative relationships with families will help make every part of the administrator's job easier and more productive.
Parent involvement also helps inform and enhance the work of teachers and administrators. When parents and teachers communicate frequently, teachers learn more about the traditions, values, and culture of the families, and can use this information to shape the curriculum and activities (Gonzales-Mena, 2008).
For administrators, parent involvement can sometimes help the program .
Running Head Journal 1Learning PartnershipAnnette Wil.docxwlynn1
Running Head: Journal 1
Learning Partnership
Annette Williams
ECE 672 Personnal Management & Staff Development for Early Childhood Administrators
April 5, 2020
Dr. Guevara
- 1 -
1
1. April
date goes last [Frank
Guevara]
Journal 2
Learning Partnerships
Mentoring for professional development goes beyond just building respectful and
trustworthy relationships with adults. It is assumed that once a relationship has been built,
early childhood teachers are left to handle the dilemma of putting their effort into practice
(Stormshark et al. 2016). This may not be true since such partnerships not only help to
enhance professional development but also establish professional boundaries basing on
culture among many other factors. One reason for this partnership is the fact that however,
many teachers may be experienced, they need support to help them effectively take up the
roles they have been assigned to do. Adults are better placed to provide this support,
showcasing their special abilities, personal as well as professional guidance for the teachers.
Through established relationships, mentors can offer the support that these teachers need.
Partnerships become more comfortable with teachers and vice versa, making children
appreciate the fact that important people in their life are working together. This enhances
children’s learning due to a perfect environment characterized by a healthy teacher-parent
relationship. This partnership also helps teachers and mentors to establish expectations and
formulate strategies that can help them achieve the set objectives and expectations. Mentors
may not have trained as teachers but are in a better position in society to understand the
societal expectations of their children in academic and other facets of life. Through
partnerships, mentors and teachers brainstorm together, do consultations and come up with
effective strategies that enhance professional development.
Lastly, partnering with adults helps to achieve learner’s needs more effectively.
Mentors act as watchdogs who review the learning process and can help comb out. In case of
any challenges, mentors always come in to help and address them. They are also the first
- 2 -
1
2
1. effective strategies
this is a key difference
[Frank Guevara]
2. can help comb out.
I'm not sure what you mean
here? [Frank Guevara]
Journal 3
people to point out any mistakes that could affect the learning process and do not hesitate to
talk with teachers and find positive ways of solving emerging problems.
I have observed parent involvement in family-school partnerships. In this case,
parents are involved in the academic lives of their children by taking part in their activities.
There are four patterns in parent involvement. The first one is home-based involvement,
whereby parents initiate activities at home that can promote the child’s learning. There is also
school-based involvement where p.
CHAPTER 3 Building Culturally Responsive Family–School Partnership.docxwalterl4
CHAPTER 3 Building Culturally Responsive Family–School Partnerships: Essential Beliefs, Strategies, and Skills
Ellen S. Amatea
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Summarize the essential beliefs about family–school partnerships that guide educators’ professional practice.
■ Describe specific strategies that an individual teacher might use to develop collaborative relations with his/her students’ caregivers.
■ Summarize the specific aspects of a school’s social climate that might be altered to create a more collaborative family–school environment.
■ Describe specific core routines that can be redesigned to enhance the climate of family–school relations across a classroom or school.
■ Discuss the structural supports needed to create family–school partnerships.
■ Summarize the research evidence about the effectiveness of family–school collaboration.
■ Outline the essential attitudes and skills needed by educators committed to building collaborative family–school partnerships.
I was surprised to learn how many of the messages we send to parents from schools have been about the school telling parents what to do. We need to make our family–school communication more two-way so we can learn from families as well as they can learn from us.
I never thought about how intimidating the school and teachers are to some parents, particularly those who did not have good experiences in their own schooling. I need to recognize that parents/families may have very different perspectives on my invitations from the school.
I am recognizing that if we only contact parents when there is a problem, they will continue to dread interacting with schools and teachers.
Like the educators depicted in the previous comments, many educators are beginning to realize that the traditional ways that schools have interacted with caregivers can often put them on the defensive. To send a different message to families—especially those who are culturally diverse—these educators are redesigning both how they think and how they act with the families of their students. Rather than having a one-sided focus on getting parents involved, these educators are using a variety of ways to come together with families to enhance children’s school performance and development. How are they doing this? What theories and ways of working with families do they rely on? How are their new ways of working responsive to the widely varying cultural backgrounds of today’s students and families? In this chapter, we discuss the distinctive beliefs that underlie a culturally responsive approach to family–school collaboration and the theories on which it is based. We then illustrate how these ways of thinking have been translated into action by showcasing the practices of individual educators and of school-wide teams committed to developing these types of family–school relations. Finally, we discuss the skills required to create such partnerships and describe how we will examine .
Eddie Denessen, Geert Driessen, Frederik Smit & Peter Sleegers (2001) ed Smit...Driessen Research
Denessen, E., Driessen, G. Smit, F. & Sleegers, P. (2001). Culture differences in education: implications for parental involvement and educational policies. Paper European Research Network About Parents in Education (ERNAPE), Rotterdam, the Netherlands, November 22-23, 2001. In F. Smit, K. van der Wolf & P. Sleegers (eds.), A bridge to the future. Collaboration between parents, schools and communities (pp. 55-65). Nijmegen: ITS.
ISBN 90-5554-177-X
18Building Partnership with Families and CommunitiesAnastaciaShadelb
18
Building Partnership with Families and Communities
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliations
Instructor
Course
Date
Building Partnership with Families and Communities
Introduction
Professional partnerships or collaboration revolved around individuals who are professionals in certain filed who want to conduct their activities together. It was established by partners for the primary objective of practicing professional collaboration for a given common objective. It has been established that developmental and learning outcomes for young children are enhanced strongly when effective and robust partnerships are developed between families and professionals (Hornby, 2011). There is a shared decision, and the development of common objectives is accepted and valued. The premise of professional partnership in school is based on the foundation that families and the community play a crucial role in including a child’s development and learning. Professionals are also responsible for advancing the progress of children in schools since they tend to engage- in family centered-collaboration by adhering to the instrumental role of families in the lives of children.
The current societal state and the learning institutions compels individuals to continually leverage how people equip their students, especially those who may reap advantages from extra support and resources, to realize their daily objectives and assist them in performing admirably in their education (Dearing, Sibley, & Nguyen, 2015). Connecting communities, school, and family are ancillary or helpful for school counselors working with children who are currently struggling with their academic life. Nonetheless, the complexity and the challenges schools experience and families in the contemporary world indicate that identifying successful responsibilities and obligations taken by counselors in schools in establish community-school partnerships is essential (Hornby, 2011). Learning institutions are situated effectively in addressing the barriers to teaching and learning and positively leverage growth among learners whenever they form an instrumental part of the community.
The current government has indicated that all children should access high-quality education to ensure that they are successful in the contemporary world regardless of their social status. Some Regulatory frameworks and Acts were established to help foster this advancement and help children realize their objectives (Epstein, & Jansorn, 2004). For instance, the No Child Left Behind Act has been vital in ensuring that all children, regardless of their social-economic status, age, race, disability, and spoken language, are legible to high-quality education. Based on the findings of some research studies such as Dearing, Sibley, & Nguyen (2015), professional partnerships such as family-school-community partnerships have been in the previous year’s been shown to be one of the most effective ventures that many learn ...
1 Ivy Bucsa SOC-320 June 28, 2015 David Claerbaut.docxmercysuttle
1
Ivy Bucsa
SOC-320
June 28, 2015
David Claerbaut
Policy and discourse on family responsibilities revolve around obligations and rights of parenting. The purpose of this paper is to present a discussion on responsibilities of spouses so that they attain a work-life balance. It is possible to transmit physical, mental, and moral qualities from parent to child. The burden of responsibility for the moral character of a wayward child rolls back from one generation to another. Parents have the responsibility of retaining the thread of sensuality bequeathed by earthly ancestors.[this sentence is not really clear] For many adults, marriage constitutes a central interpersonal relationship that engages a person. Shared and flexible performance of household tasks associated with mutual commitment and diffusion of responsibility. High attraction and stability in solidary marriages presumes to provide a basis of security for spouses. High marital satisfaction and satisfaction with their spouses helping behavior report low levels of stress and physical wellness. [Ivy, you are using a lot of large words and it actually makes this less clear. Make it simple and clear.]
Spouses in personal and interpersonal relationships confront with conflict situations. Conflict in marriage institution arises due to child rearing differences, religious differences, sex relations, household chores, social activities, and interests. The repercussion of spousal conflicts is that they may an effect n their children, relatives, or even the society. A conflict situation can weaken a spousal relationship leading to separation or divorce. By the law of recurrence, it is possible to transmit qualities from grandparents to the grandchildren (De Lange, 2013). Some of the aspects of conflicts include aggression, hatred, fighting, or bitterness. All can admit that lamentable amount of domestic discontent and positive unhappiness grows out of the fact that the spouses have different ideas concerning a perfect marriage.
In the past, policies that focused on children and families operated on the assumption that families were synonymous with mothers. In the modern day, fathers’ role is crucial in the contribution of child development. The government supports and encourages father involvement. Fathers are potentially relevant to the discussion of parenting cultures. Fatherhood irrespective of the degree of involvement cares for their children and other parental roles effectively. It is the duty of both fathers and mothers to provide smooth, steady, and evident love to all children without showing any partiality. Parents should provide useful love during high and low moments of the day. Fathers according to Magne[omit] Bakke (2006) are psychological role models for their children, provide an economic resource for the family and play an active role in the care of the children. A mother is in charge of all domestic work in her household whether she is working or a single mother. ...
Week 4 Assignment Developing Relationships
Community relationships are important in school success. Schools are often at the center of community activity and can be a significant source of pride to a community. Creating and sustaining this positive relationship is part of every educator’s work. This is especially true in communities where tax levy elections support the school. Establishing positive community relationships is the right thing to do. When people in the community work together on behalf of students, great things can happen. Part of establishing positive community relationships is “getting the message out” about the good things the school is doing in/for the community.
For this assignment, you are to take the part of a teacher who has been invited to speak for 10-15 minutes to a community group (your choice) to discuss the school, what students are doing in/for the community, and how the community can best support the school and its students.
Your presentation should be creative, engaging, and media focused. You may use the presentation software of your choice (Power Point, Present Me, Prezi, etc.). The length of the presentation should be sufficient to cover a 10-15 minute presentation. It is not necessary to use reference materials, but any reference materials cited should be cited/referenced according to APA as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Please be sure to include speaker’s notes in your presentation.
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.) for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
INSTRUCTOR GUIDANCE
WEEK FOUR
*Special thanks to Dr. Patrice Jones for sharing her original guidance in this document.
Did you know there is a National African American Parent Involvement Day (NAAPID) that takes place in schools across the country in the month of February? Inspired by a speech during the Million Man March in 1995 that challenged all the men in the crowd to give back to their community, Michigan school Principal Joseph Dulin initiated this movement as a day of events encouraging parents to get more involved in their child's school. “It comes during Black History Month,” explains Dulin, “and I thought it was a tremendous time to introduce it as a project for parents to get into our schools to exchange notes, phone numbers, emails, have conversations and get in touch with the teachers” (Cavanaugh, 2016, para. 6).
Although the day is geared toward African American parents, the schools encourage every parent to participate for a common goal of promoting parent involvement, eliminating the achievement gap, and creating partnerships among stakeholders. Hugh Price, retired CEO of the National Urban League and founder of Campaign for African-American Achievement, explains that "community norms have traditionally played a particularly central role in the lives of black Americans" (Price, 2008, p. 19). A variety of students from different cultural backgrounds benefit from the ...
CHAPTER 12Working with Families and CommunitiesNAEYC Administr.docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 12
Working with Families and Communities
NAEYC Administrator Competencies Addressed in This Chapter:
Management Knowledge and Skills
6. Family Support
· Knowledge and application of family systems and different parenting styles
· The ability to implement program practices that support families of diverse cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and socio-economic backgrounds
· The ability to support families as valued partners in the educational process
3. Staff Management and Human Relations
· The ability to relate to staff and board members of diverse racial, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds
7. Marketing and Public Relations
· The ability to promote linkages with local schools
9. Oral and Written Communication
· Knowledge of oral communication techniques, including establishing rapport, preparing the environment, active listening, and voicecontrol
· The ability to communicate ideas effectively in a formal presentation
Early Childhood Knowledge and Skills
6. Family and Community Relationships
· Knowledge of the diversity of family systems, traditional, non-traditional and alternative family structures, family life styles, and thedynamics of family life on the development of young children
· Knowledge of socio-cultural factors influencing contemporary families including the impact of language, religion, poverty, race,technology, and the media
· Knowledge of different community resources, assistance, and support available to children and families
· Knowledge of different strategies to promote reciprocal partnerships between home and center
· Ability to communicate effectively with parents through written and oral communication
· Ability to demonstrate awareness and appreciation of different cultural and familial practices and customs
· Knowledge of child rearing patterns in other countries
10. Professionalism
· Ability to make professional judgments based on the NAEYC “Code of Ethical Conduct and Statement of Commitment”
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Explain three approaches that programs of early care and education might take to working with families.
2. Identify some of the benefits enjoyed by children, families, and programs when families are engaged with the programs serving theiryoung children.
3. Describe some effective strategies for building trusting relationships with all families.
4. Identify the stakeholder groups and the kinds of expertise that should be represented on programs’ advisory committees and boardsof directors.
Grace’s Experience
The program that Grace directs has been an important part of the neighborhood for more than 20 years. She knows she is benefiting from thegoodwill it has earned over the years. It is respected because of its tradition of high-quality outreach projects, such as the sing-along the childrenpresent at the senior center in the spring. The program’s tradition of community involvement has meant that local businesses have always beenwilling to help out when asked fo ...
CHAPTER 12Working with Families and CommunitiesNAEYC Administr.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 12
Working with Families and Communities
NAEYC Administrator Competencies Addressed in This Chapter:
Management Knowledge and Skills
6. Family Support
· Knowledge and application of family systems and different parenting styles
· The ability to implement program practices that support families of diverse cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and socio-economic backgrounds
· The ability to support families as valued partners in the educational process
3. Staff Management and Human Relations
· The ability to relate to staff and board members of diverse racial, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds
7. Marketing and Public Relations
· The ability to promote linkages with local schools
9. Oral and Written Communication
· Knowledge of oral communication techniques, including establishing rapport, preparing the environment, active listening, and voicecontrol
· The ability to communicate ideas effectively in a formal presentation
Early Childhood Knowledge and Skills
6. Family and Community Relationships
· Knowledge of the diversity of family systems, traditional, non-traditional and alternative family structures, family life styles, and thedynamics of family life on the development of young children
· Knowledge of socio-cultural factors influencing contemporary families including the impact of language, religion, poverty, race,technology, and the media
· Knowledge of different community resources, assistance, and support available to children and families
· Knowledge of different strategies to promote reciprocal partnerships between home and center
· Ability to communicate effectively with parents through written and oral communication
· Ability to demonstrate awareness and appreciation of different cultural and familial practices and customs
· Knowledge of child rearing patterns in other countries
10. Professionalism
· Ability to make professional judgments based on the NAEYC “Code of Ethical Conduct and Statement of Commitment”
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Explain three approaches that programs of early care and education might take to working with families.
2. Identify some of the benefits enjoyed by children, families, and programs when families are engaged with the programs serving theiryoung children.
3. Describe some effective strategies for building trusting relationships with all families.
4. Identify the stakeholder groups and the kinds of expertise that should be represented on programs’ advisory committees and boardsof directors.
Grace’s Experience
The program that Grace directs has been an important part of the neighborhood for more than 20 years. She knows she is benefiting from thegoodwill it has earned over the years. It is respected because of its tradition of high-quality outreach projects, such as the sing-along the childrenpresent at the senior center in the spring. The program’s tradition of community involvement has meant that local businesses have always beenwilling to help out when asked fo.
6.1 Theoretical Models and ResearchThe traditional parent involv.docxalinainglis
6.1 Theoretical Models and Research
The traditional parent involvement model for early care and education programs was a professionally driven parent-education model, with educators using parents to improve the child's home environment and to implement what educators believed to be good educational and parenting practices. This model was based on the belief that educational and human service professionals knew what was best for the child and family, based on their education and expertise. The parent component of an early care and education program was designed to teach parents good education-related practices and to improve the home environment as a place to develop good behaviors and optimal learning. This practice of parent involvement was also the accepted approach used by professionals working with families of children with developmental delays (Gargiulo & Kilgo, 2005).
To inform our understanding of effective partnerships between programs and families, it is important to examine approaches that have been shown to work. To do so, current research findings on effective family-program partnerships must be explored. Unfortunately, however, research in effective ways to enhance family-program partnerships is quite limited, particularly in early childhood programs.
There are many reasons why there is so little research in this area. Because there is a variety of ways to involve parents in the care and education of their children in a program, there is no agreed-upon definition or measurement of effective parent involvement. For example, are we looking at parents volunteering in the program, supporting their children at home, or effective communication between the home and program (Hill & Taylor, 2004)? Further, we do not know how one kind of involvement may positively influence another and thus have a multiplying, additive effect on children's development and learning. For example, how might parent involvement in the early childhood center increase the quality of parenting skills practiced in the home?
There is also a lack of agreement regarding who should be the subject of the research. Who should be questioned and given surveys when studying parent involvement: parents, teachers, or administrators? This dilemma is compounded by several factors, including research that indicates teachers tend to evaluate the involvement of African-American and low-income parents more negatively than that of European and higher-income parents (Epstein & Dauber, 1991). Finally, the research available has been conducted largely in elementary schools and not early childhood programs. As presented later in this chapter, this is also a dilemma when examining the various family-program partnership models. From a research perspective, the more different an early care or education program is from a traditional public elementary school, the less valid are these elementary school-based results for family-program collaboration in early care and education settings (Hil.
Option #2Researching a Leader Complete preliminary rese.docxmccormicknadine86
Option #2:
Researching a Leader
Complete preliminary research on the Internet and/or using online library databases. Compose a 1 PAGE summary of sources and an overview of each source.
Post any questions or comments about the content or requirements of the Portfolio Project to the questions thread in the Discussion Forum.
.
Option 1 ImperialismThe exploitation of colonial resources.docxmccormicknadine86
Option 1: Imperialism
The exploitation of colonial resources and indigenous labor was one of the key elements in the success of imperialism. Such exploitation was a result of the prevalent ethnocentrism of the time and was justified by the unscientific concept of social Darwinism, which praised the characteristics of white Europeans and inaccurately ascribed negative characteristics to indigenous peoples. A famous poem of the time by Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden," called on imperial powers, and particularly the U.S., at whom the poem was directed, to take up the mission of civilizing these "savage" peoples.
Read the poem at the following link:
Link (website):
White Man's Burden (Links to an external site.)
(Rudyard Kipling)
After reading the poem, address the following in a case study analysis:
Select a specific part of the world (a country), and examine imperialism in that country. What was the relationship between the invading country and the native people? You can select from these examples or choose your own:
Belgium & Africa
Britain & India
Germany & Africa
France & Africa
Apply social Darwinism to this specific case.
Analyze the motivations of the invading country?
How did ethnocentrism manifest in their interactions?
How does Kipling's poem apply to your specific example? You can quote lines for comparison.
.
More Related Content
Similar to CHAPTER 11 Communicating with FamiliesSuzanne ClouzeauPearson.docx
8.1 Why Working With Families Is So ImportantBuilding supportive.docxalinainglis
8.1 Why Working With Families Is So Important
Building supportive and collaborative relationships with families is one of the most important priorities in early childhood education. Trust between home and school is built over time, starting with the very first phone call or visit to the program. Positive relationships between program staff and family members are supported in small ways, such as the friendly tone of voice a teacher uses at pickup time, or in big ways, such as the welcoming policies described in the family handbook.
Benefits to Children
Just as infants and young children must learn how to trust others in order to learn and grow, an early childhood program must earn a family's trust before the child can fully participate in what the program has to offer. Children benefit when families and teachers communicate and work closely together, forming trusting relationships and sharing expectations and ideas (Barbour, 2007).
Strong parent-school relationships create positive outcomes for children both cognitively and emotionally (Callender & Hansen, n.d.). For example, studies of Head Start children reveal a positive correlation between parent involvement and children's academic growth in the areas of vocabulary, literacy, and mathematics (Wen, Bulotsky-Shearer, Hahs-Vaughn, & Korfmacher, 2012). Other studies indicate that parental involvement in school improves children's behavior and self-esteem, and it also decreases the chances children will be referred for special education services (Callender & Hansen, n.d.; Henrich & Blackman-Jones, 2006; Pena, 2000).
Benefits to Families
Parents and other family members, such as grandparents, also benefit from family involvement in early childhood programs. The staff members of the early childhood programs, including administrators, teachers, and caregivers, serve as role models for parents, demonstrating nurturing and learning relationships and interactions. Parents who spend time in their children's early childhood classrooms learn strategies for supporting children's learning that they can use in their own interactions with their children (Keyser, 2006).
Benefits to the Program
For the early childhood administrator, building a strong collaborative partnership with families is good for business. Whether your organization is nonprofit or for-profit, your program's success and reputation are built on the positive word of mouth generated by happy families. From marketing to fee collection, strong collaborative relationships with families will help make every part of the administrator's job easier and more productive.
Parent involvement also helps inform and enhance the work of teachers and administrators. When parents and teachers communicate frequently, teachers learn more about the traditions, values, and culture of the families, and can use this information to shape the curriculum and activities (Gonzales-Mena, 2008).
For administrators, parent involvement can sometimes help the program .
Running Head Journal 1Learning PartnershipAnnette Wil.docxwlynn1
Running Head: Journal 1
Learning Partnership
Annette Williams
ECE 672 Personnal Management & Staff Development for Early Childhood Administrators
April 5, 2020
Dr. Guevara
- 1 -
1
1. April
date goes last [Frank
Guevara]
Journal 2
Learning Partnerships
Mentoring for professional development goes beyond just building respectful and
trustworthy relationships with adults. It is assumed that once a relationship has been built,
early childhood teachers are left to handle the dilemma of putting their effort into practice
(Stormshark et al. 2016). This may not be true since such partnerships not only help to
enhance professional development but also establish professional boundaries basing on
culture among many other factors. One reason for this partnership is the fact that however,
many teachers may be experienced, they need support to help them effectively take up the
roles they have been assigned to do. Adults are better placed to provide this support,
showcasing their special abilities, personal as well as professional guidance for the teachers.
Through established relationships, mentors can offer the support that these teachers need.
Partnerships become more comfortable with teachers and vice versa, making children
appreciate the fact that important people in their life are working together. This enhances
children’s learning due to a perfect environment characterized by a healthy teacher-parent
relationship. This partnership also helps teachers and mentors to establish expectations and
formulate strategies that can help them achieve the set objectives and expectations. Mentors
may not have trained as teachers but are in a better position in society to understand the
societal expectations of their children in academic and other facets of life. Through
partnerships, mentors and teachers brainstorm together, do consultations and come up with
effective strategies that enhance professional development.
Lastly, partnering with adults helps to achieve learner’s needs more effectively.
Mentors act as watchdogs who review the learning process and can help comb out. In case of
any challenges, mentors always come in to help and address them. They are also the first
- 2 -
1
2
1. effective strategies
this is a key difference
[Frank Guevara]
2. can help comb out.
I'm not sure what you mean
here? [Frank Guevara]
Journal 3
people to point out any mistakes that could affect the learning process and do not hesitate to
talk with teachers and find positive ways of solving emerging problems.
I have observed parent involvement in family-school partnerships. In this case,
parents are involved in the academic lives of their children by taking part in their activities.
There are four patterns in parent involvement. The first one is home-based involvement,
whereby parents initiate activities at home that can promote the child’s learning. There is also
school-based involvement where p.
CHAPTER 3 Building Culturally Responsive Family–School Partnership.docxwalterl4
CHAPTER 3 Building Culturally Responsive Family–School Partnerships: Essential Beliefs, Strategies, and Skills
Ellen S. Amatea
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Summarize the essential beliefs about family–school partnerships that guide educators’ professional practice.
■ Describe specific strategies that an individual teacher might use to develop collaborative relations with his/her students’ caregivers.
■ Summarize the specific aspects of a school’s social climate that might be altered to create a more collaborative family–school environment.
■ Describe specific core routines that can be redesigned to enhance the climate of family–school relations across a classroom or school.
■ Discuss the structural supports needed to create family–school partnerships.
■ Summarize the research evidence about the effectiveness of family–school collaboration.
■ Outline the essential attitudes and skills needed by educators committed to building collaborative family–school partnerships.
I was surprised to learn how many of the messages we send to parents from schools have been about the school telling parents what to do. We need to make our family–school communication more two-way so we can learn from families as well as they can learn from us.
I never thought about how intimidating the school and teachers are to some parents, particularly those who did not have good experiences in their own schooling. I need to recognize that parents/families may have very different perspectives on my invitations from the school.
I am recognizing that if we only contact parents when there is a problem, they will continue to dread interacting with schools and teachers.
Like the educators depicted in the previous comments, many educators are beginning to realize that the traditional ways that schools have interacted with caregivers can often put them on the defensive. To send a different message to families—especially those who are culturally diverse—these educators are redesigning both how they think and how they act with the families of their students. Rather than having a one-sided focus on getting parents involved, these educators are using a variety of ways to come together with families to enhance children’s school performance and development. How are they doing this? What theories and ways of working with families do they rely on? How are their new ways of working responsive to the widely varying cultural backgrounds of today’s students and families? In this chapter, we discuss the distinctive beliefs that underlie a culturally responsive approach to family–school collaboration and the theories on which it is based. We then illustrate how these ways of thinking have been translated into action by showcasing the practices of individual educators and of school-wide teams committed to developing these types of family–school relations. Finally, we discuss the skills required to create such partnerships and describe how we will examine .
Eddie Denessen, Geert Driessen, Frederik Smit & Peter Sleegers (2001) ed Smit...Driessen Research
Denessen, E., Driessen, G. Smit, F. & Sleegers, P. (2001). Culture differences in education: implications for parental involvement and educational policies. Paper European Research Network About Parents in Education (ERNAPE), Rotterdam, the Netherlands, November 22-23, 2001. In F. Smit, K. van der Wolf & P. Sleegers (eds.), A bridge to the future. Collaboration between parents, schools and communities (pp. 55-65). Nijmegen: ITS.
ISBN 90-5554-177-X
18Building Partnership with Families and CommunitiesAnastaciaShadelb
18
Building Partnership with Families and Communities
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliations
Instructor
Course
Date
Building Partnership with Families and Communities
Introduction
Professional partnerships or collaboration revolved around individuals who are professionals in certain filed who want to conduct their activities together. It was established by partners for the primary objective of practicing professional collaboration for a given common objective. It has been established that developmental and learning outcomes for young children are enhanced strongly when effective and robust partnerships are developed between families and professionals (Hornby, 2011). There is a shared decision, and the development of common objectives is accepted and valued. The premise of professional partnership in school is based on the foundation that families and the community play a crucial role in including a child’s development and learning. Professionals are also responsible for advancing the progress of children in schools since they tend to engage- in family centered-collaboration by adhering to the instrumental role of families in the lives of children.
The current societal state and the learning institutions compels individuals to continually leverage how people equip their students, especially those who may reap advantages from extra support and resources, to realize their daily objectives and assist them in performing admirably in their education (Dearing, Sibley, & Nguyen, 2015). Connecting communities, school, and family are ancillary or helpful for school counselors working with children who are currently struggling with their academic life. Nonetheless, the complexity and the challenges schools experience and families in the contemporary world indicate that identifying successful responsibilities and obligations taken by counselors in schools in establish community-school partnerships is essential (Hornby, 2011). Learning institutions are situated effectively in addressing the barriers to teaching and learning and positively leverage growth among learners whenever they form an instrumental part of the community.
The current government has indicated that all children should access high-quality education to ensure that they are successful in the contemporary world regardless of their social status. Some Regulatory frameworks and Acts were established to help foster this advancement and help children realize their objectives (Epstein, & Jansorn, 2004). For instance, the No Child Left Behind Act has been vital in ensuring that all children, regardless of their social-economic status, age, race, disability, and spoken language, are legible to high-quality education. Based on the findings of some research studies such as Dearing, Sibley, & Nguyen (2015), professional partnerships such as family-school-community partnerships have been in the previous year’s been shown to be one of the most effective ventures that many learn ...
1 Ivy Bucsa SOC-320 June 28, 2015 David Claerbaut.docxmercysuttle
1
Ivy Bucsa
SOC-320
June 28, 2015
David Claerbaut
Policy and discourse on family responsibilities revolve around obligations and rights of parenting. The purpose of this paper is to present a discussion on responsibilities of spouses so that they attain a work-life balance. It is possible to transmit physical, mental, and moral qualities from parent to child. The burden of responsibility for the moral character of a wayward child rolls back from one generation to another. Parents have the responsibility of retaining the thread of sensuality bequeathed by earthly ancestors.[this sentence is not really clear] For many adults, marriage constitutes a central interpersonal relationship that engages a person. Shared and flexible performance of household tasks associated with mutual commitment and diffusion of responsibility. High attraction and stability in solidary marriages presumes to provide a basis of security for spouses. High marital satisfaction and satisfaction with their spouses helping behavior report low levels of stress and physical wellness. [Ivy, you are using a lot of large words and it actually makes this less clear. Make it simple and clear.]
Spouses in personal and interpersonal relationships confront with conflict situations. Conflict in marriage institution arises due to child rearing differences, religious differences, sex relations, household chores, social activities, and interests. The repercussion of spousal conflicts is that they may an effect n their children, relatives, or even the society. A conflict situation can weaken a spousal relationship leading to separation or divorce. By the law of recurrence, it is possible to transmit qualities from grandparents to the grandchildren (De Lange, 2013). Some of the aspects of conflicts include aggression, hatred, fighting, or bitterness. All can admit that lamentable amount of domestic discontent and positive unhappiness grows out of the fact that the spouses have different ideas concerning a perfect marriage.
In the past, policies that focused on children and families operated on the assumption that families were synonymous with mothers. In the modern day, fathers’ role is crucial in the contribution of child development. The government supports and encourages father involvement. Fathers are potentially relevant to the discussion of parenting cultures. Fatherhood irrespective of the degree of involvement cares for their children and other parental roles effectively. It is the duty of both fathers and mothers to provide smooth, steady, and evident love to all children without showing any partiality. Parents should provide useful love during high and low moments of the day. Fathers according to Magne[omit] Bakke (2006) are psychological role models for their children, provide an economic resource for the family and play an active role in the care of the children. A mother is in charge of all domestic work in her household whether she is working or a single mother. ...
Week 4 Assignment Developing Relationships
Community relationships are important in school success. Schools are often at the center of community activity and can be a significant source of pride to a community. Creating and sustaining this positive relationship is part of every educator’s work. This is especially true in communities where tax levy elections support the school. Establishing positive community relationships is the right thing to do. When people in the community work together on behalf of students, great things can happen. Part of establishing positive community relationships is “getting the message out” about the good things the school is doing in/for the community.
For this assignment, you are to take the part of a teacher who has been invited to speak for 10-15 minutes to a community group (your choice) to discuss the school, what students are doing in/for the community, and how the community can best support the school and its students.
Your presentation should be creative, engaging, and media focused. You may use the presentation software of your choice (Power Point, Present Me, Prezi, etc.). The length of the presentation should be sufficient to cover a 10-15 minute presentation. It is not necessary to use reference materials, but any reference materials cited should be cited/referenced according to APA as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Please be sure to include speaker’s notes in your presentation.
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.) for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
INSTRUCTOR GUIDANCE
WEEK FOUR
*Special thanks to Dr. Patrice Jones for sharing her original guidance in this document.
Did you know there is a National African American Parent Involvement Day (NAAPID) that takes place in schools across the country in the month of February? Inspired by a speech during the Million Man March in 1995 that challenged all the men in the crowd to give back to their community, Michigan school Principal Joseph Dulin initiated this movement as a day of events encouraging parents to get more involved in their child's school. “It comes during Black History Month,” explains Dulin, “and I thought it was a tremendous time to introduce it as a project for parents to get into our schools to exchange notes, phone numbers, emails, have conversations and get in touch with the teachers” (Cavanaugh, 2016, para. 6).
Although the day is geared toward African American parents, the schools encourage every parent to participate for a common goal of promoting parent involvement, eliminating the achievement gap, and creating partnerships among stakeholders. Hugh Price, retired CEO of the National Urban League and founder of Campaign for African-American Achievement, explains that "community norms have traditionally played a particularly central role in the lives of black Americans" (Price, 2008, p. 19). A variety of students from different cultural backgrounds benefit from the ...
CHAPTER 12Working with Families and CommunitiesNAEYC Administr.docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 12
Working with Families and Communities
NAEYC Administrator Competencies Addressed in This Chapter:
Management Knowledge and Skills
6. Family Support
· Knowledge and application of family systems and different parenting styles
· The ability to implement program practices that support families of diverse cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and socio-economic backgrounds
· The ability to support families as valued partners in the educational process
3. Staff Management and Human Relations
· The ability to relate to staff and board members of diverse racial, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds
7. Marketing and Public Relations
· The ability to promote linkages with local schools
9. Oral and Written Communication
· Knowledge of oral communication techniques, including establishing rapport, preparing the environment, active listening, and voicecontrol
· The ability to communicate ideas effectively in a formal presentation
Early Childhood Knowledge and Skills
6. Family and Community Relationships
· Knowledge of the diversity of family systems, traditional, non-traditional and alternative family structures, family life styles, and thedynamics of family life on the development of young children
· Knowledge of socio-cultural factors influencing contemporary families including the impact of language, religion, poverty, race,technology, and the media
· Knowledge of different community resources, assistance, and support available to children and families
· Knowledge of different strategies to promote reciprocal partnerships between home and center
· Ability to communicate effectively with parents through written and oral communication
· Ability to demonstrate awareness and appreciation of different cultural and familial practices and customs
· Knowledge of child rearing patterns in other countries
10. Professionalism
· Ability to make professional judgments based on the NAEYC “Code of Ethical Conduct and Statement of Commitment”
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Explain three approaches that programs of early care and education might take to working with families.
2. Identify some of the benefits enjoyed by children, families, and programs when families are engaged with the programs serving theiryoung children.
3. Describe some effective strategies for building trusting relationships with all families.
4. Identify the stakeholder groups and the kinds of expertise that should be represented on programs’ advisory committees and boardsof directors.
Grace’s Experience
The program that Grace directs has been an important part of the neighborhood for more than 20 years. She knows she is benefiting from thegoodwill it has earned over the years. It is respected because of its tradition of high-quality outreach projects, such as the sing-along the childrenpresent at the senior center in the spring. The program’s tradition of community involvement has meant that local businesses have always beenwilling to help out when asked fo ...
CHAPTER 12Working with Families and CommunitiesNAEYC Administr.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 12
Working with Families and Communities
NAEYC Administrator Competencies Addressed in This Chapter:
Management Knowledge and Skills
6. Family Support
· Knowledge and application of family systems and different parenting styles
· The ability to implement program practices that support families of diverse cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and socio-economic backgrounds
· The ability to support families as valued partners in the educational process
3. Staff Management and Human Relations
· The ability to relate to staff and board members of diverse racial, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds
7. Marketing and Public Relations
· The ability to promote linkages with local schools
9. Oral and Written Communication
· Knowledge of oral communication techniques, including establishing rapport, preparing the environment, active listening, and voicecontrol
· The ability to communicate ideas effectively in a formal presentation
Early Childhood Knowledge and Skills
6. Family and Community Relationships
· Knowledge of the diversity of family systems, traditional, non-traditional and alternative family structures, family life styles, and thedynamics of family life on the development of young children
· Knowledge of socio-cultural factors influencing contemporary families including the impact of language, religion, poverty, race,technology, and the media
· Knowledge of different community resources, assistance, and support available to children and families
· Knowledge of different strategies to promote reciprocal partnerships between home and center
· Ability to communicate effectively with parents through written and oral communication
· Ability to demonstrate awareness and appreciation of different cultural and familial practices and customs
· Knowledge of child rearing patterns in other countries
10. Professionalism
· Ability to make professional judgments based on the NAEYC “Code of Ethical Conduct and Statement of Commitment”
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Explain three approaches that programs of early care and education might take to working with families.
2. Identify some of the benefits enjoyed by children, families, and programs when families are engaged with the programs serving theiryoung children.
3. Describe some effective strategies for building trusting relationships with all families.
4. Identify the stakeholder groups and the kinds of expertise that should be represented on programs’ advisory committees and boardsof directors.
Grace’s Experience
The program that Grace directs has been an important part of the neighborhood for more than 20 years. She knows she is benefiting from thegoodwill it has earned over the years. It is respected because of its tradition of high-quality outreach projects, such as the sing-along the childrenpresent at the senior center in the spring. The program’s tradition of community involvement has meant that local businesses have always beenwilling to help out when asked fo.
6.1 Theoretical Models and ResearchThe traditional parent involv.docxalinainglis
6.1 Theoretical Models and Research
The traditional parent involvement model for early care and education programs was a professionally driven parent-education model, with educators using parents to improve the child's home environment and to implement what educators believed to be good educational and parenting practices. This model was based on the belief that educational and human service professionals knew what was best for the child and family, based on their education and expertise. The parent component of an early care and education program was designed to teach parents good education-related practices and to improve the home environment as a place to develop good behaviors and optimal learning. This practice of parent involvement was also the accepted approach used by professionals working with families of children with developmental delays (Gargiulo & Kilgo, 2005).
To inform our understanding of effective partnerships between programs and families, it is important to examine approaches that have been shown to work. To do so, current research findings on effective family-program partnerships must be explored. Unfortunately, however, research in effective ways to enhance family-program partnerships is quite limited, particularly in early childhood programs.
There are many reasons why there is so little research in this area. Because there is a variety of ways to involve parents in the care and education of their children in a program, there is no agreed-upon definition or measurement of effective parent involvement. For example, are we looking at parents volunteering in the program, supporting their children at home, or effective communication between the home and program (Hill & Taylor, 2004)? Further, we do not know how one kind of involvement may positively influence another and thus have a multiplying, additive effect on children's development and learning. For example, how might parent involvement in the early childhood center increase the quality of parenting skills practiced in the home?
There is also a lack of agreement regarding who should be the subject of the research. Who should be questioned and given surveys when studying parent involvement: parents, teachers, or administrators? This dilemma is compounded by several factors, including research that indicates teachers tend to evaluate the involvement of African-American and low-income parents more negatively than that of European and higher-income parents (Epstein & Dauber, 1991). Finally, the research available has been conducted largely in elementary schools and not early childhood programs. As presented later in this chapter, this is also a dilemma when examining the various family-program partnership models. From a research perspective, the more different an early care or education program is from a traditional public elementary school, the less valid are these elementary school-based results for family-program collaboration in early care and education settings (Hil.
Option #2Researching a Leader Complete preliminary rese.docxmccormicknadine86
Option #2:
Researching a Leader
Complete preliminary research on the Internet and/or using online library databases. Compose a 1 PAGE summary of sources and an overview of each source.
Post any questions or comments about the content or requirements of the Portfolio Project to the questions thread in the Discussion Forum.
.
Option 1 ImperialismThe exploitation of colonial resources.docxmccormicknadine86
Option 1: Imperialism
The exploitation of colonial resources and indigenous labor was one of the key elements in the success of imperialism. Such exploitation was a result of the prevalent ethnocentrism of the time and was justified by the unscientific concept of social Darwinism, which praised the characteristics of white Europeans and inaccurately ascribed negative characteristics to indigenous peoples. A famous poem of the time by Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden," called on imperial powers, and particularly the U.S., at whom the poem was directed, to take up the mission of civilizing these "savage" peoples.
Read the poem at the following link:
Link (website):
White Man's Burden (Links to an external site.)
(Rudyard Kipling)
After reading the poem, address the following in a case study analysis:
Select a specific part of the world (a country), and examine imperialism in that country. What was the relationship between the invading country and the native people? You can select from these examples or choose your own:
Belgium & Africa
Britain & India
Germany & Africa
France & Africa
Apply social Darwinism to this specific case.
Analyze the motivations of the invading country?
How did ethnocentrism manifest in their interactions?
How does Kipling's poem apply to your specific example? You can quote lines for comparison.
.
Option Wireless LTD v. OpenPeak, Inc.Be sure to save an elec.docxmccormicknadine86
Option Wireless LTD v. OpenPeak, Inc.
Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answers before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, you should answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling, and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format.
Your response should be a minimum of four (4) double-spaced pages; refer to the Length and Formatting instructions below for additional details.
In complete sentences respond to the following prompts:
Summarize the facts of the case;
Identify the parties and explain each party’s position;
Outline the case’s procedural history including any appeals;
What is the legal issue in question in this case?
How did the court rule on the legal issue of this case?
What facts did the court find to be most important in making its decision?
Respond to the following questions:
Are there any situations in which it might be a good idea to include additional or different terms in the “acceptance” without making the acceptance expressly conditional on assent to the additional or different terms?
Under what conditions can a contract be formed by the parties’ conduct? Why wasn’t the conduct of the parties here used as the basis for a contract?
Do you agree or disagree with the court’s decision? Provide an explanation for your reasoning either agree or disagree.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA CASE NO. 12-80165-CIV-MARRA
OPTION WIRELESS, LTD., an Irish limited liability company, Plaintiff, v. OPENPEAK, INC., a Delaware corporation, Defendant. ______________________________/
OPINION AND ORDER
THIS CAUSE is before the Court upon Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff’s Counterclaim (DE 6). Counter-Plaintiff OpenPeak Inc. filed its 1 Memorandum in Opposition (DE 8). Counter-Defendant Option Wireless, Ltd, replied. (DE 12). The Court has carefully considered the briefs ofthe parties and is otherwise fully advised in the premises. I. Introduction2 In July 2010, Counter-Plaintiff OpenPeak Inc. was producing a computer tablet product for AT&T. (DE 4 ¶ 5). Seeking embedded wireless data modules for the tablet, Counter-Plaintiff submitted a purchase order to Counter-Defendant Option Wireless, Ltd, for 12,300 units of the modules at the price of $848,700.00. (DE 4 ¶ 4). Section 9 of the purchase order, labeled “BUYER’S TERMS AND CONDITIONS,” provided that [a]ll purchase orders and sales are made only upon these terms and conditions and those on the front of this document. This document, and not any quotation, invoice, or other Seller document (which, if construed to be an offer is hereby rejected), will Option Wireless, Ltd. v. OpenPeak, Inc. Doc. 19 Dockets.Justia.com 2 be deemed an offer or an appropriate counter-offer and is a rejection of any other terms or conditions. Seller, byaccepting any orders or deliverin.
Option A Land SharkWhen is a shark just a shark Consider the.docxmccormicknadine86
Option A: Land Shark
When is a shark just a shark? Consider the movie
Jaws
. What could the shark symbolize in our culture, society, or collective human mythology other than a man-eating fish? Why? Support your answer.
Next, think about a theatrical staging of
Jaws
. Describe the artistic choices you would make to bring
Jaws
the movie to Broadway. What genre would you choose? Describe at least three other elements of production and how you would approach them in your staging of
Jaws
as a stage play or musical.
Create
a response to these concepts in one of the following formats:
350- to 700-word paper
Apply
appropriate APA formatting.
.
Option 3 Discuss your thoughts on drugs and deviance. Do you think .docxmccormicknadine86
Option 3: Discuss your thoughts on drugs and deviance. Do you think using drugs is deviant behavior? Why do you think alcohol and tobacco are legal drugs and their use is not considered deviant when they are addictive, physically harmful, and socially disruptive?
No quotes or references needed.
.
OPTION 2 Can we make the changes we need to make After the pandemi.docxmccormicknadine86
OPTION 2: Can we make the changes we need to make? After the pandemic, we are in a time of significant upheaval and transition. We are all more keenly aware that economic shifts and transformations can happen suddenly and dramatically. As the World shut itself down in March 2020, it makes us all aware that we can change behavior globally and as a matter of will. In the U.S., people began to quarantine themselves ahead of government action more often than as a result of government mandates. Write a cohesive 1-2 page single-spaced document that answers the following questions.
2a. Reflecting on the profound changes we have all seen in the past year, how does that change your views regarding what might be possible with regard to energy use, carbon reductions, or other major transformations that might be needed to impact the type of climate change Earth has been experiencing.
2b. Reflect on the type of transformations that would be involved to address global warming. Now that you have seen the recent major transformations, does this make you believe that global warming threats can prompt the type of major economic and industrial changes needed to reduce the impacts that have been anticipated with increasing climate changes?
2c. What are the "experts" saying about the possibility of these transformations in light of what they have seen during the pandemic? Are researchers more or less optimistic about our global ability to reduce green house gases and control climate change after seeing the impact of the pandemic? Be sure to include REFERENCES both at the end of the text and in the text, like (Author, year)
.
Option 1 You will create a PowerPoint (or equivalent) of your p.docxmccormicknadine86
Option 1: You will create a PowerPoint (or equivalent) of your presentation and add voice over.
Option 2: If you are unable to add voice over to your PowerPoint, you will create a PowerPoint (or equivalent) of your presentation. Next, you will use
Screencast-o-
Matic
(or a similar program) to create a video recording of your screen and voice as your present the information. Third, you will upload the video presentation to
YouTube
so your instructor can view it. If you choose this option, you will submit your article as well as the PowerPoint (or equivalent) file and the link to the YouTube presentation to complete this assignment.
Guidelines:
The presentation must include both audio (your voice explaining the information) and visual (PowerPoint presentation including text and/or images). Videos should not be used within the presentation.
The presentation should include the following three aspects:
An overview of your specific topic and its importance and application in current society. Include historical information as appropriate to understand your topic.
Identification, discussion, and
critical evaluation
of the most frequently used assessment instruments related to your topic. Include the typical settings and purposes for which assessment instruments are used.
Discussion of the ethical, cultural, and societal issues concerning the use of psychological tests and assessment as related to your topic.
The presentation must be 15 minutes long (no more than 20).
The presentation must include information from at least 10 scholarly sources (if used, the course textbook does not count as one of these 10 sources).
APA style citations should be used within the presentation. A reference section (in APA style) should appear at the end of the presentation.
Resources:
.
Option A Description of Dance StylesSelect two styles of danc.docxmccormicknadine86
Option A: Description of Dance Styles
Select
two styles of dance, such as ballet, modern dance, or folk dance.
Describe
each style of dance, and
include
the following:
History and development of the style
Discussion of your understanding of the use of line, form, repetition, and rhythm in each piece
Description of what the movements of both styles communicate to you in terms of mood
Description of how artistic choice can affect the viewer in the selected style
Submit
your assignment in one of the following formats:
700- to 1,050-word paper
.
Option #2Provide several slides that explain the key section.docxmccormicknadine86
Option #2
Provide several slides that explain the key sections of your strategy you will use in the final Portfolio Project. Provide section headers and a brief description of each.
FINAL PROJECT GUIDE
In a 6- to 10-page paper, as the local Union President, design a managing union handbook for union relationship building and a process that favors union employees as well as identifying key components of the bargaining process that can easily be sold to your union members. Apply theory and design systems and policies throughout your work covering:
Contextual factors (historical and legislative) that have impacted and still impact the union environment;
policies that create a more sustainable union model;
management strategy for union collective bargaining that includes: innovative wage, benefit, and non-wage factors; and
employee engagement and involvement strategies that take into consideration the diverse and changing labor force.
.
Option 2 Slavery vs. Indentured ServitudeExplain how and wh.docxmccormicknadine86
Option 2: Slavery vs. Indentured Servitude
Explain how and why slavery developed in the American colonies.
Describe in what ways the practice of slavery was different between each colonial region in British North America.
Analyze the differences between slaves and indentured servants.
Writing Requirements (APA format)
Length: 1-2 pages (not including title page or references page)
Use standard essay writing process by including an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
1-inch margins
Double spaced
12-point Times New Roman font
Title page
References page (minimum of 1 scholarly source)
No abstract is required
In-text citations that correspond with your end references
.
Option 2 ArtSelect any 2 of works of art about the Holocaus.docxmccormicknadine86
Option 2: Art
Select any 2 of works of art about the Holocaust. You can select from the following list or conduct additional research on Holocaust art. Make sure to get approval from your instructor if you are selecting something not on the list. Click on the link to see the list:
Link: List of Artists/Artworks
Write an analysis of each artwork, including the following information:
Identify the title, artist, date completed, and medium used.
Explain the content of the artwork - what do the images show?
How does the artwork relate to the bigger picture of the Holocaust?
How effective is the artwork in relating the Holocaust to viewers?
LIST OF ARTISTS AND ARTWORK
Morris Kestelman:
Lama Sabachthani [Why Have You Forsaken Me?]
George Mayer-Marton:
Women with Boudlers
Bill Spira:
Prisoners Carrying Cement
Jan Hartman:
Death March (Czechowice-Bielsko, January 1945)
Edgar Ainsworth:
Belsen
Leslie Cole:
One of the Death Pits, Belsen. SS Guards Collecting Bodies
Doris Zinkeisen:
Human Laundry, Belsen: April 1945
Eric Taylor:
A Young Boy from Belsen Concentration Camp
Mary Kessell:
Notes from Belsen Camp
Edith Birkin:
The Death Cart - Lodz Ghetto
Shmuel Dresner:
Benjamin
Roman Halter:
Mother with Babies
Leo Breuer:
Path Between the Barracks, Gurs Camp
Leo (Lev) Haas:
Transport Arrival, Theresienstadt Ghetto
Jacob Lipschitz:
Beaten (My Brother Gedalyahu)
Norbert Troller:
Terezin
Anselm Kiefer:
Sternenfall
.
Option #1 Stanford University Prison Experiment Causality, C.docxmccormicknadine86
Option #1:
Stanford University Prison Experiment: Causality, Controlling Patterns, and Growth Mode
Revisit Philip Zimbardo's (1971) Stanford University Prison Experiment. Analyze the experiment in terms of causality, controlling patterns, and its growth mode.
What lessons can be learned from this experiment that can be generalized to business social systems, such as organizational design/organizational structures?
Your well-written paper should meet the following requirements:
· Be 5 pages in length.
· Be formatted according to APA
· Include at least five scholarly or peer-reviewed articles
· Include a title page, section headers, introduction, conclusion, and references page.
Reference:
Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: a Lesson in the Power of Situation
~~~~~~~~
BY THE 1970s, psychologists had done a series of studies establishing the social power of groups. They showed, for example, that groups of strangers could persuade people to believe statements that were obviously false. Psychologists had also found that research participants were often willing to obey authority figures even when doing so violated their personal beliefs. The Yale studies by Stanley Milgram in 1963 demonstrated that a majority of ordinary citizens would continually shock an innocent man, even up to near-lethal levels, if commanded to do so by someone acting as an authority. The "authority" figure in this case was merely a high-school biology teacher who wore a lab coat and acted in an official manner. The majority of people shocked their victims over and over again despite increasingly desperate pleas to stop.
In my own work, I wanted to explore the fictional notion from William Golding's Lord of the Flies about the power of anonymity to unleash violent behavior. In one experiment from 1969, female students who were made to feel anonymous and given permission for aggression became significantly more hostile than students with their identities intact. Those and a host of other social-psychological studies were showing that human nature was more pliable than previously imagined and more responsive to situational pressures than we cared to acknowledge. In sum, these studies challenged the sacrosanct view that inner determinants of behavior--personality traits, morality, and religious upbringing--directed good people down righteous paths.
Missing from the body of social-science research at the time was the direct confrontation of good versus evil, of good people pitted against the forces inherent in bad situations. It was evident from everyday life that smart people made dumb decisions when they were engaged in mindless groupthink, as in the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion by the smart guys in President John F. Kennedy's cabinet. It was also clear that smart people surrounding President Richard M. Nixon, like Henry A. Kissinger and Robert S. McNamara, escalated the Vietnam War when they knew, and later admitted, it was not winnable. They were .
Option A Gender CrimesCriminal acts occur against individu.docxmccormicknadine86
Option A: Gender Crimes
Criminal acts occur against individuals because of gender – some of these are labeled as hate crimes in the U.S. (consider cases of violence against transgendered and homosexual individuals) and others occur across cultures. Choose two other types of “gender crimes” and discuss what these acts reveal about deep-seated cultural values and beliefs. One possibility is to examine bride burning or dowry death in India.
Submit a paper (750-1250 words) that explores gender crimes. Provide at least three references cited within the text and listed in the references section.
.
opic 4 Discussion Question 1 May students express religious bel.docxmccormicknadine86
opic 4: Discussion Question 1
May students express religious beliefs in class discussion or assignments or engage in prayer in the classroom? What are some limitations? Support your position with examples from case law, the U.S. Constitution, or other readings.
Topic 4: Discussion Question 2
Do all student-led religious groups have an absolute right to meet at K-12 schools? If not, discuss one limitation under the Equal Access Act. May a teacher be a sponsor of the club? Can the teacher participate in its activities? Why or why not? Support your position with examples from case law, the U.S. Constitution, or other readings.
.
Option 1Choose a philosopher who interests you. Research that p.docxmccormicknadine86
Option 1:
Choose a philosopher who interests you. Research that philosopher, detailing how they developed their ideas and the importance of those ideas to the progress of philosophy and human understanding. Keep in mind that you should be focusing on their philosophy, not simply their biography, although some basic details of their life not related to philosophy may be needed, especially when it involves experiences that influenced their thinking.
Option 2:
Look at a specific Philosophical movement. Explain the ideas important to that movement (such as existentialism and positivism) and the influence they had. I am pretty flexible on what you can do with this one, so if you have an idea, don’t hesitate to ask!
Requirements
The typed body of your paper must be a minimum of 1500 words.
It should be typed, 12 point, double spaced. A minimum of three sources must be used,
.
Option #1The Stanford University Prison Experiment Structu.docxmccormicknadine86
Option #1:
The Stanford University Prison Experiment: Structure, Behavior, and Results
Philip Zimbardo’s Stanford University Prison Experiment could be described as a system whose systemic properties enabled the behaviors of the system's actors, leading to disturbing results.
Analyze the situation. What were the key elements of the system? How did the system operate? Why did the participants behave as they did? What lessons can be learned from this experiment about systems in relation to management?
Your well-written paper should meet the following requirements:
Be six pages in length.
Be formatted according to the APA
Include at least seven scholarly or peer-reviewed articles.
Include a title page, section headers, introduction, conclusion, and references page.
Reference:
Zimbardo, P. G. (2007).
Revisiting the Stanford prison experiment: A lesson in the power of situation (Links to an external site.)
.
Chronicle of Higher Education, 53(
30), B6.
BY THE 1970s, psychologists had done a series of studies establishing the social power of groups. They showed, for example, that groups of strangers could persuade people to believe statements that were obviously false. Psychologists had also found that research participants were often willing to obey authority figures even when doing so violated their personal beliefs. The Yale studies by Stanley Milgram in 1963 demonstrated that a majority of ordinary citizens would continually shock an innocent man, even up to near-lethal levels, if commanded to do so by someone acting as an authority. The "authority" figure in this case was merely a high-school biology teacher who wore a lab coat and acted in an official manner. The majority of people shocked their victims over and over again despite increasingly desperate pleas to stop.
In my own work, I wanted to explore the fictional notion from William Golding's Lord of the Flies about the power of anonymity to unleash violent behavior. In one experiment from 1969, female students who were made to feel anonymous and given permission for aggression became significantly more hostile than students with their identities intact. Those and a host of other social-psychological studies were showing that human nature was more pliable than previously imagined and more responsive to situational pressures than we cared to acknowledge. In sum, these studies challenged the sacrosanct view that inner determinants of behavior--personality traits, morality, and religious upbringing--directed good people down righteous paths.
Missing from the body of social-science research at the time was the direct confrontation of good versus evil, of good people pitted against the forces inherent in bad situations. It was evident from everyday life that smart people made dumb decisions when they were engaged in mindless groupthink, as in the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion by the smart guys in President John F. Kennedy's cabinet. It was also clear that smart people su.
Open the file (Undergrad Reqt_Individual In-Depth Case Study) for in.docxmccormicknadine86
Open the file (Undergrad Reqt_Individual In-Depth Case Study) for instruction which is
blue highlighted
and I already
highlighted yellow
for the section that you need to answer which is
SECTION 2.
I
uploaded 2 articles that you need to read to answer the questions
and Pay attention to (Individual In-Depth Case Study Rubric).
.
onsider whether you think means-tested programs, such as the Tem.docxmccormicknadine86
onsider whether you think means-tested programs, such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Supplemental Security Income (SSI), create dependency among its recipients. Then, think about how the potential perception of dependency might contribute to the stigma surrounding welfare programs. Finally, reflect on the perceptions you might have regarding individuals who receive means-tested welfare and how that perception might affect your work with clients.
By Day 4
Post
an explanation of whether means-tested programs (TANF, SNAP, and SSI) create dependency. Then, explain how the potential perception of dependency might contribute to the stigma surrounding welfare programs. Finally, explain the perceptions you have regarding people who receive means-tested welfare and how that perception might affect your work with clients.
Support your post with specific references to the resources. Be sure to provide full APA citations for
.
Operations security - PPT should cover below questions (chapter 1 to 6)
Compare & Contrast access control in relations to risk, threat and vulnerability.
Research and discuss how different auditing and monitoring techniques are used to identify & protect the system against network attacks.
Explain the relationship between access control and its impact on CIA (maintaining network confidentiality, integrity and availability).
Describe access control and its level of importance within operations security.
Argue the need for organizations to implement access controls in relations to maintaining confidentiality, integrity and availability (e.g., Is it a risky practice to store customer information for repeat visits?)
Describe the necessary components within an organization's access control metric.
Power Point Presentation
7 - 10 slides total (
does not include title or summary slide
)
Try using the 6×6 rule to keep your content concise and clean looking. The 6×6 rule means a maximum of six bullet points per slide and six words per bullet point
Keep the colors simple
Use charts where applicable
Use notes section of slide
Include transitions
Include use of graphics / animations
.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
CHAPTER 11 Communicating with FamiliesSuzanne ClouzeauPearson.docx
1. CHAPTER 11 Communicating with Families
Suzanne Clouzeau/Pearson
Chapter Objectives
As a result of reading this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Discuss characteristics of family-
professional partnerships that promote children’s development a
nd learning.
2. Explain strategies for establishing and maintaining family-
professional partnerships that benefit children.
3. Describe strategies for conducting effective parent conferenc
es.
4. Discuss the roles of families in screening and assessment.
Parents are children’s first and most important teacher. As such,
they have a critical role in their child’s development and learni
ng. Teachers,administrators, and other early childhood provider
s understand that children’s success as learners depends on pare
nts as well asprofessionals. The importance of having parents as
partners in early childhood settings is essential to quality care
and education (Dunst &Trivette, 2012; Schmidt & Matthews, 20
13; Turnbull et al., 2006). Today’s children experience a variety
of family relationships. Somechildren live with a single parent
or with grandparents. Children may live in blended families whe
re both parents had previous marriagesand children from the firs
t and second marriages now live together as one family. Other c
hildren live in households with same-
sex parents. Still others may live in households that include adu
lts who function as caretakers but are not related. Therefore, the
term families shouldacknowledge the expanded roles of parenti
ng to include any persons that function as family in their daily l
ives. Throughout this book,information related to family partner
ships during screening and assessment processes has been discu
ssed. This chapter will be devoted tohow professionals can enga
ge in meaningful partnerships with adults who serve in parentin
2. g roles for children, particularly during theassessment process.
Strategies for communicating with families about children’s pro
gress will be discussed, including planning and how toconduct e
ffective family conferences.
11.1 Family-
Professional Partnerships that Promote Children’s Development
andLearning
Parents have always actively participated in early-
childhood settings such as child-
care centers and schools. When the first author’s fatherwas an el
ementary school student in the early 20th century in Austin, Tex
as, mothers took turns going to the school to prepare lunch forth
e children. Traditionally, parents helped with school parties and
volunteered in the classroom. Parent–
teacher organizations raised moneyto secure needed books, equi
pment, and other materials that were not in the school budget.
Today, the idea of a partnership with parents goes beyond helpi
ng with school programs toward empowering and engaging fami
lies inmutually respectful interactions that benefit children. Fun
damental to effective family-
professional partnerships is the belief that theyshould be strengt
hs-based (built on family resources and assets) and family-
centered (led by family concerns and priorities) (Dunst &Trivett
e, 2012). Turnbull et al. (2006) describe family-
professional partnerships as relationships in which families (not
just parents) andprofessionals build on each other’s expertise a
nd resources so decisions will benefit children as well as their p
artnership. They suggestpartnerships that support children’s wel
l-
being and are achieved by applying the following seven principl
es:
• Communication—
ongoing, honest interactions using methods agreed on by both th
e parents and the professionals
• Professional Competence—well-
trained professionals committed to lifelong learning and who ha
3. ve expectations for children
• Respect—
regarding each other in high esteem and interactions that promot
e honesty and dignity
• Commitment—
being accessible and sensitive to the needs of families
• Equality—shared power and decision making
• Advocacy—
forming alliances based on identified needs and taking action to
address them
• Trust—the keystone of strong family-professional partnerships
Numerous professional organizations have published position pa
pers and guidelines that help educators understand essentialchar
acteristics of effective family-
professional partnerships. For example, the NAEYC Standards f
or Early Childhood Professional Preparationdescribes professio
nal standards for early childhood professionals (NAEYC, 2009).
The purpose of these standards is to provide guidancefor profes
sionals that reflect the values of inclusive, high-
quality early childhood services. Standard 2, Building Family a
nd CommunityRelationships, describes elements of strong famil
y-professional partnerships as follows:
Parents and teachers are partners in the learning and assessment
of youngchildren.
David Kostelnik/Pearson
2a: Knowing about and understanding diverse family and comm
unity characteristics
2b: Supporting and engaging families and communities through
respectful, reciprocal relationships
2c: Involving families and communities in their children’s devel
opment and learning (p. 12)
Other professional organizations have published guidelines for e
stablishing and maintaining family-
professional partnerships that reflectthe diversity of families. F
or example, the Division of Early Childhood/Council for Except
4. ional Children (DEC, 2010) published a positionpaper entitled R
esponsiveness to ALL Children, Families, and Professionals: Int
egrating Cultural and Linguistic Diversity into Policy and Practi
ce,which provides information about ways to establish and main
tain effective family-
professional partnerships with diverse families, especiallythose
who have children with disabilities and families from culturally
and linguistically diverse families.
In addition, as early learning standards have become an expecte
d aspect of young children’s education, national and state organ
izationshave stressed the importance of family partnerships. For
example, a joint position statement on early learning standards
developed by theNational Association for Young Children and t
he National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State
Departments of Education(2002) describes four conditions need
ed in the development and implementation of early learning stan
dards. The fourth conditionemphasizes the importance of family
-
professional partnerships: “Early learning standards will have th
e most positive effects if families—
keypartners in young children’s learning—
are provided with respectful communication and support” (p. 8).
This position statement and itscontent are supported by the Nat
ional Association of Elementary School Principals and other pro
minent organizations as a unified effort toguide the field toward
quality and developmentally appropriate content in standards, i
ncluding the important role of families.
11.2 Strategies for Establishing and Maintaining Family–
Professional Partnerships thatBenefit Children
Establishing Relationships with Families
The importance of a strong partnership with families becomes m
ore evident as we learn more about how children benefit from a
strongteacher–
parent relationship. All parties in the partnership have an equal
5. role. The quality of the partnership affects the child’s security a
ndmaximizes the child’s potential for learning. This quality part
nership includes frequent two-
way communications, interest in each other’sperspectives, and a
cceptance of the views of the other partner. The partnership gro
ws through mutual consultation both on daily activitiesand impo
rtant decisions. It requires working through differences with mu
tual respect (Keyser, 2006; Lightfoot, 2003).
Building Bridges with Families of Infants and Toddlers
In 2014, more than 11 million children of working mothers who
were younger than age 5 participated in child care (Child Care
Awareof America, 2014). Thirty-
eight percent of the children who participate in child care are in
fants and toddlers (Schmitt & Matthews, 2013). These children
spend on average 36 hours a week in child care and often partici
pate in multiple placements. Thus, for manyfamilies, the partner
ship between educational settings and the home begins when the
ir children are infants and toddlers. Thedevelopment of relations
hips between the home and facilities or schools is initiated whe
n the child is transitioned from home to acenter or other care an
d/or educational setting. The development of trust and positive,
consistent caregiving are important indeveloping bonds between
the caregiver and the child and the caregiver and the parents. E
ach day the child and family adults gothrough emotions related t
o separation when the child is left in the caregiving setting and t
hen another adjustment when they areunited at the end of the da
y. Caregivers and other center personnel who show sensitivity a
nd understanding of unique familycharacteristics and cultural di
fferences can facilitate the daily transitions and ongoing interac
tions with the child and family. Families ofbabies have the same
needs for support and communication regarding their child as f
amilies of older children in school settings;however, the needs f
or daily communication and exchange of information about the
child are even more crucial for young children.
The expanded nature of parenting also includes an understandin
g of diversity. Family members and professionals from a variety
6. ofcultures, ethnicities, family structures, and levels of income c
an enrich partnerships. A variety of languages may be spoken, a
nd familiesmight have different views from professionals on ho
w children should be raised. This means that all parties (e.g., sc
hools, centers, servicesproviders, parents) must learn about each
other, both at school and at home. Families need to learn about
the school culture and how theirchild fits into a group of divers
e children. Likewise, professionals must understand each child’s
family cultural practices and seek ways toincorporate them in t
he early childhood setting (Keyser, 2006).
Parents and teachers are not the only beneficiaries of a strong,
mutually respectful partnership. Children benefit the most! Whe
n parentsand other significant adults in their life have a positive
relationship with teachers and other education professionals, ch
ildren feel that theyand their family are honored and respected.
The better the relationship, the more children feel that they, too,
can have a trustingrelationship with the teacher. They learn ho
w to conduct social relationships by watching adult relationship
s. They notice all the nuances ofspoken language, body languag
e, and tone of voice that the adults use. They use these positive
models to develop their own relationshipswith others (Keyser, 2
006). Informal and formal communication processes as well as h
ome visits are effective methods for establishingpositive family-
professional partnerships.
Ongoing Communications
Continuing conversations and other forms of communication are
an important step in establishing a partnership. At times, the te
acherinitiates the communication, but at other times the parent i
nitiates the contact. Families have different ways to engage in t
he partnership.The continuum from relationship to partnership i
s different from family to family. The teacher needs to be sensit
ive to how best tocommunicate with families. Written newslette
rs to parents may not be effective if the parents speak another la
nguage and the writtenmaterials are not in the parents’ home lan
guage, for example. Parents may also be very intimidated by req
uests for them to giveinformation through written notes. Care sh
7. ould be taken, however, to make sure parents who speak a langu
age other than English can readin their home language. The first
author’s years as a teacher of children from Spanish-
speaking families provides another example of howto be sensiti
ve to parents. The principal decided that all newsletters and info
rmation sheets would be communicated in both English andSpan
ish. It took some reflection and awkward interactions before it
was understood that the Spanish-
speaking families in the schoolcommunity could not read in Spa
nish either. Patience and goodwill are necessary for both familie
s and teachers as partnerships develop,especially if there are ext
enuating circumstances, such as language differences, that may
be challenging.
Today, technological advances can be used to enhance communi
cation between parents and educational settings. For example, t
he teachercan establish a classroom website where information c
an be shared and ideas exchanged. Photographs and videos of cl
ass work can beposted and opportunities for family comments pr
ovided. E-
mails to individual families can replace notes with families who
have access to acomputer. Other families without computers ca
n continue to exchange written notes with the teacher. Cell phon
e calls can includephotographs of the child at school and possibl
y text messages to keep families informed. The messages can in
clude anecdotes about thechild’s experiences at school, new acc
omplishments, or newly developed social skills (Mitchell, Foulg
er, & Wetzel, 2009).
Home Visits
One of the most effective ways to establish a relationship with a
child and the family is to make a home visit before the child be
ginsattending the center or school. When the teacher visits the h
ome environment, a context for understanding the child and fam
ily isestablished. As young teachers, we made home visits at the
beginning of every school year. It was very educational to learn
how and wherethe children in our classrooms lived. The first au
8. thor taught in a bilingual program; as a result, most of the child
ren in the classroom wereHispanic. Many children were from fa
milies of migrant workers. A majority of families she visited ha
d a very low income. One family livedout of two cars several mi
les from the school bus route. The children were dressed and rea
dy to leave by 5 a.m. so that they could walk withtheir older sib
lings to the bus stop. In the afternoons, it was almost dark befor
e they reached home again. Another family lived very nearthe sc
hool, but in a very old wood frame house with bare wood floors.
The mother got water from the tap outside for cooking and clea
ning.She had a history of being abused and beaten by her husba
nd. When the first author visited, the house was very clean, and
the motherproudly showed her the room where three of the girls
shared a double bed. Later in the year, when the child from that
family in herclassroom appeared at school with a broken arm, th
e school nurse was notified to work with child welfare authoriti
es to investigate andassist the mother, if needed. The families w
ere pleased that the teacher came to their home. The children we
re always dressed in their bestclothes and on their best behavior
. Family pictures, the children’s toys, and the plants in the yard
were often topics of conversation. Theseinitial visits were vital
to the parents’ feeling comfortable with the teacher, especially s
ince she spoke Spanish, and the parents were able toovercome t
heir hesitations to come to the school for meetings and conferen
ces. Many times parent conferences were conducted at aparent’s
place of work because they could not leave their job or did not
have transportation to the school. Home visits continued in som
esituations when the family or the teacher needed support from t
he other.
In conclusion, home visits are an effective way to begin and mai
ntain family-
professional partnerships as they provide authenticexperiences f
or both the family members and teachers or other professionals.
Ongoing communication strategies can grow out of theseexperie
nces or other avenues of learning about the types of communicat
ion that work best for families.
9. Using Professional Ethics in School–Family Partnerships
Teachers are responsible for maintaining professionalism in thei
r relationships with parents. Guidelines for teachers are provide
d byprofessional education organizations. The Code of Ethical
Conduct was first published by the National Association for the
Education ofYoung Children in 1989, and most recently updated
in 2011 (NAEYC, 2011). The code provides guidelines for prof
essional behavior forteachers and caregivers of young children.
It describes categories of ethics that provide a framework for ho
w teachers should interact intheir positions in early childhood s
ettings. Throughout this Code of Ethics it is stressed that profes
sional ethics includes responsibilities forchildren, families, com
munities, and society. The descriptions discuss that professional
ethical judgments guide educators as to what theyshould and sh
ould not do as professionals. Section II of the Code is dedicated
to ethical partnerships with families. The code of ethics is adoc
ument that permits the profession to speak as a group. The hope
for the future is that the code can be used not only as a basis for
advocacy addressing the needs of young children and their famil
ies, but also to help early childhood educators to focus on what
is best forall young children and their families (Feeney, 2010).
Assessment Roles of Families of Children with Disabilities
When parents discover that their infant, toddler, or young child
has a delay or disability, they soon understand the important rol
e ofassessment in the child’s life. They experience conflicting e
motions about what the assessment will reveal. One mother desc
ribed herreaction (Rocco, 1996):
When assessments emphasize deficits and diminished expectatio
ns for future success, we parents generally begin to look for aw
ay to thwart these negative prognostications. At the very best, w
e want a miracle cure. At the least, we want professionals to“fix
” our children…. We believe that professionals have all the ans
wers, and therefore, all the power. (p. 56)
After parents experience the first stages of screening and diagno
sis, they find they have a major role in assessing what the child
needs andparticipate in planning for the child. Once their child
10. has been evaluated and determined eligible for services, the ong
oing assessment andintervention process centers on the family a
s well as the child, especially in the early intervention program,
Part C of IDEA, for infants andtoddlers. The extent of the famil
y’s involvement affects the child’s performance and the relevan
ce of the child’s assessment in guidingintervention services (Be
rman & Shaw, 1996; Dunst & Trivette, 2012; Ray, Pewitt-
Kinder, & George, 2009). Dunst and Trivette (2012)describe the
assessment process as family-directed or family-
centered, with the child and family’s concerns, priorities, resour
ces, and valuesthe most important in planning for the child. The
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 20
04 (IDEA, 2004) requiresthat families be a team member and pa
rtner in the assessment, decision-
making, and activities planned for addressing the child’s needs (
U.S.Congress, 2004). Conferences with families who have a chil
d with a disability are more complex than the common understa
nding of parent–
teacher conferences. An Individualized Family Service Plan (IF
SP) is developed specifically for children and families participa
ting in theEarly Intervention Program (Part C of IDEA 2004). A
team of intervention providers that might include therapists, ea
rly interventionspecialists, teachers, and family members are in
volved in both planning for the family and child’s needs and lat
er assessing progress on theIFSP with the family (Ray, Pewitt-
Kinder, & George, 2009).
Involving All Parents in the Assessment Process
Practices established for parents of children with disabilities inv
olve parents in the assessment process used with all children. H
ome visitswith parents before the beginning of school can initiat
e the process of gathering information about the child. Thereaft
er, parents canparticipate in the assessment process through the
teacher’s ongoing efforts to solicit information from parents, pa
rticipating in conferenceswhen the child’s progress is reported,
and contributing information about the child’s progress within t
he conference, through writtenresponses submitted to the teache
11. r and by telephone or e-
mail messages (Gilkerson & Hanson, 2000).
All the assessment strategies discussed in this text apply to chil
dren with disabilities. Some types of assessments may have to b
e modified,especially for children who have a cognitive delay or
physical disability. Nevertheless, children with disabilities sho
uld not be excluded fromperformance assessments and portfolio
s. These children should have ongoing opportunities to demonst
rate what they understand and canuse. Teachers and parents will
need to be creative in finding ways for children to engage in th
eir own assessment if they are unable toparticipate in the same
manner as children without disabilities. Computers and other ty
pes of assistive technologies can be used, as well asphotographs
, videotapes, and audiotapes. The important point is that childre
n with disabilities should be included in the assessment andplan
ning process to the best of their abilities. Bridging their disabili
ties with alternative assessment strategies will complete their in
clusionas full members of the classroom (Jarrett, Browne, & Wa
llin, 2006; McLean, Wolery, & Bailey, 2004; Zero to Three, 201
0).
Parent Partnership in Portfolio Assessment
The principal, teachers, and parents at Thomas Jefferson Kinder
garten and Primary School discussed portfolio assessment at sch
oolcouncil meetings for several months. Teachers and a principa
l from a school in a nearby community were invited to attend th
e councilmeeting and talk about their experiences in starting por
tfolio assessment. In April, the council decided to implement po
rtfolios thefollowing year. As training sessions were held for th
e teachers at the end of the school year, newsletters were sent to
parents informingthem of the change in reporting using portfoli
os and of evening sessions that would be held to share how the t
eachers were preparingfor using portfolios.
During the summer months, teacher training continued. At the b
eginning of the school year, an open house was held to further e
xplainhow the portfolio process would be used and the rationale
for moving to this type of assessment and reporting. Following
12. a generalmeeting in the multipurpose room of the school, parent
s visited their child’s classroom, where the teacher showed a mo
del of theportfolio that would be used in the classroom and how
parents could contribute to the information that would be includ
ed in theportfolio. Questions about the portfolio assessment pro
cess were answered.
At the first parent–
teacher conferences, portfolio assessment to report student prog
ress was used for the first time. Parents wereinvited to reflect o
n what the child had accomplished. In some classrooms, the chil
d participated in the conference and discussed whysome entries
were important. Following review of the portfolios, both the par
ents and teacher discussed how to plan for the child’slearning e
xperiences based on the progress made during the first part of th
e school year.
Some teachers found the move to the portfolio process easier th
an others. Likewise, some parents understood and supportedport
folio assessment more quickly than others. The principal provid
ed troubleshooting sessions for teachers, and the school council
discussed how to continue to improve the process.
11.3 Conducting Effective Parent Conferences
Whatever approaches a teacher uses to assess children, a report
is made to communicate with the parents about the child’s devel
opmentaladvances and learning accomplishments. The assessme
nts that have been made are evaluated to determine what will be
in the report.Families are given the opportunity to share their i
deas about the child’s growth and progress and to respond to the
report that the teacherhas developed. Although written reports
and portfolios are helpful assessment systems to use when shari
ng information with families,conferences permit families and te
achers to interact directly. In the following sections, parent conf
erences will be discussed, including howto prepare for and cond
uct conferences.
Types of Parent Conferences
In addition to traditional teacher-
led conferences, other options for conducting parent conference
13. s include three-way conferences, student-
led conferences, and parent group meeting conferences. Each of
these types of conferences are described in the following sectio
n.
Three-Way Conferences
In the three-
way conference, the student, parent, and teacher all participate.
The student has an opportunity to present and discuss his orher
work through a portfolio, the parent has an opportunity to introd
uce relevant information about the child’s progress, and the teac
herhas the opportunity to summarize what has been accomplishe
d during the time period. All participants plan together for futur
e goals,projects, and general learning. All participants discuss h
ow the home and the school can work together to accomplish th
e child’s learninggoals.
Student-Led Conferences
Students can be taught to conduct a conference with the family (
Cromwell, 2010). Using a showcase or evaluative portfolio, the
student andparent study portfolio contents and discuss the stude
nt’s work. The teacher can join the conference later and answer
questions the parentmight have or elicit the family’s ideas for th
e child’s further progress (Stiggins, 2005). Regardless of the ap
proach to be used for the parentconference, the conference shou
ld follow the assumption that families are partners in the proces
s:
The inclusion of families in the overall assessment is critically i
mportant. They need to be involved in more than just the finalst
age of the process if they are to see all the skills and strategies t
hat their children are developing and to assist their childrenalon
g the way.
Family involvement with portfolios can take many forms, includ
ing holding three-
way conferences that include students, teachers, andparents. Par
ents may also respond in writing to the work in the portfolio. Th
ey can complete a questionnaire about their perceptions of thest
udent’s work and provide examples they think are indicative of
14. growth (Lescher, 1995, p. 28).
Parent Group Meeting Conferences
When circumstances do not permit conferences with individual f
amilies, a group conference for all parents might be considered.
In this typeof conference, the teacher spends time explaining to
all the parents the assessments that have been used, the nature o
f those assessments,and information on projects or thematic stud
y topics. Classroom documentation in various forms is explaine
d and parents are invited tospend time looking at them. The teac
her can make opportunities for individual questions and for pare
nts with concerns to stay after thegroup meeting to discuss these
with the teacher. Arrangements might be made for individual p
hone calls or other communications whenneeded to discuss futur
e questions or issues.
Preparing for Family Conferences
The teacher or other professional must prepare the information t
hat is to be shared prior to conducting a conference with a famil
y. Some ofthe information should involve input from parents an
d the child. As part of the preparation, the teacher selects the as
sessments that will beused for reporting progress and develops a
profile or some type of encapsulation that summarizes the child
’s evidence of development andlearning.
Selecting Options for Reporting Progress
If the teacher uses portfolio assessment, the process of preparin
g the portfolio contents for the child’s evaluation becomes the v
ehicle forreporting. If a portfolio is not used, the teacher gather
s and organizes examples of the child’s work, assessments that
have been conducted,and some type of report on the child’s eval
uation that has been determined by the teacher.
Developing a Profile for the Child Using Assessment Results
Portfolios include assessment results and other evidence of the c
hild’s work that permit an evaluation to take place. Materials in
theportfolio, when combined with a narrative report, provide a p
rofile of progress. A profile can also be developed using checkli
stassessments, samples of the child’s work, and a summary repo
rt, as in The Work Sampling System, 5th Edition (Meisels, Mars
15. den, Jablon, &Dichtelmiller, 2014), and the checklist and anecd
otal records used in the Preschool Child Observation Record (C
OR) (High/ScopeEducational Research Foundation, 2003). Give
n the many types of assessments and record-
keeping strategies described in earlier chapters,the teacher has a
variety of ways to organize assessment and evaluation into a co
mprehensive profile of the child to share with parents.This repo
rt may also include the results of standardized tests in the prima
ry grades.
Considering Individual Family Backgrounds and Needs
As the teacher prepares for the conference with the parents, the
backgrounds, concerns, priorities, resources, and needs of paren
ts areconsidered. Parents must feel comfortable and relaxed whe
n they come for the conference. A trained interpreter should be
provided forparents who speak a language other than English. T
he environment for the conference should be welcoming. Some t
eachers providerefreshments and decorate the area with flowers
and student work.
When preparing for a conference, the teacher must consider the
diverse backgrounds of the children also. The children may com
e fromdifferent religions, cultures, languages, and family practi
ces. For example, in some cultures the father takes the lead in p
articipating in theconference, with the mother taking a secondar
y role. In other cultures, especially traditional American groups,
both parents participateequally, or the mother takes the lead.
If language is an issue, provisions should be made for a trained
interpreter to assist with the meeting, if the teacher does not spe
ak thehome language of the family. In the event of families spea
king several different languages, trained interpreters who speak
both languagesmight facilitate the conference conversations. It i
s important to have trained interpreters who understand that thei
r role is to serve as aconduit for delivering information from the
teacher, parent, student, or other person involved in the confere
nce without judgment orprejudice. Avoid asking a friend, family
member, or other person who is not a professional interpreter.
The American Speech-Language-
16. Hearing Association (ASHA, 2014) recommends the following c
onsiderations when selecting an interpreter to assist with assess
ment:
• Determine the interpreter’s level of proficiency in English and
in the home language used by the child and family
• Examine the interpreter’s educational background and experie
nce
• Determine the interpreter’s communication style to ensure it w
ill work with that of the teacher, child, and parents
• Try to use the same interpreter for multiple assignments so tha
t you may establish an effective working relationship
Additional tips for using an interpreter effectively before, durin
g, and after the conference can be found on the ASHA website.
Sometimes parents are intimidated by the teacher and other prof
essionals and are uncomfortable attending a conference at the sc
hool.Parents may feel inadequate or have bad memories from th
eir own school experiences. Teachers need to be very sensitive t
o thesesituations and be ready to help these parents feel welcom
e and appreciated (Kersey & Masterson, 2009).
Another factor to consider is parental awareness of how assessm
ents are conducted and interpreted, particularly in the case ofsta
ndardized test results. Some families may be very familiar and c
omfortable in understanding the meaning of different terms used
instandardized test reports. Others may be totally bewildered w
hen a child’s test profile is discussed. The teacher will want to
vary how thesetests are discussed and what explanations might
be necessary. Standardized tests and test reports were discussed
in Chapters 3 and 4. Theteacher will want to understand test rep
orts and how to interpret them to parents from diverse backgrou
nds.
Conducting Family Conferences
Once the parents or other family representatives have arrived an
d the conference is ready to begin, the teacher keeps three guide
lines inmind when conducting a successful experience for the pa
rents and child, if the child is to participate, including: (1) helpi
ng parentsunderstand evaluation information, (2) helping parent
17. s interpret evaluation information accurately, and (3) soliciting
parental and childinput for assessment and planning for the chil
d. If standardized test results are used, these guidelines are espe
cially important.
Steps in Preparing to Conduct Conferences with Families
The teacher can also think through best strategies that will ensu
re a positive conference result. Following are some measures te
achers taketo conduct successful conferences:
• Start and end on a positive note. It was mentioned earlier that
parents should feel welcomed by the teacher. The teacher can sh
are thechild’s strengths and examples of the child’s positive exp
eriences at school.
• Encourage parents to share information about their child. Earl
y in the conference, parents are asked about their child. The tea
cher mayask questions about how the child and family interact a
t home. The objective is to have the parents take the lead in the
discussion abouttheir child.
• Discuss relevant information about the child’s progress. Impor
tant information about the child’s accomplishments is discussed
with theparents, using portfolio examples, various assessments,
and standardized test results, when appropriate. Parents are incl
uded in thediscussion throughout this part of the conference. Th
eir questions are answered, and the teacher asks questions to ext
end theinformation.
• Discuss the child’s needs or issues about progress. Difficulties
the child might be experiencing at school are discussed objecti
vely. Theteacher focuses on the most important difficulties that
a child might be experiencing. The teacher asks the parents for
help inaddressing the child’s needs. The parents and teacher dis
cuss how they might help the child. The teacher asks the parents
forsuggestions about how the child might be better helped in sc
hool. If possible, the parents and teacher set a plan for the child
to beaddressed in a follow-
up conference or other communication (Kersey & Masterson, 20
09).
• End the conference on a positive note. The teacher closes the c
18. onference by again focusing on the child’s positive attributes. T
he teacherthanks the parents for attending and being helpful in p
roviding needed information. The teacher stresses that the famil
y-
professionalrelationship is a partnership to further positive feeli
ngs with parents or family representatives.
Helping Parents Interpret Evaluation Information
When parents encounter a collection of work examples of the ch
ildren and teacher assessments that form the basis for a child’s e
valuation,they may feel a bit overwhelmed when they compare t
his type of reporting with a report card. If the teacher and schoo
l have prepared theparents for the use of portfolios and perform
ance assessments, they will appreciate understanding how the m
aterials they are seeing forma picture of what the child has learn
ed; nevertheless, they are likely to have questions about assess
ments and the meaning of the child’swork. The teacher needs to
be prepared to volunteer information about the assessment strate
gies used and why the collection of the child’swork provides evi
dence of learning.
11.4 Role of Parents in the Screening and Assessment Process
Parents may have questions such as the following: How are chec
klist assessments conducted? What strategies does the teacher u
se toacquire checklist information? Why are observation reports
important? What does the teacher learn about the child by doin
g observations?What do the summaries of the child’s advances a
nd accomplishments mean when compared with a traditional rep
ort card? How does arubric work? How does the teacher design
written tests for primary-
grade children? The teacher should be able to explain during the
conference how and why assessments are used so that parents un
derstand the assessment process. Parents will vary in how theyu
nderstand technical information. The teacher needs to be prepar
ed to help interpret assessment results with individual families.
The same is true of assessment materials shared at the parent–
teacher conference. One method of summarizing the child’s pro
19. gress andoverall evaluation is to have a summary report or narra
tive report for the parents. The teacher goes over the report with
the parents,helping them understand the relationship between th
e assessment resources and the child’s overall evaluation. If a s
ummary report is notused, the teacher must have an overall eval
uation ready to share with the parents. The assessments and wor
k samples must be explained,with their implications for the chil
d’s progress and future needs for instructional experiences.
A Group Conference for a Child with ADHD
Miles Clark is a third-
grade child who was identified as having ADHD in the first gra
de. He was evaluated and received specialeducation classificatio
n at that time. He has received the help of a resource teacher for
the past 2 years. The purpose of the conferenceis to determine
how Miles should be served as he moves to fourth grade. The co
nference includes Miles’s parents, his grandmother, theregular c
lassroom teacher, the school counselor, the resource teacher, an
d the principal. The conference has been called at the requestof
Miles’s mother, who is concerned about the possible end of serv
ices by the resource teacher.
Each member of the teaching and support staff presents an asses
sment of Miles’s progress. At the end of each presentation, thep
arents and other members of the group are invited to comment o
r ask questions. The classroom teacher and resource teacherpres
ent examples of work that Miles has been able to complete on hi
s own, without assistance. Each member of the group is askedab
out Miles’s ability to work independently, without a resource te
acher to assist with assignments. School staff members believe t
hattheir plan to transition Miles to working without assistance i
s showing good progress. Miles’s mother is not convinced and i
nsists thatMiles is entitled to the continued services of the resou
rce teacher because of his designation as having ADHD.
At the end of the conference, each member of the conference gr
oup summarizes his or her current assessment of Miles and what
future planning is appropriate for his continued progress. The sc
hool counselor summarizes the events of the conference and ask
20. s theparents for their assessment. Miles’s mother strongly suppo
rts the continuation of assistance for Miles. The school staff rel
uctantlyagree to continue the use of the resource teacher during
the next school year.
Soliciting Parental Input for Assessment and Planning
Opportunities for parental input into the assessment and plannin
g process should be built into the conference. If parents do not
voluntarilyreflect on the child’s progress and make suggestions,
the teacher should be ready to solicit input. As the teacher com
pletes the evaluationreport, parents can give their own views ab
out progress and concerns they might have about the child. The
child also discusses progressand how learning might be improve
d. As the teacher discusses the next steps in planning for the chi
ld, parents can give their suggestions ofwhat might be helpful fo
r the child. Also, the teacher and parents can discuss what the p
arents might do to help the child at home. Theimportant point is
that parents and children need to feel that they are a vital part o
f the evaluation process and not mere recipients of theevaluatio
n report. Although the teacher may need to discuss improvement
s that the child needs to make, parents should also beencouraged
to look at problems and suggest solutions. If a true partnership
has been established, parents will be able to address the child’s
needs and help plan ways to guide the child without feeling that
they are being judged.
Summary
Assessment in early childhood education includes opportunities
and challenges. Many of the issues that developed during the lat
terdecades of the 20th century persist at the beginning of the 21
st century. The implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act
and theCommon Core State Standards presented their own chall
enges.
Assessment of young children that evolved during the 20th cent
ury has broadened and intensified over the decades, as more has
beenlearned about how young children develop and learn and h
ow variances in development and culture may cause young child
21. ren toencounter difficulties when they enter school. Tests and m
easures to assess young children have been developed for childr
en who needintervention services and preschool programs to enh
ance their academic success when they enter the primary grades.
The development and use of a variety of approaches for the asse
ssment of children in the early childhood years has not come wit
houtproblems. Because of the nature and rapidity of developmen
t of young children, it is difficult to design measures that are de
pendable andthat accurately measure personal characteristics an
d other needed information. Each kind of measure designed for
use with young childrenhas pluses and minuses. Users of each t
ype of assessment must be informed about the strengths and limi
tations of the strategies they planto use. With young children es
pecially, a combination of assessment approaches, rather than a
single instrument or method, is indicated.
As school reform decisions increase the use of testing of presch
ool and primary-
grade children for placement, promotion, and retention,teachers
increasingly believe that they are accountable for their role in th
e decisions made about their students. If they disagree with theg
rading procedures they are required to use, for example, do they
have a responsibility to voice their concern? When they have re
search-
based information that an instrument is being used for the wron
g purpose or lacks reliability, should they inform the personnel
whoselected the tests? Should teachers press for alternative met
hods of assessment that include informal strategies and perform
anceassessments? Do school policies prohibit any variation in h
ow children are assessed? Parents want teachers to explain the u
se ofperformance assessments and changes in student progress r
eports that accompany the use of these assessments. Teachers w
ant parents tohave input when the decision is made to move to t
his type of assessment and the use of portfolios, rather than rep
ort cards. In addition,teachers want to be confident that they ha
ve the skills to use and interpret assessment results with parents
.
22. No crystal ball reveals future trends in measuring young childre
n. Demands for accountability and increases in learning achieve
mentcurrently drive curriculum and assessment. School reform,
which is a national phenomenon, will continue to affect early ch
ildhoodeducation. As the importance of the early years is again
being emphasized, the school reform movement continues to for
ce restrictiveparameters on the education of young children. The
push for quality early childhood programs conflicts with efforts
to raise academicstandards. And, as the makeup of early childh
ood classrooms changes to reflect the presence of more children
with disabilities and diversebackgrounds and languages, compe
tence in selecting and using appropriate types of assessments as
sumes even more importance.Decisions about educational practi
ces are often political rather than educational. As different force
s affect representation in Congress,policies can change.
The issues that surround the assessment of young children will
not be resolved soon. If present trends continue, improvement in
methodsof assessment of young children will continue in the ef
fort to improve their potential for optimal development and lear
ning. The ongoingimprovement in assessment methods should h
ave a positive effect on the quality of early childhood programs
and services as well.
Key Terms
Family-centered 268
Parent conferences 275
Family-professional partnerships 268
Parent group meeting conferences 275
Strengths-based 268
Student-led conferences 275
Three-way conferences 275
Selected Organizations
Search for the following organizations online:
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
Beach Center on Disability
Center for Law and Social Policy
Child Care Aware of America
23. National Coalition for Parent Involvement in Education (NCPIE
)
Parent Teacher Association
TeacherVision
Wrightslaw
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