This document provides an overview of different forms of government throughout history and in the modern world. It begins by discussing ancient forms like city-states, empires, and feudalism. It then covers the origins of democracy in Athens and Rome. The document outlines the rise of absolute monarchies and different totalitarian systems in the 20th century like communism, fascism, and Nazism. Finally, it analyzes modern forms of government including monarchies, dictatorships, theocracies, single-party states, direct democracies, and parliamentary and presidential representative democracies.
Government is an organization through which political authority is exercised in a society. There are different forms of government including democracy, monarchy, and dictatorship. Democracy is a system where citizens elect representatives to make laws and govern on their behalf. In a representative democracy, citizens vote for representatives, while in a direct democracy they vote on issues directly. Monarchy is a system where power is hereditary and passes from one generation to the next. A dictatorship is ruled by a single person or group with absolute power.
The President of the United States is elected every four years through a complex process outlined in the Constitution. Candidates must be at least 35 years old, a natural born US citizen, and have lived in the country for at least 14 years. Political parties choose their nominees through state primaries and caucuses. In the general election, voters select "electors" who then vote for President in the Electoral College. Whichever candidate wins the most popular votes in a state receives all of its electors. If no candidate receives a majority, the House of Representatives chooses the President.
This document describes different types of governments. It outlines economic models like capitalism, socialism, and communism. It then explains various political structures for governing a state, including autocracy (monarchy, dictatorship), democracy (representative democracy, direct democracy), oligarchy, totalitarianism, theocracy, and anarchy. Each system is briefly defined in one or two sentences. The document aims to categorize and define the primary forms of government that exist worldwide.
This document defines and describes different types of governments:
- A democracy is a government elected by the people, whereas an autocracy is ruled by a single person with unlimited power. An oligarchy is ruled by a small, powerful group.
- A monarchy has a king or queen as the ruler, though some have limited power. A dictatorship is ruled by a single unelected leader who maintains control through force.
- Other forms discussed include anarchy (no government), capitalist (free market economy), communist (government owns property/industry), and republic (elected president, no monarch).
- A monarchy is a form of government in which a single person, the monarch, rules as head of state for life or until abdication. There are different types of monarchy based on the monarch's level of power and method of selection.
- Characteristics of monarchies include hereditary rule through dynasties, as well as titles like king, queen, prince, and emperor. Monarchies originated from early societies where family leaders inherited power through knowledge, skills, and land ownership.
- Modern examples discussed include the constitutional monarchy of the UK, the unrecognized Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia created to support Mapuche independence, and the absolute monarchy of Saudi Arabia
There are three main systems of government based on how power is distributed: unitary, confederation, and federal. In a unitary system, a central government controls everything with no power sharing with states or provinces. A confederation involves a weak central government and independent states that can choose to follow or not follow its lead. A federal system shares power between a central government and states or provinces that have considerable self-rule through their own legislatures.
1) A unitary government concentrates power in the central government, which assigns powers and duties to smaller regional governments.
2) Examples of countries with unitary governments include the UK, France, Cuba, and Bolivia.
3) A confederation government distributes power among member states, but the central government has weak enforcement powers and requires high consensus for decisions.
The document discusses the key elements needed for revolutions to occur and be successful. It states that revolutions usually happen when (1) a government fails to meet the demands and needs of its people, and (2) there are widespread human rights violations and lack of freedom. For a revolution to begin, there needs to be opposing sides, access to weapons, leaders, and social, economic or political problems in the society. For a revolution to succeed, its aims must be clearly defined in a slogan, and it needs accomplished leaders who can establish a new framework of government and unite different groups.
Government is an organization through which political authority is exercised in a society. There are different forms of government including democracy, monarchy, and dictatorship. Democracy is a system where citizens elect representatives to make laws and govern on their behalf. In a representative democracy, citizens vote for representatives, while in a direct democracy they vote on issues directly. Monarchy is a system where power is hereditary and passes from one generation to the next. A dictatorship is ruled by a single person or group with absolute power.
The President of the United States is elected every four years through a complex process outlined in the Constitution. Candidates must be at least 35 years old, a natural born US citizen, and have lived in the country for at least 14 years. Political parties choose their nominees through state primaries and caucuses. In the general election, voters select "electors" who then vote for President in the Electoral College. Whichever candidate wins the most popular votes in a state receives all of its electors. If no candidate receives a majority, the House of Representatives chooses the President.
This document describes different types of governments. It outlines economic models like capitalism, socialism, and communism. It then explains various political structures for governing a state, including autocracy (monarchy, dictatorship), democracy (representative democracy, direct democracy), oligarchy, totalitarianism, theocracy, and anarchy. Each system is briefly defined in one or two sentences. The document aims to categorize and define the primary forms of government that exist worldwide.
This document defines and describes different types of governments:
- A democracy is a government elected by the people, whereas an autocracy is ruled by a single person with unlimited power. An oligarchy is ruled by a small, powerful group.
- A monarchy has a king or queen as the ruler, though some have limited power. A dictatorship is ruled by a single unelected leader who maintains control through force.
- Other forms discussed include anarchy (no government), capitalist (free market economy), communist (government owns property/industry), and republic (elected president, no monarch).
- A monarchy is a form of government in which a single person, the monarch, rules as head of state for life or until abdication. There are different types of monarchy based on the monarch's level of power and method of selection.
- Characteristics of monarchies include hereditary rule through dynasties, as well as titles like king, queen, prince, and emperor. Monarchies originated from early societies where family leaders inherited power through knowledge, skills, and land ownership.
- Modern examples discussed include the constitutional monarchy of the UK, the unrecognized Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia created to support Mapuche independence, and the absolute monarchy of Saudi Arabia
There are three main systems of government based on how power is distributed: unitary, confederation, and federal. In a unitary system, a central government controls everything with no power sharing with states or provinces. A confederation involves a weak central government and independent states that can choose to follow or not follow its lead. A federal system shares power between a central government and states or provinces that have considerable self-rule through their own legislatures.
1) A unitary government concentrates power in the central government, which assigns powers and duties to smaller regional governments.
2) Examples of countries with unitary governments include the UK, France, Cuba, and Bolivia.
3) A confederation government distributes power among member states, but the central government has weak enforcement powers and requires high consensus for decisions.
The document discusses the key elements needed for revolutions to occur and be successful. It states that revolutions usually happen when (1) a government fails to meet the demands and needs of its people, and (2) there are widespread human rights violations and lack of freedom. For a revolution to begin, there needs to be opposing sides, access to weapons, leaders, and social, economic or political problems in the society. For a revolution to succeed, its aims must be clearly defined in a slogan, and it needs accomplished leaders who can establish a new framework of government and unite different groups.
Throughout the classifications of government, government by one person exists, and monarchy is a prime example that predates its conception since ancient times.
Systems of Government : Semi-Presidential ModelsJamaity
In the early 20th century, democracies were primarily built on two political systems: either a presidential or a parliamentary system of government. During the course of the century, these systems were adapted to such a significant degree that scholars identified the emergence of a third system of government called ‘semi-presidentialism’.
While these two traditional systems are centred on two political powers (parliament and president, or parliament and government), the semi-presidential system of government gives a central role to three bodies: parliament, president and a government headed by a prime minister, with each of the three enjoying comparable democratic legitimacy and significant powers.
In the context of the Arab uprisings, new constitutions will be crafted in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya. More may follow. In terms of choosing a political system, semi-presidential systems are much discussed in the Arab world for two central reasons.
First, people are concerned that presidential systems of government will deteriorate once again into authoritarianism. Second, many are uncomfortable with a parliamentary system of government because it is either seen to be potentially unstable or gives too much power to a parliamentary majority.
The U.S. federal government is divided into three equal branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has separate responsibilities and powers to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful through a system of checks and balances. The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws. The branches share powers over each other, such as Congress's control over spending and ability to override presidential vetoes.
The document discusses different types of governments and political systems used in the British Caribbean over the past 500 years. It provides information on the branches of government, how laws are made, electoral systems, and characteristics of good governance. Specifically, it notes that the British Caribbean islands have experienced representative systems, republics, constitutional monarchies, and crown colony governments. It also states that Trinidad and Tobago is the only British Caribbean island that is now a republic.
This presentation covers the knowledge about UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE
inclusive of topics like - meaning, merits, demerits, modern examples and a small conclusive note..
The Three Branches Of Government Power PointSolom1ej
The three branches of the US government are the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws. This system of separation of powers was designed to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful and to help ensure a system of checks and balances.
The Articles of Confederation established the first constitution of the United States from 1776-1787. It created a weak central government with a unicameral Congress consisting of one delegate per state and no executive branch. Congress had limited powers and it was difficult to pass laws or amendments. Dissatisfaction grew due to conflicts between states, debt, economic troubles, and uprisings like Shays' Rebellion. This led figures like Hamilton and Madison to call the Philadelphia Convention to draft a new constitution and replace the Articles of Confederation with a stronger central government.
The document provides an overview of different forms of government including republic, parliamentary, monarchy, theocracy, totalitarian, dictatorship, and oligarchy. It gives brief descriptions of each type and examples of countries that use each form. The summary focuses on the key information without opinions or evaluations.
This document provides information about different forms of government through activities and questions. It discusses types of governments like democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, oligarchy, theocracy, and anarchy. It includes a mind map activity for students to identify different kinds of governments. There are true/false questions about characteristics of governments and examples. Multiple choice questions test understanding of key terms. Later activities include matching governments like Switzerland, South Africa, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Denmark to their government types. A vocabulary crossword puzzles reviews important terms.
The document outlines several forms of government: monarchy, where power is held by a hereditary monarch like Saudi Arabia; dictatorship, where one individual seizes power by force with no limits like Hitler in Nazi Germany; democracy, where power is shared by citizens through elected representatives like the US; communist states where all property is publicly owned for the good of the country; anarchy, where there is no government and a state of disorder occurs; and theocracy, where religious authorities govern.
The document discusses the concepts of government, public policy, types of government power, constitutions, politics, the state, and theories on the origin of states. It defines government as the institution through which a society makes and enforces public policy. Public policy includes areas like education, defense, crime, and healthcare. Government power is often outlined in a constitution, with democracies holding leaders accountable to citizens. The state is the dominant political unit defined by a population living in a territory with sovereignty and a government. Theories on how states originated include through force, evolution from families to tribes, divine right, and social contract.
The document outlines the four main theories on the origin of the state: 1) The Force Theory proposes that the state was born out of force when a small group claimed control over an area and forced others to submit. 2) The Evolutionary Theory suggests the state developed from early family structures as lead families evolved into networks of tribes. 3) The Divine Right Theory held that God created the state and chose individuals to rule with divine right. 4) The Social Contract Theory influential to American government postulates that people voluntarily agreed to a social contract like a constitution to ensure safety and well-being for all.
This document analyzes the economic impacts of the Arab Spring uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. It discusses the causes of the uprisings in each country, including high unemployment, food price inflation, and corruption. It then examines the economic effects, such as declines in GDP growth, tourism, and industrial production in Tunisia and Egypt following their revolutions. For Libya, it covers the ongoing civil war and international intervention, and analyzes impacts including rises in global oil and food prices, losses to Italian investments in Libya, and uncertainty around Libya's political and economic future.
The document discusses the two-party system in the United States. It provides reasons for the dominance of the two-party system, including historical precedent and the electoral system. It also briefly discusses multiparty and one-party systems. Additionally, it covers factors that influence party membership and outlines the history of political parties in the US in four major eras from 1800 to today. Finally, it defines types of minor parties and their importance in influencing and drawing attention to issues.
This document provides information about different forms of government. It discusses democracy, monarchy, theocracy, dictatorship, and transitional governments. It also covers different economic systems like capitalism, socialism, and communism. Modern governments take on roles like providing security, justice, welfare services, and education. Extreme governmental control is called totalitarianism. The document gives examples of different forms of government and economic systems around the world.
Presentation developed for a series of lectures on interest groups for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
This document compares different forms of government around the world. It discusses monarchies, dictatorships, theocracies, single-party states, parliamentary democracies, and presidential democracies. For each system, it provides a definition and examples of modern countries that demonstrate that form of government. It notes that while most countries have some form of government, the main models that exist are rule by a single person, rule by an elite group, and rule by the broader population.
Government is a system that gives a group the right to make and enforce laws. There are different forms of government based on who holds power and the structure of rule. Modern governments have roles like security, order, justice, welfare, regulation, and education. The main forms are democracy, monarchy, theocracy, and dictatorship. Democracy gives supreme power to citizens through representation or direct voting. A monarchy has rule by a hereditary monarch, while a theocracy bases law on religion. A dictatorship concentrates absolute power in one leader. Economic systems like capitalism, socialism, and communism are also connected to governments. Capitalism allows private business ownership, socialism involves some government control of business, and communism gives the government control of all
This chapter discusses the role and functions of political parties in the United States. It describes how political parties nominate candidates, inform voters, govern after elections, and act as watchdogs over other parties. It also explains the origins of the two-party system and the historical dominance of the Democratic and Republican parties. Additionally, it covers the roles of minor parties, the decentralized structure of major parties, and factors that have weakened connections between voters and parties in recent decades.
This document discusses and compares democracy and dictatorship as forms of government. It provides definitions and highlights of democracy, including that it is a form of government by the people through elections. It also outlines some merits and demerits of democracy, such as people having a choice in leaders but the potential for corruption. The document then defines dictatorship as rule by a single individual or group, and provides examples of dictatorial regimes in Pakistan's history. It analyzes periods of economic development under dictators compared to challenges faced by democracies. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of strengthening democracy through fair elections and an engaged, educated citizenry.
The document provides information about democracy and society in ancient Greece, the Middle Ages/Medieval Times, and modern times. It then discusses several aspects of medieval European society including feudalism, the power and influence of the Catholic Church, chivalry, manors, farming, trade, towns, government, education, and the bubonic plague.
Political parties, definition, criteria, rationale IAGorgph
Political parties, definition, criteria, rationale | Presentation by Prof. Edmund Tayao at the political party building seminar for the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, 16-19 September, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao
Throughout the classifications of government, government by one person exists, and monarchy is a prime example that predates its conception since ancient times.
Systems of Government : Semi-Presidential ModelsJamaity
In the early 20th century, democracies were primarily built on two political systems: either a presidential or a parliamentary system of government. During the course of the century, these systems were adapted to such a significant degree that scholars identified the emergence of a third system of government called ‘semi-presidentialism’.
While these two traditional systems are centred on two political powers (parliament and president, or parliament and government), the semi-presidential system of government gives a central role to three bodies: parliament, president and a government headed by a prime minister, with each of the three enjoying comparable democratic legitimacy and significant powers.
In the context of the Arab uprisings, new constitutions will be crafted in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya. More may follow. In terms of choosing a political system, semi-presidential systems are much discussed in the Arab world for two central reasons.
First, people are concerned that presidential systems of government will deteriorate once again into authoritarianism. Second, many are uncomfortable with a parliamentary system of government because it is either seen to be potentially unstable or gives too much power to a parliamentary majority.
The U.S. federal government is divided into three equal branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has separate responsibilities and powers to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful through a system of checks and balances. The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws. The branches share powers over each other, such as Congress's control over spending and ability to override presidential vetoes.
The document discusses different types of governments and political systems used in the British Caribbean over the past 500 years. It provides information on the branches of government, how laws are made, electoral systems, and characteristics of good governance. Specifically, it notes that the British Caribbean islands have experienced representative systems, republics, constitutional monarchies, and crown colony governments. It also states that Trinidad and Tobago is the only British Caribbean island that is now a republic.
This presentation covers the knowledge about UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE
inclusive of topics like - meaning, merits, demerits, modern examples and a small conclusive note..
The Three Branches Of Government Power PointSolom1ej
The three branches of the US government are the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws. This system of separation of powers was designed to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful and to help ensure a system of checks and balances.
The Articles of Confederation established the first constitution of the United States from 1776-1787. It created a weak central government with a unicameral Congress consisting of one delegate per state and no executive branch. Congress had limited powers and it was difficult to pass laws or amendments. Dissatisfaction grew due to conflicts between states, debt, economic troubles, and uprisings like Shays' Rebellion. This led figures like Hamilton and Madison to call the Philadelphia Convention to draft a new constitution and replace the Articles of Confederation with a stronger central government.
The document provides an overview of different forms of government including republic, parliamentary, monarchy, theocracy, totalitarian, dictatorship, and oligarchy. It gives brief descriptions of each type and examples of countries that use each form. The summary focuses on the key information without opinions or evaluations.
This document provides information about different forms of government through activities and questions. It discusses types of governments like democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, oligarchy, theocracy, and anarchy. It includes a mind map activity for students to identify different kinds of governments. There are true/false questions about characteristics of governments and examples. Multiple choice questions test understanding of key terms. Later activities include matching governments like Switzerland, South Africa, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Denmark to their government types. A vocabulary crossword puzzles reviews important terms.
The document outlines several forms of government: monarchy, where power is held by a hereditary monarch like Saudi Arabia; dictatorship, where one individual seizes power by force with no limits like Hitler in Nazi Germany; democracy, where power is shared by citizens through elected representatives like the US; communist states where all property is publicly owned for the good of the country; anarchy, where there is no government and a state of disorder occurs; and theocracy, where religious authorities govern.
The document discusses the concepts of government, public policy, types of government power, constitutions, politics, the state, and theories on the origin of states. It defines government as the institution through which a society makes and enforces public policy. Public policy includes areas like education, defense, crime, and healthcare. Government power is often outlined in a constitution, with democracies holding leaders accountable to citizens. The state is the dominant political unit defined by a population living in a territory with sovereignty and a government. Theories on how states originated include through force, evolution from families to tribes, divine right, and social contract.
The document outlines the four main theories on the origin of the state: 1) The Force Theory proposes that the state was born out of force when a small group claimed control over an area and forced others to submit. 2) The Evolutionary Theory suggests the state developed from early family structures as lead families evolved into networks of tribes. 3) The Divine Right Theory held that God created the state and chose individuals to rule with divine right. 4) The Social Contract Theory influential to American government postulates that people voluntarily agreed to a social contract like a constitution to ensure safety and well-being for all.
This document analyzes the economic impacts of the Arab Spring uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. It discusses the causes of the uprisings in each country, including high unemployment, food price inflation, and corruption. It then examines the economic effects, such as declines in GDP growth, tourism, and industrial production in Tunisia and Egypt following their revolutions. For Libya, it covers the ongoing civil war and international intervention, and analyzes impacts including rises in global oil and food prices, losses to Italian investments in Libya, and uncertainty around Libya's political and economic future.
The document discusses the two-party system in the United States. It provides reasons for the dominance of the two-party system, including historical precedent and the electoral system. It also briefly discusses multiparty and one-party systems. Additionally, it covers factors that influence party membership and outlines the history of political parties in the US in four major eras from 1800 to today. Finally, it defines types of minor parties and their importance in influencing and drawing attention to issues.
This document provides information about different forms of government. It discusses democracy, monarchy, theocracy, dictatorship, and transitional governments. It also covers different economic systems like capitalism, socialism, and communism. Modern governments take on roles like providing security, justice, welfare services, and education. Extreme governmental control is called totalitarianism. The document gives examples of different forms of government and economic systems around the world.
Presentation developed for a series of lectures on interest groups for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
This document compares different forms of government around the world. It discusses monarchies, dictatorships, theocracies, single-party states, parliamentary democracies, and presidential democracies. For each system, it provides a definition and examples of modern countries that demonstrate that form of government. It notes that while most countries have some form of government, the main models that exist are rule by a single person, rule by an elite group, and rule by the broader population.
Government is a system that gives a group the right to make and enforce laws. There are different forms of government based on who holds power and the structure of rule. Modern governments have roles like security, order, justice, welfare, regulation, and education. The main forms are democracy, monarchy, theocracy, and dictatorship. Democracy gives supreme power to citizens through representation or direct voting. A monarchy has rule by a hereditary monarch, while a theocracy bases law on religion. A dictatorship concentrates absolute power in one leader. Economic systems like capitalism, socialism, and communism are also connected to governments. Capitalism allows private business ownership, socialism involves some government control of business, and communism gives the government control of all
This chapter discusses the role and functions of political parties in the United States. It describes how political parties nominate candidates, inform voters, govern after elections, and act as watchdogs over other parties. It also explains the origins of the two-party system and the historical dominance of the Democratic and Republican parties. Additionally, it covers the roles of minor parties, the decentralized structure of major parties, and factors that have weakened connections between voters and parties in recent decades.
This document discusses and compares democracy and dictatorship as forms of government. It provides definitions and highlights of democracy, including that it is a form of government by the people through elections. It also outlines some merits and demerits of democracy, such as people having a choice in leaders but the potential for corruption. The document then defines dictatorship as rule by a single individual or group, and provides examples of dictatorial regimes in Pakistan's history. It analyzes periods of economic development under dictators compared to challenges faced by democracies. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of strengthening democracy through fair elections and an engaged, educated citizenry.
The document provides information about democracy and society in ancient Greece, the Middle Ages/Medieval Times, and modern times. It then discusses several aspects of medieval European society including feudalism, the power and influence of the Catholic Church, chivalry, manors, farming, trade, towns, government, education, and the bubonic plague.
Political parties, definition, criteria, rationale IAGorgph
Political parties, definition, criteria, rationale | Presentation by Prof. Edmund Tayao at the political party building seminar for the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, 16-19 September, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao
The document traces the history and evolution of democracy from ancient city-states in Mesopotamia in 4000 BC to modern representative democracies today. It discusses early democratic systems in Greece and the Roman Republic, as well as the development of parliamentary democracy in countries like England and the establishment of republics in France and the United States. It also covers the growth of democracy worldwide in recent centuries as well as setbacks from world wars and the rise of dictatorships in the 20th century.
- Sumer was an ancient civilization located in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) from around 4500 BC to 2000 BC. It is considered one of the earliest civilizations in the world.
- The Sumerians developed new techniques in agriculture such as irrigation, which allowed cities and states to form along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This led to the development of writing, specialized labor, trade, and greater population densities.
- Sumerian city-states rose to power between 2900 BC to 2334 BC until it was conquered by the Akkadian Empire. After a brief resurgence, Sumerian dominance ended as the region became dominated by Semitic
The document discusses how the US President is elected through the Electoral College system. It provides background on how the system was established and amended over time, including the role of political parties and the 12th Amendment. The 12th Amendment required electors to vote separately for President and Vice President after an 1800 tie. The 23rd Amendment granted electoral votes to Washington D.C. A candidate needs 270 of the 538 total electoral votes to win the Presidency.
This document summarizes the Basic Literacy Program (BLP) which teaches basic literacy skills to out-of-school youth and adults. It teaches three skills: reading comprehension, basic math, and problem solving. Learners include non-literate individuals, dropouts, and those who don't want formal schooling. The program recruits learners and tests their skills for placement. It uses facilitator-led instruction initially, then transitions learners to self-learning using modules, study groups and home visits. Upon completion, learners can enroll in further education or job programs. The teaching methods include face-to-face, modular, and self-paced learning in local languages depending on the program.
Iraq has diverse geography that falls into four main regions: desert west of the Euphrates, Upper Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, northern Kurdish highlands, and lower Mesopotamia extending to the Persian Gulf. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow from Turkey through Iraq and meet north of the Persian Gulf to form the Shatt al-Arab river. Iraq has built dams on the rivers for irrigation and flood control but this reduces downstream water availability, causing conflict with Turkey. The government has also drained marshes, displacing populations and threatening wildlife but development depends on agreements with Turkey over water.
This document provides an overview of the development of early states and chiefdoms. It discusses how agriculture led to sedentary settlements and increasing social complexity, with some settlements developing into chiefdoms with social ranking and inequality. States are defined as having central governments and class divisions. The first states emerged in Mesopotamia by 5500 BP and later in Mesoamerica. Factors that contributed to state formation included population growth, conflicts over resources, and the need to regulate irrigation for agriculture. Archaeologists can identify early states by evidence of monumental architecture, centralized food storage, irrigation systems, and early writing systems.
Iraq is a country located in Western Asia, bordered by Syria, Turkey, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. It has a narrow coastal section on the Persian Gulf. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers run through central Iraq. Iraq has a long history as the site of many ancient civilizations, including the Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Abbasid empires. Today, Iraq is a federal parliamentary republic with a majority Muslim population, most of whom are Shia or Sunni Muslims. Iraqi culture features cuisine like biryani and dolma, sports like football, and traditional dancing at weddings and other celebrations.
Unit 3 Forms Of Government Types Powerpoint.CmHeatherP
There are three main types of governments: autocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. Autocracy is rule by one person, such as a dictator or absolute monarch. Oligarchy involves rule by a small, powerful group. Democracy is rule by the people, which can take the form of direct democracy, where citizens vote on issues, or representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives. The two major forms of representative democracy are parliamentary democracy, where the prime minister is chosen from the party with the most seats in parliament, and presidential democracy, where citizens directly elect both legislators and the president.
General information about the country Iraq including history, landmarks, climate, religion and ethnic groups, traditional clothes, sports, arts and crafts, and traditional food.
The document discusses the Electoral College system for electing the US President. It explains that the Founding Fathers established the Electoral College as a compromise between direct popular election and election by Congress. Electors cast votes in their state capitals to formally elect the President. While citizens vote for electors pledged to candidates, the electors' votes typically align with the state's popular vote.
The document provides information about the British monarchy, including:
- The Queen reigns over the UK and other Commonwealth realms, with her role today being mainly symbolic and ceremonial.
- Biographical details are given about Queen Elizabeth II, who became Queen in 1952 at age 26 and remains the country's head of state.
- The line of succession to the throne is outlined, starting with Prince Charles as the heir apparent.
- Additional facts are included about members of the royal family like Prince Philip, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward.
The document discusses the British monarchy and government. It provides details about the royal family, the role of the monarch, and how the monarch's powers are balanced by parliament and the prime minister. It also summarizes the roles of the cabinet, civil service, and local governments in Britain.
The document discusses the philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau regarding human nature and the formation of government. Hobbes viewed the state of nature as one of constant conflict where life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." He believed strong central government was needed to enforce order. Locke believed the state of nature granted natural rights but that government was formed through social contract to protect life, liberty, and property. Rousseau argued people are born free but become chained by society and government; legitimate rule requires consent of the governed under the general will.
Celtic people settled in Britain around 700 BC and had women leaders such as Boadicea who fought against the Romans. The Romans occupied most of England and Wales by AD 43 and built Hadrian's Wall along the Scottish border. When the Romans left, the Angles and Saxons attacked Britain and the Celts fled to Wales, Scotland, and Cornwall. In 793, the Vikings attacked the monastery on Lindisfarne, killing the monks and stealing gold and silver. The Vikings then remained in Britain for almost 300 years as they sought new farmland and often raided other peoples for valuable goods. They were skilled sailors who decorated their longships with dragon heads.
This document provides an overview of the Alternative Learning System (ALS) in the Philippines. It discusses how ALS evolved from the country's commitment to provide education for all. It compares key aspects of ALS and formal education, such as learning programs, settings, teachers, learner age, curriculum, and materials. The ALS aims to provide an alternative path to basic education for out-of-school youth and adults through nonformal and informal learning programs like the Basic Literacy Program and the Accreditation and Equivalency Program.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the British political system from prehistoric times to the present. It discusses the various groups that have inhabited the British Isles, the establishment of the United Kingdom, the evolution of parliamentary democracy, and key reforms that expanded voting rights. Major events and figures that shaped British politics are also outlined, such as the Norman Conquest, Magna Carta, the English Civil War, and postwar establishment of the welfare state.
British Royal Family Monarchy presentationshanle03
The document summarizes the modern British monarchy. It outlines the evolution of the monarchy from the union of the English and Scottish crowns under King James I to the current House of Windsor. It then discusses succession, the authority and duties of the Queen, costs of the monarchy, royal residences, ceremonies, the monarchy's role in the media, and British public opinion, which remains largely positive toward the monarchy.
1. For thousands of years, most people lived under monarchies or dictatorships where a single ruler such as a king or military leader held absolute power over the government.
2. In the last few hundred years, some countries have transitioned to democratic forms of government where citizens can vote for their representatives and have more individual rights and freedoms.
3. It took a long evolution over many centuries for ideas like representative government and democracy to develop, with influences from the Greeks, English system of parliament, French philosophers, and America's founding documents.
The document provides a historical overview of different forms of government from ancient times to present. It discusses that for thousands of years, most people were ruled by powerful families or individuals like pharaohs and lords. As cities grew, so did the power of these ruling families. It then outlines some key developments, including the emergence of feudalism in medieval Europe, the establishment of colonies by European powers, the rise of dictatorships in the early 20th century, and the recent adoption of democratic systems of government in many countries over the past 200 years. The document emphasizes that democratic freedoms are relatively new in human history and that establishing representative government has been a long process.
The document provides a historical overview of different forms of government from ancient times to the present. It discusses that for most of history, small groups or individuals like powerful families, kings, pharaohs, and dictators held complete control over populations. It was not until around 300 years ago that representative democracies began to emerge, first in England and later in the United States, as power became distributed among elected representatives rather than one absolute ruler. The roots of democracy have been a long struggle, but today many nations enjoy democratic freedoms.
The document provides a summary of different forms of government throughout history from ancient times to the present. It discusses that for most of history, people were ruled by powerful families or individuals such as pharaohs, lords, and kings who had absolute power. As populations grew, feudal systems and monarchies developed in Europe and absolute rulers passed power down through royal families. The document then outlines the development of democracy, noting that it took hundreds of years and revolutions in places like America and France to establish democratic systems with constitutions and representative governments.
World foundations of democracy - greek & roman contributionsjyounger2
Early societies included bands, tribes, and chiefdoms that evolved into states with different forms of government. The Greeks established some of the first city-states and experiments with different systems of rule, including monarchy, oligarchy, democracy and republics. Key Greek thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle influenced Western political philosophy through examining different forms of government and their impacts on society. The Romans established a republic with elected representatives and laws governing citizens and state affairs.
The document discusses different forms of government in Ancient Greece: oligarchy, where a small group rules; tyranny, where a single ruler has absolute power; and democracy, where people rule themselves. It provides examples of each type, such as oligarchies being ruled by aristocrats and tyrants gaining power through strong armies. Democracies evolved from direct systems where people voted on laws to representative systems. Citizenship rights also expanded over time. Governments sometimes transitioned between these forms due to power struggles.
The historical setting of international relationsramil12345
The document provides a historical overview of the development of the modern international system from antiquity to the present. It discusses the origins of the modern state in ancient Greece and Rome. It then covers the feudal system in medieval Europe, the rise of strong monarchies, the colonial era, and the emergence of the classical state system in the 16th-19th centuries. It also examines the impact of ideologies like nationalism, communism and democracy in the 20th century, as well as the World Wars, Cold War, and post-Cold War globalization.
This document provides information on different forms of authoritarian rule, including traditional authoritarianism, communist states, fascist states, and military rule. It discusses how traditional authoritarian rule was typically based on a ruler's personal authority as the head of a large family or clan. Communist states aimed to totally control society and transform it according to Marxist-Leninist ideology, led by a vanguard communist party. Fascist states similarly sought to dominate society through ultranationalism and dictatorial power, though they were rarer and less stable than communist regimes.
The document discusses the history of democracy in Romania. It traces the origins and early forms of democracy among hunter-gatherer tribes. Democracy first appeared in Romania in the early 20th century through a new constitution that expanded voting rights and guaranteed freedoms. However, democracy was destroyed when communists took power after World War 2. The Romanian revolution of 1989 overthrew communism, and a new constitution in 1991 established Romania as a democratic republic.
The document discusses the history of democracy in Romania. It traces the origins and early forms of democracy among hunter-gatherer tribes. Democracy first appeared in Romania in the early 20th century through a new constitution that expanded voting rights and guaranteed freedoms. However, democracy was destroyed when communists took power after World War 2. The Romanian revolution of 1989 overthrew communism, and a new constitution in 1991 established Romania as a democratic republic.
The document discusses the history of democracy in Romania. It traces the origins and early forms of democracy among hunter-gatherer tribes. Democracy first appeared in Romania in the early 20th century through a new constitution that expanded voting rights and guaranteed freedoms. However, democracy was destroyed when communists took power after World War 2. The Romanian revolution of 1989 overthrew communism, and a new constitution in 1991 established Romania as a democratic republic.
Democratic systems vary significantly across countries due to differences in history, culture, institutions and electoral systems. The document discusses several dimensions along which democracies differ, including presidential vs parliamentary systems, unitary vs federal systems, winner-take-all vs proportional representation, two-party vs multiparty systems, and majoritarian vs consensual policymaking. It traces the development of democratic theory from ancient thinkers like Pericles and Aristotle to modern philosophers like Locke, Montesquieu, and Hume, and examines factors that contributed to democracy's global expansion in the 20th century.
The document traces the rise of democratic ideas from ancient Greece to the modern era. It discusses the democratic reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes in ancient Athens, as well as Athens' evolution into a direct democracy under Pericles. Roman influence is explored through the establishment of the Roman Republic and the codification of Roman law. The document then examines the contributions of the Enlightenment philosophers like Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau to the development of democratic thought. It also summarizes the American and French Revolutions, which drew upon these Enlightenment ideas of natural rights and popular sovereignty.
The document provides background information on the origins and purposes of government. It discusses how early human societies lacked formal government and were led by councils of elders. The development of agriculture led to more complex civilizations and organized governments with social hierarchies. Key influences on modern Western governments came from ancient Greek and Roman societies, including the origins of democracy in Athens. The three basic purposes of all governments are to distribute resources, settle disputes, and organize collective work to meet common goals.
a political system defines the process for making official government decisions. It is usually compared to the legal system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems.
Evolution of Democracy by Samruddhi Chepe.pptxSamruddhi Chepe
Phase OneAssembly Democracy
Starting around 2,500 BCE, in lands now within the territories of Iran, Iraq and Syria
“During the first phase of democracy the seeds of its basic institution – self-government through an assembly of equals – were scattered across many different soils and climes, ranging from the Indian subcontinent and the prosperous Phoenician empire to the western shores of provincial Europe.
These popular assemblies took root, accompanied by various ancillary institutional rules and customs, like written constitutions, the payment of jurors and elected officials, the freedom to speak in public, voting machines, voting by lot and trial before elected or selected juries. There were efforts as well to stop bossy leaders in their tracks, using such methods as the mandatory election of kings…” (The Life and Death of Democracy, p.xvi)
Best-known example – Athens, 5th century BCE
Athenian Democracy
Direct democracy: citizens (about 10% of the population) participated directly in initiating, deliberating, and passing of, the legislation. The Assembly, no less than 6,000 strong (out of 22,000 citizens of Athens), convened about every 10 days. Supreme power to decide on every issue of state policy
Citizen juries: justice is responsibility of citizens (juries composed of 501-1001 citizens)
Appointment of citizens to political office by lot
Citizen-soldiers: every citizen had a duty to serve in the army
Ostracism: a bad politician could be kicked out of office by the people
Phase TwoRepresentative Democracy
Started around 10th-12th centuries in Western Europe with the invention of parliamentary assemblies
Reaches its classic forms in the 18th century. Officially regarded as normative today.
Marquis d’Argenson, Foreign Minister of French King Louis XV, 1765.
Phase Two
The Glorious revolution laid the foundation of the first democratic principles of the Rule of Law.
Earlier it was believed that the king was the ‘representative of the God’ and that the King’s wishes were the law.
The people strongly protested the idea and dethroned King James II of England.
They passed the Bill Of Rights which firmly stated that the country should be governed by the laws passed by the people and not by the whims of the king.
The French Revolution took place between 1789 and 1851.
In the revolution King Louis XVI was executed .
It was decided that the country should be ruled by the laws passed by the people.
It laid down the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man’ which highlighted that liberty, Equality etc. were important in a Democracy.
In 1792, France became a Republic.
Phase Three Monitory Democracy
(term coined by John Keane)- After World War II
Increase citizen ability to control the state which is organized on the basis of representative democracy
Public integrity commissionsJudicial activismLocal courtsWorkplace tribunalsCitizens assembliesThink tanksThe InternetEtc.
How much power do they have? And whose interests do they serve?
Key
The Values of Democracy and representation.pptAhmadSabiq6
This document discusses the history and development of representation and democracy. It notes that while some simple elements of democracy existed long ago, modern democracy with widespread equality is a recent phenomenon. Representative democracy emerged in Europe during the Middle Ages when kings began consulting with nobles and bishops on taxation. This system evolved over time and was transformed by revolutions in England, America, and France in the 17th-18th centuries, where representative assemblies grew in power at the expense of kings. Today, representation and democracy allow all citizens to vote regardless of wealth or status.
Democracy in ancient and modern civilizationsAfshan Ejaz
The document provides an overview of the origins and evolution of democracy throughout history. It discusses early civilizations like Chinese River Valley, Indus Valley, Egyptian, and Mesopotamian civilizations. It then covers the rise of democracy in ancient Greece and its spread and adoption in other societies over time, including developments in democratic systems and principles in locations like India, England, and North America. The document traces democracy's progression from its origins to modern times.
The earliest democracy began in Athens in 510 BC where initially they had a monarchy and later a tyranny system. In 800 BC an oligarchy system ruled but the Athenians wanted a just system so democracy was established. In Athens, 500 citizens were selected each year to make laws and all citizens could vote. However, only men could vote, not women, children or slaves. Most modern democracies follow an indirect democracy system with representatives rather than direct democracy.
The document provides background information on several major historical events and time periods. It discusses the impact of the fall of the Roman Empire, including the rise of feudalism in Western Europe. It also summarizes the economic and political structures of feudalism. Additionally, it covers the French Revolution and its immediate aftermath, as well as the establishment of communist rule under Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union.
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
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Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
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2. Which groups should
have the power to make
the rules at WHS?
• principal
• teachers
• student council
• students
• other (specify)
2.1
2
3. Comparing Forms of Government
(Introduction)
The United Nation is an international organization
that is intended to promote peace and human
rights throughout the world. In 2013, there are
representatives from 193 different countries.
The governments of these countries are mainly
democracies. A few delegates represent monarchies
and an even smaller number represent dictatorships.
The Countries of the United Nations have very different
populations, forms of governments and economic
systems.
2.1
4. Section 2 - The Origins and Evolution of
Government
All societies, large and small, develop some
form of government.
During prehistoric times, when small bands
of hunter-gatherers wandered the Earth in
search of food and game, the government
might have been as simple as a few elders
making decisions for the group.
The tribes settled down into permanent
villages due to the invention of farming. This
triggered a change to more formal systems
of governments. Governments had to
change to meet the needs of the new more
complex societies they ruled.
5. Origins -
From City-States to Empires
Over time, some farming villages grew into cities and city-states.
City State: A sovereign state consisting of a city and
its surrounding territory
Around 3000 B.C.E., the first city-states arose in Sumer, a region
located in what is today southern Iraq.
Gradually, power in many city-states became moved to a single
ruler. The strongest of these rulers conquered neighboring city-
states to create the world’s first empires.
Rulers often declared that the gods had given them the right to
rule. (Divine right of kings)Some rulers even claimed to be gods
themselves. As power passed from father to son in these early
empires, monarchy became the most common form of
government in the ancient world.
2.2 5
6. The Origins and Evolution of Government
Direct Democracy - Greece
In the fifth century the Greek city-state of Athens made a
radical change in its form of government and was no longer
ruled by kings and landowners.
The Athenians reorganized their city-state as a direct
democracy
Direct Democracy: a form of government in which citizens
make public decisions directly, either in an assembly or
through a popular vote
The Athenian leader Pericles explained that “Our constitution is
a democracy because power is in the hands …of the whole
people “. All free men made all the decisions and took turns
holding office. However, women, slaves, and foreign-born
people living in Athens were not allowed to participate in the
government.2.1
6
7. The Origins and Evolution of Government
Representative Democracy- Early Forms of People Power
-Rome-
In 509 B.C.E., the Roman people overthrew their
monarchy and turned Rome into a republic. Over
time, the Romans set up a representative democracy.
Representative Democracy: a form of government in
which elected representatives make public decisions
for their citizens
Free men divided into two leadership groups: wealthy
and common. The wealthy had more power and
appointed senators to make the laws.
The Roman Republic lasted nearly 500 years. During
that time, officials elected by Rome’s citizens continued
to head the government.
2.1
7
8. The Middle Ages:
Feudalism
In 31 B.C.E., after 20 years of civil war, the
Roman Empire was established. Power passed
from elected leaders to emperors who held
absolute power for life.
In parts of Europe once ruled by mighty Rome, the
empire broke into tiny districts, each ruled by a
duke, lord, king, or other noble.
There was no strong central government to provide
security, each district had to look out for itself. It
often made sense for weak nobles to look to a
nearby, more powerful neighbor for protection. The
powerful lord or local king protected the people in
exchange for their land. In this way, some lords
gained control of very large areas.2.1
8
9. The Middle Ages: Feudalism
(continued)
Many lords acquired more land than they could
manage. They began granting pieces of land, called
fiefs, to tenants. In return, the tenant became the
lord’s vassal. This system was know as feudalism.
Feudalism: exchanging the use of land for military
and other services.
The vassals also had political obligations. For
example, they all sat together at the lord’s court to
help settle disputes and make laws. Europe’s
parliaments developed from meetings of vassals
called by a lord or king.
2.1
9
10. The Middle Ages: From Feudalism to
Nation-States
The 1300s saw the rise of absolute
monarchies, or governments headed
by hereditary rulers who claimed
unlimited powers.
By the 1700s, several European
countries had become nation-states
headed by absolute monarchs. These
all-powerful rulers based their
legitimacy on the divine right of kings
theory.
2.1
10
11. The Age of Revolutions:
Democracies and Dictatorships
Some monarchs ruled with the best interests of their people in
mind. Others ruled as despots, or tyrants, who used their
power for selfish ends.
Growing dissatisfaction with this form of government triggered a
series of world-altering revolutions, first in Europe and then in
the American colonies.
The Glorious Revolution, also known as the Bloodless
Revolution, led to the establishment of Europe’s first
constitutional monarchy: a system of government in which the
powers of the monarch are limited by a constitution, either
written or unwritten
2.1
11
12. The Age of Revolutions:
Democracies and Dictatorships
The second of these revolutions began in 1775 when
American colonists rebelled against what they saw as
British tyranny. The American Revolution led to the
creation of the first modern constitutional democracy—a
government based on a written constitution
A third revolution broke out in 1789, when the French
people took up arms against their king. At first the
French Revolution seemed likely to produce another
constitutional democracy. Instead it took a radical turn
and eventually collapsed into chaos. In time Napoleon
Bonaparte restored order, but only by establishing an
authoritarian regime—a system of government in which
the state exercises broad control over the lives of its
citizens.
2.1
12
13. Totalitarianism
Napoleon’s approach to governing set the stage for rise of
Totalitarianism in the 20th century. A totalitarian government is an
extreme form of a government that seeks to control almost every
aspect of its citizens’ lives.
Twentieth-century totalitarianism dates back to the Russian
Revolution of 1917. That revolution overthrew the Russian
monarchy. The revolutionaries established the Soviet Union as the
world’s first state based on communism.
Communism: a system of government in which a single political
party controls both the government and the economy; also, the
theories developed by Karl Marx regarding the development of
an ideal, classless society.
Communism appealed to many people in the 1900s. It led to the
creation of totalitarian states, first in the Soviet Union and later in
other countries, such as China, Vietnam, and Cuba. In these
states, dictators like Joseph Stalin used spies, secret police, and
government censors to stop all opposition.2.1
13
14. Totalitarianism
A form of Totalitarianism known as fascism first
appeared during the 1920s
fascism: a totalitarian system in which businesses remain
in private hands but under government control
Fascism is like communism because both have control of
citizens’ lives. Unlike communism, however, fascism allows
businesses to remain in private ownership under government
control. Benito Mussolini, the fascist dictator of Italy, used his
power to turn his country into a police state.
A third type of totalitarianism, Nazism, started in Germany.
Nazism is a variety of fascism built in part on the myth of
racial superiority. After taking power in Germany in
1933, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler launched an extermination
campaign against Jews, Gypsies, and other groups he
defined as “undesirable.”
2.1
14
17. Section 3
Forms of Government in Today's World
With the exception of Antarctica, the landmasses on Earth
are divided into nation-states. Almost all have some form of
functioning government.
These governments fall into three major groups:
1. rule by the one (monarchies and dictatorships)
1. rule by the few (theocracies and single-party states)
1. rule by the many (parliamentary and presidential
democracies).
2.1
17
19. Monarchy:
a A system of government in which
a single ruler has supreme
power based on heredity or
divine right
2.1
19
Pros (+) Cons (-)
• Efficient way of carrying out
decisions and policies since
decisions are made by one
person
• Clear line of succession -
Citizens know who is next in
line for the throne
• Loyalty to the monarch holds
• Quality of leadership can vary
• Dramatically different from
one generation to the next
• Job of running a modern
nation state has become too
big for any ,but the most
exceptional monarchs to do
well
20. Modern Monarchies
Today’s monarchs go by many names, including king, queen,
sultan, emperor, and Amir. Most have inherited their power and
expect to rule for life. But the modern monarch’s power is rarely as
great as in the days of Louis XIV and other absolute monarchs
Most monarchs today face strict legal restrictions on their power,
often imposed by a constitution.
A British monarch, for example, has the formal authority to call
elections and appoint a new prime minister. However, most jobs
are ceremonial. Real power rests with Great Britain’s
democratically elected leaders.
In contrast, Saudi Arabia’s king exercises broad powers. He
inherits his position and has legislative, executive, and judicial
powers. Only Islamic law and Saudi traditions limit his powers.
2.1
20
21. Dictatorship:
A system of government in which a single person
takes and holds power by force. The leader controls
the military and police.
2.1
21
Pros (+) Cons (-)
• Power is in the hands of a
single military or political
leader who can get things
done efficiently
• Control of the military and
police allows the dictator to
maintain peace and order
• Power can be used to abuse
citizens who oppose the
dictator
• Dictators face serious
legitimacy problems and
citizens may want a new
leader.
22. Modern Dictatorship
Muammar al-Gaddafi, took control
of Libya in a military coup, in 1969.
A coup is the sudden overthrow of a
government by a small group of
military officers or political leaders.
In February 2011, growing
discontent led to a wave of protests
in Libya, calling for an end to
Gaddafi's rule. Months later, he was
overthrown.
Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire’s longtime
dictator, embezzled over $5 billion
from his country.
2.1
22
Red colored countries are
authoritarian, and most often
dictatorships. Most current
dictatorships are in Africa and
Asia.
Examples of 20th century dictators
23. Theocracy:
A system of government headed by a religious leader.
In ancient city-states, theocracies were common.
2.1
23
Pros (+) Cons (-)
• Single, state-supported
religion encourages political
and social unity
• Political decisions are in line
with the people’s moral
values and beliefs
• Difficult to enforce religious
unity as the country grows
larger
• Religious minorities may not
have power or may be
mistreated
• Religious warfare may break
out
24. Modern Theocracy
By 2007, only two theocracies existed in the world:
Vatican City and Iran. Vatican City is the governmental
and spiritual center of the Catholic Church. Although
located in the heart of Rome, Italy, it is an independent
state headed by the Catholic pope.
Iran changed from a monarchy to a theocracy in 1979.
That year, Iranians expelled their hereditary ruler and
formed an Islamic republic headed by a religious leader
known as the Ayatollah Khomeini.
2.1
24
25. Single-Party State:
A government in which only one political party is allowed to
rule under the constitution.
Rule by the political elite or leaders of the party who have
more power or wealth then others
2.1
25
Pros (+) Cons (-)
• Easier to pass laws by
avoiding the political
arguing common in multi-
party states
• The views of the party elite
may differ from the
interests of the people as a
whole, leading to social
unrest
• People with differing
political views are often
shut out of the political
process
26. Modern Single-Party States
There are a few single-party states today and they are mainly
socialist republics, in which the Communist Party rules. In
Vietnam, for example, the Communist Party is the only legal
political party. Syria is an example of a non-communist single-
party state. It is controlled by the Ba’ath Party, which supports
Arab nationalism and unity. Other single-party countries
include: Cuba, China, North Korea, Laos and Sahrawi Arab
Democratic Republic.
2.1
26
Brown color represents current single
party countries
Green color represents past single
party countries
27. Direct Democracy:
A system of government in which public decisions are
made directly by citizens meeting together in an
assembly or voting by ballot
In the direct democracy of ancient Athens, several thousand
citizens met regularly as an assembly to make decisions for
their city-state.
2.1
27
Pros (+) Cons (-)
• Each citizen has an equal
say in public affairs
• Decisions have widespread
support
• Very time-consuming for
citizens
28. Modern Direct-Democracies
In the modern world, no country is governed as a pure
direct democracy. The country that comes closest is
Switzerland. Swiss citizens regularly vote to approve
laws passed by their legislature. Citizens may also
propose laws and submit them directly to voters. Voter
turnout is often low, because people are tired of
frequent elections.
Limited forms of direct democracy exist in the United
States. One is the New England town meeting, where
townspeople meet to discuss and solve local problems.
Public policy can also be changed through the
referendum process. Citizens may also be able to vote
an elected official out of office by means of a recall
election.
2.1
28
29. Parliamentary and Presidential Forms of
Democratic Governments
Most countries today have adopted one of two forms of representative democracy:
1. parliamentary democracy
2. presidential democracy.
Both forms use elections to choose national leaders, but they are different in other ways.
2.1
29
30. Parliamentary Democracy:
A system of government in which voters elect
lawmakers to represent them in the nation’s
parliament; The leaders of the executive branch
come from the ruling party in parliament.
2.1
30
Pros (+) Cons (-)
• members of the legislative majority
usually vote with the prime minister
or chancellor on key issues, making
it easier to get laws passed.
• no clear-cut separation between the
executive and legislative, so
no real check on the prime minister’s
powers
• prime minister can be forced to
resign, leading to an unstable
government
31. Modern Parliamentary Democracies
The United Kingdom, India, and Australia are
examples of parliamentary democracies.
In a parliamentary democracy the voters elect
lawmakers to represent them in the nation’s
parliament. The legislative majority then selects
a member of parliament to serve as the nation’s
prime minister, or chief executive.
In a parliamentary democracy, there is no real
separation between the executive and
legislative branches of government.
Prime ministers remain in power only as long
as they have the support of the parliament. If
the parliament has a vote of no confidence, the
prime minister must resign
2.1
31
32. Presidential Democracy:::
A system of government in which voters elect lawmakers to
represent them in the legislature and a president to lead the
government as head of the executive branch
2.1
32
Pros (+) Cons (-)
• President may be more
responsive to the public than
to the party
• Separation of executive and
legislative
• Powers allow each branch to
watch over the other to
prevent abuses of power
• Fixed terms of office creates
• No easy way to remove an
unpopular president from
power
• Gridlock may result when a
president is not from the
party that controls the
legislature
• Difficult to remove the
president from office before
their terms end
33. Modern Presidential Democracies
The U.S. was not formed as a pure democracy, but as a
republic where voters elect representatives and electors
Most modern democracies are organized as a representative
republic, where citizens vote in elections with two or more
people who run for office. These people have actual powers to
change current laws in the country and bring about reforms
(either more liberal or more conservative).
The reason why democracy has succeeded over every other
form of government is because people have a peaceful way of
removing leaders they no longer want.
2.1
33
34. 2.1
34
Greener colors represent
Democratic Countries
Modern Presidential Democracies - continued
The United States, Russia, and most countries in Latin America
are presidential democracies.
Countries categorized by the Democracy Index 2011 as Full democracy
include: Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, New Zealand, Australia,
Switzerland, Canada, Finland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Ireland, Austria,
Germany, Malta, Czech Republic, Uruguay, United Kingdom, United States,
Costa Rica, Japan, South Korea, Belgium, Mauritius and Spain
Democracies that are troubled with one or more of the following problems: Non-
Elected people have a Strong Say in Government, Voter Fraud, Election Non-
Recognition, Frequent government overthrows (coups). A list of such countries
would include: Mexico, Venezuela, Ukraine, Russia, Iran, Most of Sub-Saharan
Africa, Thailand, Italy, Lebanon, and Egypt.
Which groups should have the power to make the rules at WHS?principal • teachers • student council • students • other (specify)
Comparing Forms of Government(Introduction)The United Nation is an international organization that is intended to promote peace and human rights throughout the world. In 2013, there are representatives from 193 different countries. The governments of these countries are mainly democracies. A few delegates represent monarchies and an even smaller number represent dictatorships.The Countries of the United Nations have very different populations, forms of governments and economic systems.
Section 2 - The Origins and Evolution of GovernmentAll societies, large and small, develop some form of government.During prehistoric times, when small bands of hunter-gatherers wandered the Earth in search of food and game, the government might have been as simple as a few elders making decisions for the group.The tribes settled down into permanent villages due to the invention of farming. This triggered a change to more formal systems of governments. Governments had to change to meet the needs of the new more complex societies they ruled.
Origins -From City-States to EmpiresOver time, some farming villages grew into cities and city-states.City State - A sovereign state consisting of a city and its surrounding territory Around 3000 B.C.E., the first city-states arose in Sumer, a region located in what is today southern Iraq.Gradually, power in many city-states became moved to a single ruler. The strongest of these rulers conquered neighboring city-states to create the world’s first empires.Rulers often declared that the gods had given them the right to rule. (Divine right of kings)Some rulers even claimed to be gods themselves. As power passed from father to son in these early empires, monarchy became the most common form of government in the ancient world.
The Origins and Evolution of Government Direct Democracy – GreeceIn the fifth century the Greek city-state of Athens made a radical change in its form of government and was no longer ruled by kings and landowners. The Athenians reorganized their city-state as a direct democracy Direct Democracy: a form of government in which citizens make public decisions directly, either in an assembly or through a popular voteThe Athenian leader Pericles explained that “Our constitution is a democracy because power is in the hands …of the whole people “. Allfree men made all the decisions and took turns holding office. However, women, slaves, and foreign-born people living in Athens were not allowed to participate in the government.
The Origins and Evolution of Government Representative Democracy- Early Forms of People Power-Rome-In 509 B.C.E., the Roman people overthrew their monarchy and turned Rome into a republic. Over time, the Romans set up arepresentative democracy.Representative Democracy: a form of government in which elected representatives make public decisions for their citizens Free men divided into two leadership groups: wealthy and common. The wealthy had more power and appointed senators to make the laws. The Roman Republic lasted nearly 500 years. During that time, officials elected by Rome’s citizens continued to head the government.
The Middle Ages: Feudalism In 31 B.C.E., after 20 years of civil war, the Roman Empire was established. Power passed from elected leaders to emperors who held absolute power for life.In parts of Europe once ruled by mighty Rome, the empire broke into tiny districts, each ruled by a duke, lord, king, or other noble.There was no strong central government to provide security, each district had to look out for itself. It often made sense for weak nobles to look to a nearby, more powerful neighbor for protection. The powerful lord or local king protected the people in exchange for their land. In this way, some lords gained control of very large areas.
The Middle Ages: Feudalism(continued)Many lords acquired more land than they could manage. They began granting pieces of land, called fiefs, to tenants. In return, the tenant became the lord’s vassal. This system was know as feudalism. Feudalism: exchanging the use of land for military and other services.The vassals also had political obligations. For example, they all sat together at the lord’s court to help settle disputes and make laws. Europe’s parliaments developed from meetings of vassals called by a lord or king.
The Middle Ages: From Feudalism to Nation-StatesThe 1300s saw the rise of absolutemonarchies, or governments headed by hereditary rulers who claimed unlimited powers.By the 1700s, several European countries had become nation-states headed by absolute monarchs. These all-powerful rulers based their legitimacy on the divine right of kings theory.
The Age of Revolutions: Democracies and DictatorshipsSome monarchs ruled with the best interests of their people in mind. Others ruled as despots, or tyrants, who used their power for selfish ends. Growing dissatisfaction with this form of government triggered a series of world-altering revolutions, first in Europe and then in the American colonies.The Glorious Revolution, also known as the Bloodless Revolution, led to the establishment of Europe’s first constitutional monarchy: a system of government in which the powers of the monarch are limited by a constitution, either written or unwritten
The Age of Revolutions: Democracies and DictatorshipsThe second of these revolutions began in 1775 when American colonists rebelled against what they saw as British tyranny. The American Revolution led to the creation of the first modern constitutional democracy—a government based on a written constitutionA third revolution broke out in 1789, when the French people took up arms against their king. At first the French Revolution seemed likely to produce another constitutional democracy. Instead it took a radical turn and eventually collapsed into chaos. In time Napoleon Bonaparte restored order, but only by establishing an authoritarian regime—a system of government in which the state exercises broad control over the lives of its citizens.
TotalitarianismNapoleon’s approach to governing set the stage for rise of Totalitarianism in the 20th century. A totalitarian government is an extreme form of a government that seeks to control almost every aspect of its citizens’ lives.Twentieth-century totalitarianism dates back to the Russian Revolution of 1917. That revolution overthrew the Russian monarchy. The revolutionaries established the Soviet Union as the world’s first state based on communism. Communism: a system of government in which a single political party controls both the government and the economy; also, the theories developed by Karl Marx regarding the development of an ideal, classless society.Communism appealed to many people in the 1900s. It led to the creation of totalitarian states, first in the Soviet Union and later in other countries, such as China, Vietnam, and Cuba. In these states, dictators like Joseph Stalin used spies, secret police, and government censors to stop all opposition.
TotalitarianismA form of Totalitarianism known as fascism first appeared during the 1920sfascism: a totalitarian system in which businesses remain in private hands but under government controlFascism is like communism because both have control of citizens’ lives. Unlike communism, however, fascism allows businesses to remain in private ownership under government control. Benito Mussolini, the fascist dictator of Italy, used his power to turn his country into a police state.A third type of totalitarianism, Nazism, started in Germany. Nazism is a variety of fascism built in part on the myth of racial superiority. After taking power in Germany in 1933, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler launched an extermination campaign against Jews, Gypsies, and other groups he defined as “undesirable.”
Review – Three Forms of Totalitarianism Communism Key CharacteristicsThe Communist Party holds supreme powerBelief that the state should control the economyBrutal suppression of oppositionHostility to religion ad Human RightsFascism Key Characteristics Dictator holds supreme powerBelief that everyone should serve the stateExtreme nationalism (devotion to your country)Glorification of the militaryUse of censorship and terror to stop oppositionNazism Key Characteristics The Nazi Party holds supreme powerBelief in racial superiorityAggressive territorial expansionElimination of “inferior” minoritiesRejection of democracy and civil liberties
DemocraticTimeline
Section 3 - Forms of Government in Today's WorldWith the exception of Antarctica, the landmasses on Earth are divided into nation-states. Almost all have some form of functioning government.These governments fall into three major groups: rule by the one (monarchies and dictatorships)rule by the few (theocracies and single-party states)rule by the many (parliamentary and presidential democracies).
World Map –Most countries in the World today are Presidential Democracies
Monarchy: a system of government in whicha single ruler has supremepower based on heredity ordivine rightProsEfficient way of carrying out decisions and policies since decisions are made by one personClear line of succession - Citizens know who is next in line for the throneLoyalty to the monarch holds the nation togetherConsQuality of leadership can varyDramatically different from one generation to the nextJob of running a modern nation state has become too big for any ,but the most exceptional monarchs to do well
Modern MonarchiesToday’s monarchs go by many names, including king, queen, sultan, emperor, and Amir. Most have inherited their power and expect to rule for life. But the modern monarch’s power is rarely as great as in the days of Louis XIV and other absolute monarchsMost monarchs today face strict legal restrictions on their power, often imposed by a constitution. A British monarch, for example, has the formal authority to call elections and appoint a new prime minister. However, most jobs are ceremonial. Real power rests with Great Britain’s democratically elected leaders.In contrast, Saudi Arabia’s king exercises broad powers. He inherits his position and has legislative, executive, and judicial powers. Only Islamic law and Saudi traditions limit his powers.
Dictatorship:A system of government in which a single person takes and holds power by force. The leader controls the military and police.ProsPower is centralized in the hands of a single military or political leader who can get things done efficientlyControl of the military and police allows dictator to maintain peace and orderConsPower can be used to abuse citizens who oppose the dictatorDictators face serious legitimacy problems and citizens may want a new leader.
Modern DictatorshipMuammar al-Gaddafi, took control of Libya in a military coup, in 1969. A coup is the sudden overthrow of a government by a small group of military officers or political leaders. In February 2011, growing discontent led to a wave of protests in Libya, calling for an end to Gaddafi's rule. Months later, he was overthrown. Most current dictatorships are in Africa and Asia.Mobutu SeseSeko, Zaire’s longtime dictator, embezzled over $5 billion from his country
Theocracy:A system of government headed by a religious leader. In ancient city-states, theocracies were common.Pros:Single, state-supported religion encourages political and social unityPolitical decisions are in line with the people’s moral values and beliefsCons:Difficult to enforce religious unity as the country grows largerReligious minorities may not have power or may be mistreatedReligious warfare may break out
Modern TheocracyBy 2007, only two theocracies existed in the world: Vatican City and Iran. Vatican City is the governmental and spiritual center of the Catholic Church. Although located in the heart of Rome, Italy, it is an independent state headed by the Catholic pope.Iran changed from a monarchy to a theocracy in 1979. That year, Iranians expelled their hereditary ruler and formed an Islamic republic headed by a religious leader known as the Ayatollah Khomeini.
Single-Party StateA governmentin which only one political party is allowed to rule under the constitution. Rule by the political elite or leaders of the party who have more power or wealth then others.ProsEasier to pass laws by avoiding the political arguing common in multi-party statesConsThe views of the party elite may differ from the interests of the people as a whole, leading to social unrestPeople with differing political views are often shut out of the political process
Modern Single-Party StatesThere are a few single-party states today and they are mainly socialist republics, in which the Communist Party rules. In Vietnam, for example, the Communist Party is the only legal political party. Syria is an example of a non-communist single-party state. It is controlled by the Ba’ath Party, which supports Arab nationalism and unity. Other single-party countries include: Cuba, China, North Korea, Laos and Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
Direct Democracy:A system of government in which public decisions are made directly by citizens meeting together in an assembly or voting by ballotIn the direct democracy of ancient Athens, several thousand citizens met regularly as an assembly to make decisions for their city-state. Pros:Each citizen has an equal say in public affairsDecisions have widespread supportCons:Very time-consuming for citizens
Modern Direct-DemocraciesIn the modern world, no country is governed as a pure direct democracy. The country that comes closest is Switzerland. Swiss citizens regularly vote to approve laws passed by their legislature. Citizens may also propose laws and submit them directly to voters. Voter turnout is often low, because people are tired of frequent elections.Limited forms of direct democracy exist in the United States. One is the New England town meeting, where townspeople meet to discuss and solve local problems. Public policy can also be changed through the referendum process. Citizens may also be able to vote an elected official out of office by means of a recall election.
Parliamentary and Presidential Forms of Democratic Governments Most countries today have adopted one of two forms of representative democracy: parliamentary democracy presidential democracy. Both forms use elections to choose national leaders, but they are different in other ways.Diagram: In a Presidential Democracy citizens vote for their legislators and president. In a Parliamentary Democracy citizens vote for their legislators, but the legislators (parliament) choose the executive (prime minister).
Parliamentary Democracy:A system of government in which voters elect lawmakers to represent them in the nation’s parliament; The leaders of the executive branch come from the ruling party in parliament.Prosmembers of the legislative majority usually vote with the prime minister or chancellor on key issues, making it easier to get laws passed.Consno clear-cut separation between the executive and legislative, so no real check on the prime minister’s powersprime minister can be forced to resign, an unstable government
Modern Parliamentary DemocraciesThe United Kingdom, India, and Australia are examples of parliamentary democracies. In a parliamentary democracy the voters elect lawmakers to represent them in the nation’s parliament. The legislative majority then selects a member of parliament to serve as the nation’s prime minister, or chief executive.In a parliamentary democracy, there is no real separation between the executive and legislative branches of government.Prime ministers remain in power only as long as they have the support of the parliament. If the parliament has a vote of no confidence, the prime minister must resign
Presidential Democracy:A system of government in which voters elect lawmakers to represent them in the legislature and a president to lead the government as head of the executive branch.ProsPresident may be more responsive to the public than to the partySeparation of executive and legislativePowers allows each branch to watch over the other to prevent abuses of powerfixed terms of office creates stabilityConsNo easy way to remove an unpopular president from powerGridlock may result when a president is not from the party that controls the legislatureDifficult to remove the president from office before their terms end
Modern Presidential DemocraciesThe U.S. was not formed as a pure democracy, but as a republic where voters elect representatives and electorsMost modern democracies are organized as a representative republic, where citizens vote in elections with two or more people who run for office. These people have actual powers to change current laws in the country and bring about reforms (either more liberal or more conservative). The reason why democracy has succeeded over every other form of government is because people have a peaceful way of removing leaders they no longer want.
Modern Presidential Democracies – continuedThe United States, Russia, and most countries in Latin America are presidential democracies.Countries categorized by the Democracy Index 2011 as Full democracy include: Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, New Zealand, Australia, Switzerland, Canada, Finland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Ireland, Austria, Germany, Malta, Czech Republic, Uruguay, United Kingdom, United States, Costa Rica, Japan, South Korea, Belgium, Mauritius and SpainDemocracies that are troubled with one or more of the following problems: Non-Elected people have a Strong Say in Government, Voter Fraud, Election Non-Recognition, Frequent government overthrows (coups). A list of such countries would include: Mexico, Venezuela, Ukraine, Russia, Iran, Most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Thailand, Italy, Lebanon, and Egypt.