The labelled lymphocytes in the first case are T lymphocytes (TL) not B lymphocytes (BL). This is because TL recognize antigens presented on MHC, while BL recognize free antigens.
The labelled macrophages that were added in the second case are antigen presenting cells (APC). They present the processed antigen on their MHC II molecules. The labelled lymphocytes that appear after are T helper lymphocytes (TH) that recognize the antigen presented on the APC MHC II through their TCR.
The document discusses the immune system and opportunistic infections in HIV patients. It notes that opportunistic infections are AIDS-defining events in 75% of HIV cases and eventually occur in virtually all AIDS patients. It lists the most common opportunistic infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 65% of cases and oral and esophageal herpes infection in 6% of initial cases. The immune system consists of organs like the spleen, tonsils, bone marrow and lymph nodes that produce B and T cells to fight pathogens.
The document provides information about the lymphatic system and immune system. It discusses the organs and tissues that are part of the lymphatic system, including the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. It describes the barrier defenses of the skin, mucous membranes, and other internal defenses like interferon and phagocytes. It also discusses lymphocytes and the specific immune response involving B cells, T cells, antigens, antibodies, and memory cells. It provides information on immunity and how it can be acquired naturally or artificially through vaccination.
Transplantation refers to transferring cells, tissues or organs from one site to another. The first successful human kidney transplant occurred between identical twins in Boston in 1954. There are four main types of transplants - autograft, isograft, allograft, and xenograft - which differ based on the genetic similarity between the donor and recipient. Autografts have no immune response, while xenografts between different species have the most vigorous rejection response.
The document provides information about kidney transplantation and the CDC crossmatch test. It discusses the two main treatment options for renal failure - dialysis and kidney transplantation. It then describes the CDC crossmatch test, which checks for antibodies in the recipient that could reject the donor kidney by detecting if antibodies bind to lymphocytes. A negative crossmatch means there is low risk of acute rejection, while a positive crossmatch indicates a higher risk.
Adaptive immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through immunoglobulin injection or vaccination. It involves two main mechanisms: humoral immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T lymphocytes. Adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen specificity, diversity, immunological memory, self/non-self discrimination, and anamnestic responses. B and T lymphocytes develop and mature in the bone marrow and thymus, respectively, undergoing selection processes to respond appropriately to pathogens.
This document provides an overview of transplant surgery, including:
1. It describes different types of transplants such as orthotopic, heterotopic, autotransplant, allotransplant, isotransplant, and xenotransplant.
2. It discusses graft rejection and the immune response, including hyperacute, acute, and chronic rejection.
3. It outlines the pretransplant evaluation process for transplant candidates and donors.
4. It provides details on renal transplantation techniques and evaluations of both living and deceased donors.
Adaptive immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through immunoglobulin injection or vaccination. It involves two main mechanisms: humoral immunity where B cells produce antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity where T cells attack foreign material directly or through cytokine release. Adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen specificity, diversity, immunological memory, self/non-self recognition, and anamnestic responses. B and T cells develop through selection processes in the bone marrow and thymus respectively to respond appropriately to pathogens.
The document discusses the immune system and opportunistic infections in HIV patients. It notes that opportunistic infections are AIDS-defining events in 75% of HIV cases and eventually occur in virtually all AIDS patients. It lists the most common opportunistic infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 65% of cases and oral and esophageal herpes infection in 6% of initial cases. The immune system consists of organs like the spleen, tonsils, bone marrow and lymph nodes that produce B and T cells to fight pathogens.
The document provides information about the lymphatic system and immune system. It discusses the organs and tissues that are part of the lymphatic system, including the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. It describes the barrier defenses of the skin, mucous membranes, and other internal defenses like interferon and phagocytes. It also discusses lymphocytes and the specific immune response involving B cells, T cells, antigens, antibodies, and memory cells. It provides information on immunity and how it can be acquired naturally or artificially through vaccination.
Transplantation refers to transferring cells, tissues or organs from one site to another. The first successful human kidney transplant occurred between identical twins in Boston in 1954. There are four main types of transplants - autograft, isograft, allograft, and xenograft - which differ based on the genetic similarity between the donor and recipient. Autografts have no immune response, while xenografts between different species have the most vigorous rejection response.
The document provides information about kidney transplantation and the CDC crossmatch test. It discusses the two main treatment options for renal failure - dialysis and kidney transplantation. It then describes the CDC crossmatch test, which checks for antibodies in the recipient that could reject the donor kidney by detecting if antibodies bind to lymphocytes. A negative crossmatch means there is low risk of acute rejection, while a positive crossmatch indicates a higher risk.
Adaptive immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through immunoglobulin injection or vaccination. It involves two main mechanisms: humoral immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T lymphocytes. Adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen specificity, diversity, immunological memory, self/non-self discrimination, and anamnestic responses. B and T lymphocytes develop and mature in the bone marrow and thymus, respectively, undergoing selection processes to respond appropriately to pathogens.
This document provides an overview of transplant surgery, including:
1. It describes different types of transplants such as orthotopic, heterotopic, autotransplant, allotransplant, isotransplant, and xenotransplant.
2. It discusses graft rejection and the immune response, including hyperacute, acute, and chronic rejection.
3. It outlines the pretransplant evaluation process for transplant candidates and donors.
4. It provides details on renal transplantation techniques and evaluations of both living and deceased donors.
Adaptive immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through immunoglobulin injection or vaccination. It involves two main mechanisms: humoral immunity where B cells produce antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity where T cells attack foreign material directly or through cytokine release. Adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen specificity, diversity, immunological memory, self/non-self recognition, and anamnestic responses. B and T cells develop through selection processes in the bone marrow and thymus respectively to respond appropriately to pathogens.
Immune tolerance refers to a state where an immune response is expected but does not occur. It is induced by prior exposure to an antigen during development of the immune system. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow where T and B cells that strongly react to self-antigens undergo deletion or anergy. This process ensures the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues.
1. The document discusses white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes, which are colorless formed elements of blood that play an important role in the body's defense mechanism.
2. WBCs can be classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) or non-granulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes). Their numbers and types can vary under different physiological and pathological conditions.
3. Both innate and acquired immunity involve WBCs. Innate immunity provides initial defense through cells and proteins. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to specific pathogens and involves T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that provide cellular and humoral immunity respectively.
introduction, history, classification of grafts, transplantation antigens, role of MHC in transplantation, immunology of allogenic transplantation, types of graft rejection, immunology of xenogeneic transplatation, organ trannsplantation.
This document provides an overview of the human immune system and its defenses against disease. It discusses the external barriers of skin and mucus, internal responses like phagocytosis and inflammation, and the adaptive immune system involving B and T cells and antibody production. It covers active and passive immunity, immune responses, antigen recognition, and immune system disorders like autoimmunity, allergy, and AIDS. The immune system provides multilayered defenses that have largely evolved to protect the body from infectious diseases, toxins, and other foreign invaders.
This document provides an overview of antigen processing and presentation. It discusses that antigen processing is needed to generate peptide fragments from proteins that can bind MHC molecules and be recognized by T cells. It describes the separate pathways for endogenous and exogenous antigen processing, which involve the cytosolic and endocytic pathways, respectively. The key steps in each pathway include protein degradation, peptide transport, and loading onto MHC class I or II molecules. The pathways ensure that intracellular and extracellular antigens are presented through distinct MHC complexes to CD8+ or CD4+ T cells to initiate appropriate immune responses.
Immunity and its cells, HLA and transplant rejectionJuliya Susan Reji
Immunity can be innate/natural or adaptive/specific. Innate immunity provides non-specific protection as the first line of defense. Adaptive immunity provides antigen-specific protection through humoral immunity involving antibodies and cellular immunity involving T cells. Organs of the immune system include primary lymphoid organs like the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen. Key immune cells are T and B lymphocytes which develop in the thymus and bone marrow respectively. T cells mediate cellular immunity and B cells mediate humoral immunity through antibody production. The HLA system regulates immune responses and is important for organ transplantation matching. Transplant rejection can be hyperacute, acute or chronic depending on
The document discusses the immune system and its components. It describes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs including the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT. It then explains the cells of the immune system such as lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells), macrophages, and their functions. The document concludes by providing an overview of humoral immunity and the activation and effector phases.
Recognition of transplanted cells is determined by polymorphic MHC genes inherited from both parents. Alloantigen elicit cell-mediated and humoral immune responses from components like antigen presenting cells, B cells, antibodies, and T cells. Cytokines also mediate graft rejection. HLA matching and immunosuppressive drugs are used to minimize rejection, but chronic rejection remains a problem. New methods using genomic analysis and RNA sequencing are being developed to better determine HLA type for transplantation matching.
Immunology of Transplantation and Rejection A. Rakha
This file gives info about transplantation and the immunological problem like tissue rejection. MHC role in transplantation, laws, and types of tissue transplantation. Explains all kinds of tissue rejection and source of tissue. Some immunological terms plus transplantation history, it also includes the genetic basis of Transplantation. Hope it's helpful
The document discusses the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the three lines of defense in the immune system: physical and chemical barriers, nonspecific resistance, and specific resistance. The mechanisms of innate immunity include epithelial surfaces, antibacterial substances, cellular factors, inflammation, fever, and acute phase proteins. Adaptive immunity involves B cells, T cells, and immunological memory. The humoral immune response involves antibody production by B cells, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cell activation and cytotoxic T cells destroying infected cells.
1. Dendritic cell eats bugs and displays antigens to naïve T cells using MHC class II. T cells mature.
2. Neutrophil eats and kills bugs with toxic chemicals. NK cell kills infected cells.
3. Helper T cell tells macrophage to eat bugs and tells B cell to make antibodies. Cytotoxic T cell finds and kills infected cells that display antigens using MHC class I.
4. B cell makes antibodies that coat bugs to neutralize and opsonize them, making them targets for macrophages.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the immune system. It describes the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems, which include lymphoid organs like the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs where T cells and B cells develop. Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue are secondary lymphoid organs that help the immune response. The document also outlines the different immune cells like lymphocytes, their classifications, and origins from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and thymus.
The immune system consists of lymphoid organs that produce and organize immune cells. The primary lymphoid organs, bone marrow and thymus, produce immune cell precursors and allow their maturation. The secondary lymphoid organs, lymph nodes and spleen, facilitate interactions between immune cells and initiate adaptive immune responses. All immune cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. T cells mature in the thymus, while B cells mature in the bone marrow. Natural killer cells do not require an organ for maturation. The immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and others, work together to provide protection from pathogens and other threats
This document discusses lymphocytosis and the approach to evaluating a case of lymphocytosis. It begins by describing lymphopoiesis and the different lymphoid organs and cells involved. It then discusses the development and types of T cells and B cells in detail. The document defines lymphocytosis and lists various primary and secondary/reactive causes of lymphocytosis. It concludes by outlining the evaluation of lymphocytosis, including blood film analysis, cell surface marker characterization, flow cytometry, and other tests.
This document provides an outline and introduction for a report on leukocytes, or white blood cells. It discusses the formation of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It then describes the five main types of leukocytes - lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cells. For each type, it outlines their function and role in the immune system.
The document discusses the structure and function of the immune system. It describes the cells of the innate immune system including phagocytes, eosinophils, natural killer cells, basophils, mast cells, and platelets. It also describes the cells of the acquired immune system including lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. It provides details on the development and roles of lymphocytes, specifically T cells and B cells. It discusses primary and secondary lymphoid organs as well as secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
Lymphocytes are key cells of the immune system that recognize and respond to pathogens. There are three main types: T cells and B cells which mediate adaptive immunity, and NK cells which provide innate immunity. T and B cells mature in central lymphoid organs like the thymus and bone marrow before circulating. Disorders can result from reactive changes in lymph nodes due to infection or malignancies such as lymphomas arising from lymphocytes at different stages of development.
The document describes the key components of the immune system, including cells, molecules, tissues and organs. It discusses how cells such as T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It also outlines the major immune system molecules like cytokines, antibodies, and complement proteins. Key lymphoid organs that support immune responses are described, including the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. Both innate and adaptive immunity are summarized.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Immune tolerance refers to a state where an immune response is expected but does not occur. It is induced by prior exposure to an antigen during development of the immune system. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and bone marrow where T and B cells that strongly react to self-antigens undergo deletion or anergy. This process ensures the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues.
1. The document discusses white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes, which are colorless formed elements of blood that play an important role in the body's defense mechanism.
2. WBCs can be classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) or non-granulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes). Their numbers and types can vary under different physiological and pathological conditions.
3. Both innate and acquired immunity involve WBCs. Innate immunity provides initial defense through cells and proteins. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to specific pathogens and involves T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that provide cellular and humoral immunity respectively.
introduction, history, classification of grafts, transplantation antigens, role of MHC in transplantation, immunology of allogenic transplantation, types of graft rejection, immunology of xenogeneic transplatation, organ trannsplantation.
This document provides an overview of the human immune system and its defenses against disease. It discusses the external barriers of skin and mucus, internal responses like phagocytosis and inflammation, and the adaptive immune system involving B and T cells and antibody production. It covers active and passive immunity, immune responses, antigen recognition, and immune system disorders like autoimmunity, allergy, and AIDS. The immune system provides multilayered defenses that have largely evolved to protect the body from infectious diseases, toxins, and other foreign invaders.
This document provides an overview of antigen processing and presentation. It discusses that antigen processing is needed to generate peptide fragments from proteins that can bind MHC molecules and be recognized by T cells. It describes the separate pathways for endogenous and exogenous antigen processing, which involve the cytosolic and endocytic pathways, respectively. The key steps in each pathway include protein degradation, peptide transport, and loading onto MHC class I or II molecules. The pathways ensure that intracellular and extracellular antigens are presented through distinct MHC complexes to CD8+ or CD4+ T cells to initiate appropriate immune responses.
Immunity and its cells, HLA and transplant rejectionJuliya Susan Reji
Immunity can be innate/natural or adaptive/specific. Innate immunity provides non-specific protection as the first line of defense. Adaptive immunity provides antigen-specific protection through humoral immunity involving antibodies and cellular immunity involving T cells. Organs of the immune system include primary lymphoid organs like the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen. Key immune cells are T and B lymphocytes which develop in the thymus and bone marrow respectively. T cells mediate cellular immunity and B cells mediate humoral immunity through antibody production. The HLA system regulates immune responses and is important for organ transplantation matching. Transplant rejection can be hyperacute, acute or chronic depending on
The document discusses the immune system and its components. It describes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs including the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT. It then explains the cells of the immune system such as lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells), macrophages, and their functions. The document concludes by providing an overview of humoral immunity and the activation and effector phases.
Recognition of transplanted cells is determined by polymorphic MHC genes inherited from both parents. Alloantigen elicit cell-mediated and humoral immune responses from components like antigen presenting cells, B cells, antibodies, and T cells. Cytokines also mediate graft rejection. HLA matching and immunosuppressive drugs are used to minimize rejection, but chronic rejection remains a problem. New methods using genomic analysis and RNA sequencing are being developed to better determine HLA type for transplantation matching.
Immunology of Transplantation and Rejection A. Rakha
This file gives info about transplantation and the immunological problem like tissue rejection. MHC role in transplantation, laws, and types of tissue transplantation. Explains all kinds of tissue rejection and source of tissue. Some immunological terms plus transplantation history, it also includes the genetic basis of Transplantation. Hope it's helpful
The document discusses the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the three lines of defense in the immune system: physical and chemical barriers, nonspecific resistance, and specific resistance. The mechanisms of innate immunity include epithelial surfaces, antibacterial substances, cellular factors, inflammation, fever, and acute phase proteins. Adaptive immunity involves B cells, T cells, and immunological memory. The humoral immune response involves antibody production by B cells, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cell activation and cytotoxic T cells destroying infected cells.
1. Dendritic cell eats bugs and displays antigens to naïve T cells using MHC class II. T cells mature.
2. Neutrophil eats and kills bugs with toxic chemicals. NK cell kills infected cells.
3. Helper T cell tells macrophage to eat bugs and tells B cell to make antibodies. Cytotoxic T cell finds and kills infected cells that display antigens using MHC class I.
4. B cell makes antibodies that coat bugs to neutralize and opsonize them, making them targets for macrophages.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the immune system. It describes the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems, which include lymphoid organs like the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs where T cells and B cells develop. Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue are secondary lymphoid organs that help the immune response. The document also outlines the different immune cells like lymphocytes, their classifications, and origins from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and thymus.
The immune system consists of lymphoid organs that produce and organize immune cells. The primary lymphoid organs, bone marrow and thymus, produce immune cell precursors and allow their maturation. The secondary lymphoid organs, lymph nodes and spleen, facilitate interactions between immune cells and initiate adaptive immune responses. All immune cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. T cells mature in the thymus, while B cells mature in the bone marrow. Natural killer cells do not require an organ for maturation. The immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and others, work together to provide protection from pathogens and other threats
This document discusses lymphocytosis and the approach to evaluating a case of lymphocytosis. It begins by describing lymphopoiesis and the different lymphoid organs and cells involved. It then discusses the development and types of T cells and B cells in detail. The document defines lymphocytosis and lists various primary and secondary/reactive causes of lymphocytosis. It concludes by outlining the evaluation of lymphocytosis, including blood film analysis, cell surface marker characterization, flow cytometry, and other tests.
This document provides an outline and introduction for a report on leukocytes, or white blood cells. It discusses the formation of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It then describes the five main types of leukocytes - lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cells. For each type, it outlines their function and role in the immune system.
The document discusses the structure and function of the immune system. It describes the cells of the innate immune system including phagocytes, eosinophils, natural killer cells, basophils, mast cells, and platelets. It also describes the cells of the acquired immune system including lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. It provides details on the development and roles of lymphocytes, specifically T cells and B cells. It discusses primary and secondary lymphoid organs as well as secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
Lymphocytes are key cells of the immune system that recognize and respond to pathogens. There are three main types: T cells and B cells which mediate adaptive immunity, and NK cells which provide innate immunity. T and B cells mature in central lymphoid organs like the thymus and bone marrow before circulating. Disorders can result from reactive changes in lymph nodes due to infection or malignancies such as lymphomas arising from lymphocytes at different stages of development.
The document describes the key components of the immune system, including cells, molecules, tissues and organs. It discusses how cells such as T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It also outlines the major immune system molecules like cytokines, antibodies, and complement proteins. Key lymphoid organs that support immune responses are described, including the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. Both innate and adaptive immunity are summarized.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
3. • Pathogens, which are infectious particles such as bacteria, viruses,
worms and parasites exist enormously all around us. However, it is
very rare we fall ill. Why?
• Body 1st line of defense!
• skin,
• Saliva
• tears
• acid in stomach
• Normal flora
Introduction:
What if the pathogen crossed the 1st line of defense?
• If the infectious particle crossed the natural barrier, the immune
system intervenes. T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 3
4. What is immune system made up of and what
is its function?
• Immune System is made up of organs and cells that secrete
molecules.
• Role: The immune system distinguishes between self and non self,
and neutralizes and/or eliminates non-self-antigens recognized as
foreign.
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 4
5. How the immune system does distinguish the
self from non-self?
• The body possess self-markers, which present the identity of
individual. There are 2 types of markers: MHC and Blood group
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 5
6. Document 1: HLA: a major “self” marker
• Types of Graft
• What are the 3 types of graft?
• Auto graft: the donor and the recipient are the same individual
• Isograft: the donor and the recipient are genetically identical ( example:
identical twins)
• Allograft: the donor and the recipient are genetically different
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 6
8. • In the 3 cases, autograft, isograft and allograft, the grafts show
vascularization around them after 2 days of grafting. while after one
week, only in case of auto and isograft the graft is integrated with the
neighboring cells while redness and edema appear in the case of
allograft; leading finally to acceptance in case of autograft and isograft
while rejected in allograft
• This means that grafted organ is accepted only in case of autograft
and isograft (between genetically identical individuals) while rejected
in allograft (between genetically different individuals), and the
reaction of body toward graft starts after 7 days.
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 8
9. What is the factor responsible of graft
acceptance/rejection?
• Analyze doc. b: p: 114 + Conclude
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 9
10. • In Euro-transplant study, the percentage of survival of transplant is 73%
when the number of incompatibilities in HLA-A and HLA-B between the
donor and the recipient is zero. When the number of incompatibilities
increases to 4, the percentage of transplant survival decreases to 60%.
• Similarly, in Oxford study, the percentage of survival of transplant is 85%
when the number of incompatibilities in HLA-DR between the donor and
the recipient is zero. When the number of incompatibilities increases to 2,
the percentage of transplant survival decreases to 55%. T
• his indicates that the percentage of transplant survival is inversely
proportional to the number of incompatibilities in HLA-DR between the
donor and recipient.
• Conclusion: We can conclude that the graft acceptance (as in autograft and
isograft) or rejection (as in allograft) depends on the percentage of
compatibility of HLA between the donor and the recipient
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 10
11. Organization and Expression of MHC:
• MHC is membrane glycoprotein
coded by 6 highly polymorphic
genes.
• There are 2 classes of MHC:
• MHC class I:
• coded by genes: A, B and C.
• Expressed by: all nucleated cells.
• MHC class II:
• coded by genes: DP, DQ, DR:
• Expressed by: some immune cells
(macrophage)
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 11
12. Organization and Expression of MHC:
• MHC is highly polymorphic since:
• Each gene of the genes coding for MHC have high number of alleles
• All these alleles are codominant.
• The genes of MHC are absolutely linked on chromosome 6 and are
transmitted from parents to children as a block.
• Each set of MHC genes on a chromosome is called haplotype. So each
individual inherits 1 haplotype from each of his parents
• That is why probability for 2 siblings to have same MHC is ¼.
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 12
14. Document 3: The non self
Introduction:
• The non- self are every that are not considered as a self
So what is a self?
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 14
15. What is an immunological self?
• An immunological self is considered as self by immune system and
thus is tolerated.
• In all nucleated body cells protein molecules are fragmented into
peptides that are presented on the cell surface associated to HLA
molecules: this association is called “immunological self”
• So immunological self = HLA + self-peptide associated to it
• Moreover, agglutinogens present on self-red blood cells are self-
molecules
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 15
16. Pathogens:
• Definition: Pathogens are infectious agents that can cause infect other
living organism (invade and grow)
• Types of pathogens:
• Non microscopic such as worms
• Microscopic: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa. Note: virus is not a living
thing.
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 16
17. Pathogens:
• Ways of transmission of pathogens:
• Direct:
• Through blood
• Direct skin contact
• Placenta (from mother to fetus)
• Sexual contact
• Indirect:
• Food
• Air
• Water
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 17
18. Antigen:
• Definition: Is a large molecule (protein or complex carbohydrate) that
can trigger an immune response
• Types of antigens:
Free: Carried by a cell: Carried by
particle
Toxin, snake
venom, vaccine
• MHC (in case of allograft)
• Agglutinogen (RBC) in case
of wrong blood transfusion
• Antigen carried by bacteria
• Important: Ag by modified
self. Example: tumor cell,
infected cell. These cells carry
self MHC + non- self peptide
(see figure below)
Virus
Pollen grain
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 18
19. Modified Self cell: is considered as non- self since it expresses a non- self peptide, or
a peptide that is not usually expressed by body cell (due to mutation)
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 19
20. Document 4: Cells of the Immune System
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 20
21. The plasma cell has more Golgi body,
more RER (rough endoplasmic
reticulum) and larger cytoplasm. Thus
it is more adapted to protein synthesis
(it is now able to produce antibodies or
immunoglobulins)
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 21
23. Functions of primary lymphoid organs.
• Interpret document (a) p: 123 then conclude • Exp. 1 & 2: Mice of lot A, which still
have their thymus, and which were
subject to bone marrow graft, produce B
and T lymphocytes, whereas mice of lot
B, which only have bone marrow grafted,
produce mature B lymphocytes and
immature T lymphocyte. This indicates
that T lymphocyte maturation occurs in
the thymus, while that of B
lymphocytes occurs in the bone
marrow.
• Exp. 1 & 3: unlike lot A, mice of lot c,
which were deprived of the bone marrow
but have a grafted thymus, do not produce
T or B lymphocytes. This indicates that
T and B lymphocytes are produced in
the bone marrow.
Mic
e
Experiment realized Result obtained
A Irradiation + graft of
bone marrow
Production of B and T
lymphocytes
B Ablation of the thymus
+ rradiation + graft of
bone marrow
Production of immature
T lymphocytes and
mature B lymphocytes
C Ablation of the thymus
+ irradiation + graft of
thymus
There is no production
of T or B lymphocytes
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 23
24. • Conclusion:
• We conclude that bone marrow is responsible of production of B and T
lymphocytes in addition to maturation of B lymphocytes. And Thymus
is responsible of maturation of T lymphocytes.
• Note: Nude mice do not have a thymus: they will have mature B
cells since their bone marrow is normal but due to the absence of
thymus, their T cells are not matured.
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 24
25. Maturation of lymphocytes
• Definition:
• Genetic mechanism by which lymphocytes become
immunocompetent, that is functional. Their receptors (Ab or
TCR) bind only to non-self-antigens or peptides. Tolerate self and
attack non-self.
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 25
26. Mechanism of maturation
• Maturation of B lymphocytes
• Maturation of B lymphocytes occur in bone marrow by one step of
selection: B lymphocytes that have receptors against self-antigens are
eliminated, while others are preserved
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 26
27. Mechanism of maturation
• Maturation of T lymphocytes: By double selection
• T lymphocytes present in the body should recognize self-HLA and
should not recognize self-peptide. If T lymphocytes can bind against
cells having self-HLA and self-peptide then they can react against self.
That is why the maturation of T lymphocytes occurs by a double
selection:
• 1st T-lymphocytes whose receptors can bind to HLA molecules of self are
preserved while the others are eliminated.
• 2nd The remained T lymphocytes are selected in second step: if they bind to
self-peptide, they will be eliminated while others are preserved.
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 27
29. Secondary lymphoid organs:
• Lymph nodes: lymph nodes are distributed around lymphatic vessel
that contain lymph which is a colorless liquid collected from between
the cells .
• Role: lymph nodes are the site of triggering of the specific immune
response against the antigens brought by the lymph from the infected
tissues.
• Spleen: Is the secondary lymphoid organ that is connected to the
blood vessels.
• Role: The site of triggering of the Immune reactions against the
antigens brought by the blood circulation
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 29
30. Document 6: Antigen Recognition by B-lymphocytes:
• B-lymphocytes carry a membrane receptor called antibody
(immunoglobulin) which can recognize cellular antigen (such as
antigens on bacteria) or on a particle (virus), or soluble antigens
(such as bacterial toxins)
• Antibodies can’t recognize the antigens within HLA.
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 30
31. Structure of an antibody and its classes
• Consists of four polypeptide chains: 2
heavy and 2 light
• It has (more or less) constant region
(lower part) and variable region (upper
part)
• The variable region differ from one
antibody to recognize specifically a part
of an antigen called epitope (antigenic
determinant) and binds to it
• It has two antigen binding sites (the
binding sites recognize the same
epitope)
• The constant region has slight variations
that determine the different classes of
antibodies IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD
(document d p: 126).
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 31
32. Specificity of Antibody:
• antibody does not recognize the
whole body of antigen but it
recognizes only the epitope.
• An antigen may have many
different epitopes, so different
types of antibodies can bind to it
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 32
33. Application:
1. 2 different antibodies can bind to the same antigen. Explain
2. The same antibody can bind to 2 different antigens. Explain
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 33
34. 1. 2 different antibodies can bind to the same antigen. Explain
Because this antigen has 2 different epitopes so 2 different antibodies
each that is specific to one epitope can bind.
2. The same antibody can bind to 2 different antigens. Explain
Because the 2 different antigens have a common epitope which can be
recognized by the same antibody.
• Note: The same B lymphocyte can produce only an antibody that
is specific to one epitope.
So all antibodies secreted by same B lymphocyte have same
variable region
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 34
35. • Immune Complex:
Agglutination is the binding of
many antibodies on many
antigens leading to formation of
the immune complex
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 35
36. Document 7: Antigen Recognition by T
lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes can’t recognize the free antigens, they can recognize
only the antigens present within HLA markers
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 36
37. Molecular Structure of TCR
• TCR consists of two polypeptide
chains, the upper region is
variable and the lower one in
constant. The 2 chains together
form a single antigen binding
site
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 37
38. Double Recognition by TCR:
• Unlike antibody, a TCR can’t recognize a soluble or free antigens, it
can only recognize the antigen or the peptide present within HLA in a
way that the TCR binds the HLA and peptide within it. This is
known as double recognition
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 38
39. Double recognition by T8 cell
• CD8 of Tc cell binds selectively
to class I HLA, and this is why
T8 (Tc) cells recognize class I
HLA displaying the peptide.
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 39
40. Double recognition of T4 cells
• CD4 binds selectively to Class II
HLA and this is why T4 (Th)
recognize class II HLA
displaying the peptide
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 40
41. Peptide Presentation to T lymphocyte: Refer to
doc. d p: 128
• How does a cell know where to express the non self peptide, on MHC
I or MHC II?
• There are 2 cases depending on the pathway of peptide presentation:
• Endogenous
• Exogenous
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 41
43. • Peptide presentation from Endogenous Pathway: Peptide presented
on HLA is synthesized within cell
• In case of self-cell: Any nucleated self-cell has on its surface HLA I markers
and self-peptide within it, but there is no mature TC cells that can recognize
and attack these cells. (Because during maturation process all T cell reactive
against self-peptides are eliminated).
• In the case virus infected cell, or modified self: In this case, self-cells start
secretion of viral peptides or non-self-peptide instead of self-peptide, which
are then associated within HLA I on the surface. Such cells are recognized
through double recognition of TC cells to destroy them
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 43
44. • Peptide presentation from Exogenous pathway: The peptide is
synthesized outside the cell
• In case of phagocytosis: When macrophage digests a bacterium or antigen,
the remaining peptide of the digested bacterium or antigen is carried to the
surface of macrophage HLA II to be recognized by TH cells through double
recognition. Note: macrophage that expresses the non-self-peptide on its
HLA II is called Antigen Presenting Cell (APC).
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 44
45. Application:
• We add to a mixture of BL and TL a radioactive Antigen. The
radioactivity appears on the surface of some lymphocytes (they
become labelled) and not the others.
• Identify these labelled lymphocytes (are they BL or TL?)
• We add macrophages to the preceding medium; these macrophages
become labeled then after certain time some lymphocytes become also
labelled.
• Explain then identify these labeled lymphocytes
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 45
46. 1) They are the BL since only BL can bind to native antigen without
being processed and presented while TL cant bind to a native Ag but
it should be presented on MHC.
2) Macrophages become labeled because it phagocytes this labeled
antigen then after fragmentation the resulting labeled peptide is
presented on its MHC II becoming an APC. Some lymphocytes
become labeled; these are the T4 lymphocytes that make a double
recognition using their TCR with the specific peptide presented on
these macrophages
T. Abed Al Kareem Noureddine 46