This document discusses different aspects of nonverbal communication including proxemics, use of space, artifacts, and chronemics. It explains proxemics as the study of how people perceive and use personal space. There are four zones of personal space: intimate, personal, social, and public distance. It also discusses how people communicate ownership of space through territorial behaviors and how status is communicated through space. Artifacts are objects people use to decorate space and communicate messages. Chronemics refers to interpretations of time use which can vary between cultures with some being more monochronic and task-focused while others are more polychronic and flexible.

1. Subject : Theory of
Communication
Chapter 4 Group 5

2. Chapter 4 : Communicating
Nonverbally
Outline :
1. Proxemics and Personal Space
2. Physical Space
3. Artifacts
4. Chronemics : Use of time

3. Presenter : Ngân Giang

4. What is Proxemics ?
Is the study of man's transactions as he perceives
and uses intimate, personal, social and public space in
various settings while following out of awareness
dictates of cultural paradigms.

5. Edward T.Hall,
the cultural anthropologist
who coined the term
in 1963 .

6. Personal space
Hall’s theory
Territory

7. Proxemics involves the study
of interpersonal interactions
These interactions are viewed
Proxemics in a spatial context, defined by
four “zones”
The behavior is considered to be
largely learned or culturally
determined rather than innate
biological or physiological processes.

9. PERSONAL SPACE
Personal space is the distance we try to
maintain when we interact with other people.

10. four levels of social distance that
occur in different situations:

11. Intimate distance - 6 to 18 inches: This level of physical distance often
indicates a closer relationship or greater comfort between individuals.
hugging whispering touching

12. Personal distance - 1.5 to 4 feet:
Physical distance at this level usually occurs between people who are family
members or close friends.
The closer the people can comfortably stand while interacting can be an
indicator of the intimacy of the relationship.

13. Social distance - 4 to 12 feet
This level of physical distance is often used with individuals who are
acquaintances.
a co-worker you see several times
a week, you might feel more comfortable
interacting at a closer distance.

14. Public distance - 12 to 25 feet
Physical distance at this level is often used in public speaking situations.
Presentation at Presentation at President’s
work school public speech

15. Personal distance of individuals can vary from culture to culture.
E.g: People from Latin countries tend to feel more comfortable standing
closer to one another as they interact, while those from North America
need more personal distance.

16. IN ELEVATOR

17. Where do people stand when
there are only two or three people?
If there are only two or three people on an elevator,
each person usually leans against the walls.

18. What happens when the elevator becomes more
crowded and there are now four or more people?
Everyone turns to face the door.
Hands, purses, and briefcases
hang down in front of the body.
People usually scrunch up,
rounding their shoulders,
so that they take up as little
space as possible.

19. How close will people stand?
What is allowed to "touch” ?
People don’t touch each other
in any way unless the elevator
becomes very crowded, and then
they only touch at the shoulders
or upper arms. If you see an
overcrowded elevator, you will
probably choose to wait for
the next one.

20. What do people look at in a crowded elevator?
Everyone usually
looks at the floor indicator
located above the door.

21. When is it permissible to talk to the other people?
People who do know each other
will usually speak softly. When a
group of people enter the elevator
and do not follow these rules,
other occupants usually feel
very uncomfortable.

22. Physical space
Presenter Ngọc Cẩm

23. Proxemics
Personal
distance
Territorial
natures Ownership of
space
Physical space
Personal
status

24. Physical space
Physical space is the part of the physical
environment over which we exert control.

25. Ownership of space
Sometimes we do not realize the ways we claim
space as our own; in other instances, we go to
great lengths to visibly “mark” our territory.

26. Ann marks her territory

27. Peter is violating what Ann has marked as her
territory

28. If you regularly take the same seat in a class, that
habit becomes a type of marker, signaling to
others that a particular seat location is yours.
Other students will often leave that seat empty
because they have perceived it as yours.

29. Personal status
We also can understand a person’s status in a
group by noting where the person sits and the
amount of space over which ownership is claimed.

30. E.g. In a well-established group, people with
differing opinions will often choose to sit on opposite
sides of the table, while allies will sit in adjacent
spots.

31. ARTIFACTS
Presenter : Hữu Lộc

32. Artifacts are the objects and
possessions we use to
decorate the physical space
we control.
When others enter our space, they look
around and notice what objects we choose
to place in the space and how we arrange
them.
Then they assign meaning to what they see.

33. FOR EXAMPLE
Katie visited her
boyfriend, Peter, at
school, the first
thing she noticed
was a picture on his
bulletin board of
him hugging a cute
woman she did not
recognize.

34. The second thing she noticed was that the
picture she had given him of her before he left
for school was nowhere to be found.
From this, she concluded that Peter wasn’t
honoring his promise not to see anyone at
school.

35. The way we arrange the
artifacts in our space also can
nonverbally communicate to
others.
Professors and businesspeople have learned
that by choosing and arranging the artifacts
in their space, they can influence interactions.

38. People choose artifacts not just for
their function but also for the message
that the objects convey about them.
Lee got his first job,
the first items he
purchased were a
large flat-screen TV
and a couch with
chair to impress his
older and already
successful brother.

39. Whether the artifacts you choose are
conscious attempts to impress or simply
reflect your taste, when others enter
your space, they will notice the artifacts
and draw conclusions.

41. Chronemics
Presenter : Minh Sang

42. Use of time : Chronemics
Chronemics is how we interpret use of time and is based largely on cultural
context .
Due to the differences of cultures, the way we use time for communication
could be different.

43. People from Western cultures tend to be very time conscious. They carry
daily planners and wear digital watches so we can arrive at precisely the “right time”

44. For the Mexican, it’s rare to specify an exact time for guests to arrive for dinner.

45. American executives tend to get right down to business and finish quickly.

46. Japanese executives expect to devote time to social interaction first

47. Monochronic and Polychronic :
Moreover, people can have either a monochronic or a polychronic
orientation to time.
Monochronic time orientation : people tend to concentrate their
efforts on one task, and only when it is finished or when the time we
have allotted to it is over, do we move on to another task.
Others of us with a polychronic time orientation tend
to tackle multiple tasks at once.

48. Differences between monochronic
and polychronic people
Presenter: Minh Dang

49. Understand the differences
between monochronic and
polychronic time orientation
• Proper understanding of the difference
between these systems will be helpful in
dealing with the time-flexible peoples in
different cultures

50. Differences between monochronic and
polychronic people
MONOCHRONIC PEOPLE POLYCHRONIC PEOPLE
• Do one thing at a time: stick • Do many things at once:
to schedule have flexible schedule

51. MONOCHRONIC PEOPLE POLYCHRONIC PEOPLE
• Concentrate on the job • Are highly distractible and
subject to interruptions

52. MONOCHRONIC PEOPLE POLYCHRONIC PEOPLE
• Adhere religiously to plans • Change plans often and
easily

53. MONOCHRONIC PEOPLE POLYCHRONIC PEOPLE
• Take time commitments • Consider time commitments
(deadlines, schedules) an objective to be achieved,
seriously if possible

54. MONOCHRONIC PEOPLE POLYCHRONIC PEOPLE
• Are concerned about not • Are more concerned with
disturbing others; follow those who are closely
rules of privacy and related (family, friends,
consideration close business associates)
than with privacy

55. MONOCHRONIC PEOPLE POLYCHRONIC PEOPLE
• Show great respect for • Borrow and lend things
private property; seldom often and easily
borrow or lend

56. MONOCHRONIC PEOPLE POLYCHRONIC PEOPLE
• Are accustomed to short- • Have strong tendency to
term relationships build lifetime relationship

57. MONOCHRONIC PEOPLE POLYCHRONIC PEOPLE
• Are low-context • Are high-context

58. To sum up
People in monochronic cultures such as the U.S.
or Germany prefer promptness, careful planning
and rigid commitment to plans. They also tend
to be task-oriented whereas people from
polychronic cultures are people-oriented.
Cultures such as Italy or Brazil are considered to
be polychronic since they prefer to have
multiple things happening at once. Polychronic
cultures tend to prioritise relationships over
tasks and do not consider time commitments to
be binding.

59. Summary
MONOCHRONIC PEOPLE POLYCHRONIC PEOPLE
• Clock time • Situational time
• Appointment time • Flexitime
• Segmented activities • Simultaneous activities
• Task-oriented • People-oriented

60. Thank you for listening !
Group 5 :
1. M.Sang
2. H.Lộc
3. Ngân Giang
4. Ngọc Cẩm
5. M.Đăng
6. Tố Ngân