Travel behavior refers to the study of how and why people travel. It examines factors like transportation choices, popular destinations, reasons for travel, and environmental impacts. Key questions studied include how many trips people take, where they go, what mode of transportation they use, who they travel with, when they travel, and their travel patterns and routes. Travel surveys using diaries are a common way to collect this data. The data is then used for transportation planning and forecasting traffic. Travel behavior has been studied since the 1940s and focuses on topics like mode choice, time-space analysis, and differences in travel patterns between genders and household structures. An intelligent tourist destination is innovative, has strong technological infrastructure to understand customers, and focuses on
Important Travel Requirements (Travel Agency & Tour Operations)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
The document provides information about important travel documents required for travel, including:
1. A passport is the primary travel document required that also serves as proof of nationality. Other documents like national identity cards or driver's licenses may serve as travel documents in some cases.
2. Other required documents include tickets, valid visas for the destination country if required, travel insurance, and proof of accommodation and funds. Additional documents may be needed for children or infants.
3. The document outlines the types of visas available for Bangladesh including tourist visas, business visas, student visas and more. It provides the requirements and documents needed for each visa type.
4. Travel insurance and compensation funds are also
This document outlines the key steps involved in tour planning and operation, including researching destinations, negotiating with suppliers, pricing packages, marketing tours, and carrying out pre-tour preparations. It discusses the planning, negotiation, administrative, marketing and departure stages of the tour operating process. It also describes negotiating with airlines and hotels, pricing strategies, and the duties of overseas representatives during tours.
The document discusses several approaches that have been used to study tourism:
1) The institutional approach examines intermediaries like travel agencies and how they operate.
2) The product approach looks at specific tourism products and how they are created, marketed, and consumed.
3) The historical approach analyzes tourism activities and institutions over time but has limited usefulness given tourism is a recent phenomenon.
4) The economic approach examines factors like supply, demand, employment, and economic impacts but does not adequately consider noneconomic impacts.
5) The sociological approach studies how tourism impacts and is impacted by individuals and society.
Models of consumer decision making behavior in tourism industrysalonibansal21
This document summarizes a student project on models of consumer decision making behavior in tourism. It discusses several factors that influence consumer behavior, including psychological, social, cultural, and natural factors. It also outlines several models of tourism motivation and consumer behavior developed between 1943-1982, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Gray's interpretation of wanderlust and sunlust, Plog's psychographic model, and Matheison and Walls's 5-stage model of tourist consumer behavior. The document emphasizes that understanding consumer behavior can help tourism providers improve their marketing success.
The 1992 National Action Plan for Tourism outlined the importance of tourism for employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. It recognized India's potential for accelerated tourism growth. The plan's objectives were socio-economic development, increased employment and foreign exchange earnings, and preservation of national heritage. Recommendations included creating special tourism areas, providing assistance for these areas, starting tourism trains, and revamping foreign offices and information systems to promote tourism.
Difference between tour operator and travel agent10th
A tour operator is responsible for arranging all aspects of a tour such as transportation, accommodation, meals, guides, and optional activities. They contract with various service providers and package the components together. Tour operators focus on select destinations and provide convenient travel options for tourists. A travel agent sells tour packages to clients and acts as an intermediary between tour operators and customers, helping clients book packages that meet their needs and budgets.
Important Travel Requirements (Travel Agency & Tour Operations)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
The document provides information about important travel documents required for travel, including:
1. A passport is the primary travel document required that also serves as proof of nationality. Other documents like national identity cards or driver's licenses may serve as travel documents in some cases.
2. Other required documents include tickets, valid visas for the destination country if required, travel insurance, and proof of accommodation and funds. Additional documents may be needed for children or infants.
3. The document outlines the types of visas available for Bangladesh including tourist visas, business visas, student visas and more. It provides the requirements and documents needed for each visa type.
4. Travel insurance and compensation funds are also
This document outlines the key steps involved in tour planning and operation, including researching destinations, negotiating with suppliers, pricing packages, marketing tours, and carrying out pre-tour preparations. It discusses the planning, negotiation, administrative, marketing and departure stages of the tour operating process. It also describes negotiating with airlines and hotels, pricing strategies, and the duties of overseas representatives during tours.
The document discusses several approaches that have been used to study tourism:
1) The institutional approach examines intermediaries like travel agencies and how they operate.
2) The product approach looks at specific tourism products and how they are created, marketed, and consumed.
3) The historical approach analyzes tourism activities and institutions over time but has limited usefulness given tourism is a recent phenomenon.
4) The economic approach examines factors like supply, demand, employment, and economic impacts but does not adequately consider noneconomic impacts.
5) The sociological approach studies how tourism impacts and is impacted by individuals and society.
Models of consumer decision making behavior in tourism industrysalonibansal21
This document summarizes a student project on models of consumer decision making behavior in tourism. It discusses several factors that influence consumer behavior, including psychological, social, cultural, and natural factors. It also outlines several models of tourism motivation and consumer behavior developed between 1943-1982, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Gray's interpretation of wanderlust and sunlust, Plog's psychographic model, and Matheison and Walls's 5-stage model of tourist consumer behavior. The document emphasizes that understanding consumer behavior can help tourism providers improve their marketing success.
The 1992 National Action Plan for Tourism outlined the importance of tourism for employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. It recognized India's potential for accelerated tourism growth. The plan's objectives were socio-economic development, increased employment and foreign exchange earnings, and preservation of national heritage. Recommendations included creating special tourism areas, providing assistance for these areas, starting tourism trains, and revamping foreign offices and information systems to promote tourism.
Difference between tour operator and travel agent10th
A tour operator is responsible for arranging all aspects of a tour such as transportation, accommodation, meals, guides, and optional activities. They contract with various service providers and package the components together. Tour operators focus on select destinations and provide convenient travel options for tourists. A travel agent sells tour packages to clients and acts as an intermediary between tour operators and customers, helping clients book packages that meet their needs and budgets.
Package tours combine various travel components such as transportation, accommodation, meals, activities, and services into a single price paid by the tourist in advance. Thomas Cook introduced the first inclusive tour in 1855. Popular types of package tours include escorted tours where a tour guide accompanies the group, incentive tours provided by companies to reward employees, and group inclusive tours which offer discounts for traveling in a group. Package tours are a vital part of the global travel and tourism industry.
02 travel agencies and tour operators (an introduction)Mhae Dayao
The document discusses travel agencies and tour operators, defining them as entities that arrange travel and tourism services and package tours respectively. It outlines their major functions, including providing travel information and assistance, making arrangements, and overseeing operations for tour operators. The roles of these businesses have evolved with travel management companies now acting as intermediaries between suppliers and consumers.
Chapter 3 Planning Methods (Tourism Planning and Development)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
Planning Methods discusses standards of provision and criteria for recognizing provisions. A provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount that arises from past events where settlement is expected to result in an outflow of resources. A provision will be recognized if an entity has a present obligation from a past event, an outflow of benefits is probable to settle the obligation, and the amount can be reliably estimated. Tourism provision defines services in the tourism sector and conditions under which public institutions, health facilities, cultural institutions, associations and individuals can provide certain tourism services. The document outlines advantages like economic and job opportunities and disadvantages such as environmental damage, commercialization of culture, and economic dependence on tourism.
A travel agency helps arrange transportation, accommodations, tours, and trips for travelers. It makes arrangements for people who want to travel. A travel agency has several departments including marketing, sales, advertising, research and development, public relations, finance, accounting, international tourism, domestic travel, and documentation to help plan trips and deal with foreign exchange.
Chapter 4 Marketing of Tourist Destinations (Destination Management)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
This document discusses destination marketing strategies. It begins by defining destination marketing as promoting a location to potential visitors to increase tourism. The rest of the document provides details on developing a destination marketing plan and strategy. It outlines 14 specific destination marketing strategies, such as defining unique selling points, targeting audiences, and using influencers and social media. It then describes a 7-step process for creating a destination marketing plan, including analyzing the internal and external markets, setting prices, developing a budget, and creating a marketing strategy to promote the destination.
This document discusses various typologies of tourist behaviour that have been proposed in academic literature. It begins by covering typologies and their marketing applications and criticisms. It then discusses different typologies proposed by researchers such as Cohen, Plog, and Perreault which segment tourists based on characteristics like travel independence, risk-taking, and budgets. The document also summarizes critiques of typologies, specifically that they overgeneralize and do not account for changes in individual behaviour over time. It concludes by discussing tourism-specific market segmentation techniques.
The document discusses concepts related to costing in the travel and tourism industry. It describes how full costing includes all fixed and variable costs to compute the total cost per unit of output. It then outlines the various components that make up the costs of a tour, including hotels, meals, transportation, guides and other miscellaneous expenses. Finally, it discusses how travel agents calculate pricing by adding a markup to the total costs.
Destination development policies for alternative tourismSarabindhGManoj
This document discusses destination development policies for alternative tourism. It defines alternative tourism as travel that encourages interaction with local environments, people and communities. Some forms of alternative tourism mentioned include nature-based tourism, cultural tourism, senior citizen tourism, and sustainable tourism. The document also discusses concepts like heritage tourism, cultural tourism, eco-tourism, and ethnic tourism. It notes some criteria for better alternative tourism destination development such as efficiency and influence on regional economic growth and quality of life. Finally, it provides an example of Tanzania's destination development policies and strategies, which include improving infrastructure and accessibility as well as promoting Tanzania's image and protecting wildlife and cultural resources.
A travel agency acts as an intermediary between customers and suppliers of travel services like airlines and hotels. They sell travel products and services on behalf of suppliers and make a profit from the difference between the discounted price they receive and the advertised price customers pay. Travel agencies have departments for marketing, reservations, documentation, and more. Tour operators design and sell packaged travel products directly to customers or through travel agencies.
An itinerary is a plan of a journey showing the route and the places that the visitor will visit. Thus, it is a schedule or timetable produced in association with a package tour. It is basically designed to identify the route, day-by-day journey format, origin, destination, and all the enroute halting points, period of halts along with accommodation, mode of travel, activities and other services offered during a visitor’s tour.
Deko Sobuj Sombar is a new 3-day eco-tourism product in Sylhet, Bangladesh that aims to promote nature conservation and awareness of climate change. It offers visits to Ratargul Swamp Forest, Jaflong hill station, Madhabkunda waterfall, a tea garden, and Lawachara National Park on the first two days, and the wetlands of Hakaluki Haor on the third day. The product targets university students, researchers, and middle-income individuals aged 18-25 and 55-63, and provides accommodations, transportation, food, travel agencies, and shopping opportunities to tourists in Sylhet.
The price to be paid by an aircraft passenger for a particular journey.
When checking availability, each booking code represents a different cabin class or fare type. On all flights a variety of fares are offered. Highest fares which are flexible are normal fares. Those which are lower and less flexible are special fares.
This document provides guidance on planning tours, including setting up a tourist profile, researching accommodation, transport, attractions and activities, compiling a day-to-day itinerary, and preparing a tour budget. It discusses the key components of a tourist profile, planning a tour based on a profile, guidelines for an effective itinerary including being realistic and logical, and the requirements for accommodation lists, transport reservations, attraction lists, maps, and additional documents. It also covers determining individual costs for accommodation, travel, and other expenses and compiling them into a final tour budget.
Chapter 2 Strategic Planning and Management (Destination Management)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
The document discusses strategic planning and management for tourism. It provides an overview of what a strategic plan is and its importance for outlining an organization's purpose and goals. It also discusses key components of a strategic plan like the mission statement and SWOT analysis. Additionally, it discusses strategic planning processes for tourism, including assessing attractions, infrastructure, marketing, and organizational structure. The importance of infrastructure development, carrying capacity, and developing a destination management plan are also covered.
PRESENTATION ON Tourist Area Life Cycle
The tourism lifecycle theory was firstly proposed in 1963 by the German researcher Christaller, who described the development of tourism through three stages like a common product, namely “discovery, growth and decline”.
In 1980, Butler developed a model which shows how any tourist resort may grow is known asTourist Area Life Cycle.
The document discusses tourism development at multiple scales, from individual sites and destinations to regional scales involving many jurisdictions over long time periods. It addresses factors like transportation, attractions, utilities, and links between sites that are important for planning tourism destinations and regions. Additionally, it outlines considerations for developing tourism businesses and attractions as well as planning transportation, information/promotion, and accounting for social and environmental impacts.
The document discusses several principles related to mileage for passenger fares:
1) Maximum Permitted Mileage (MPM) is the maximum distance a passenger can travel between an origin and destination, usually 120% of the shortest operated mileage.
2) Ticketed Point Mileage (TPM) is the actual mileage used to construct a particular itinerary, which can be greater than, less than, or equal to the MPM.
3) Extra Mileage Allowance (EMA) is a mileage deduction or bonus that is subtracted from the TPM as a permitted grace allowance for traveling via certain cities.
Chapter 1 Tourism Plan and Strategy (Tourism Planning and Development)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
The document discusses tourism planning and strategy. It covers several key topics in 3 paragraphs or less:
Tourism planning aims to balance sustainable resource use, visitor satisfaction, community integration, and economic success. It is a continuous, comprehensive, and integrated process focusing on sustainable development and community involvement.
Tourism policy provides rules and guidelines for long-term tourism development and daily destination activities. It involves components like attractions, accommodations, facilities, transportation, infrastructure, and institutions.
Key players in tourism planning include tourists, the host community, the tourism industry, and government agencies at local, regional, national and international levels. Planning requires coordination between the public and private sectors.
Consumer preferences of small car in indiaGaurav Dawar
The document discusses factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions for small cars in India. It examines internal factors like attitudes and perceptions, as well as external factors such as social and situational influences. The stages of the consumer decision making process for buying a car are explored, including problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase evaluation. Previous research on consumer buying behavior and the role of brands is summarized. The objectives of the study are to understand how internal and external factors influence consumers when purchasing entry-level cars and to evaluate perceptions of Indian versus global brands.
To Understand the Eco-System in Digital Media Marketing.Saurabh Giratkar
Title of the Dissertation Report is “To Understand the ecosystem of digital media marketing” and Objectives of the Dissertation are to understand the change in consumer buying behavior in digital era. Methodology used for achieving these objectives is a exploratory research. For achieving the objective, I have done one research using an online questionnaire. The title for the research is “Understand the consumer buying behaviour of Indian in digital era”.
Main findings of this Dissertation are given here. Indian customers are highly information seekers. They collect more information about a product before buying it. Internet penetration in India is key player for this phenomenon. Most of Indians are getting stimulus through advertisements, but they are not reaching to end phase of customers purchase journey, mainly in high involvement purchases. Brands are getting more touch point to reach their target group in this digital era. More details about findings are given this report.
The successful completion of this Dissertation indicates that the future of marketing is in the hands of digital. I conclude my research by quoting again that “Brands can’t sustain without digital presence”
Advertising in business is a form of marketing communication used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience to take or continue to take some action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behaviour with respect to a commercial offering. Advertising is defined by Richard F. Taflinger as “Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media."
Package tours combine various travel components such as transportation, accommodation, meals, activities, and services into a single price paid by the tourist in advance. Thomas Cook introduced the first inclusive tour in 1855. Popular types of package tours include escorted tours where a tour guide accompanies the group, incentive tours provided by companies to reward employees, and group inclusive tours which offer discounts for traveling in a group. Package tours are a vital part of the global travel and tourism industry.
02 travel agencies and tour operators (an introduction)Mhae Dayao
The document discusses travel agencies and tour operators, defining them as entities that arrange travel and tourism services and package tours respectively. It outlines their major functions, including providing travel information and assistance, making arrangements, and overseeing operations for tour operators. The roles of these businesses have evolved with travel management companies now acting as intermediaries between suppliers and consumers.
Chapter 3 Planning Methods (Tourism Planning and Development)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
Planning Methods discusses standards of provision and criteria for recognizing provisions. A provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount that arises from past events where settlement is expected to result in an outflow of resources. A provision will be recognized if an entity has a present obligation from a past event, an outflow of benefits is probable to settle the obligation, and the amount can be reliably estimated. Tourism provision defines services in the tourism sector and conditions under which public institutions, health facilities, cultural institutions, associations and individuals can provide certain tourism services. The document outlines advantages like economic and job opportunities and disadvantages such as environmental damage, commercialization of culture, and economic dependence on tourism.
A travel agency helps arrange transportation, accommodations, tours, and trips for travelers. It makes arrangements for people who want to travel. A travel agency has several departments including marketing, sales, advertising, research and development, public relations, finance, accounting, international tourism, domestic travel, and documentation to help plan trips and deal with foreign exchange.
Chapter 4 Marketing of Tourist Destinations (Destination Management)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
This document discusses destination marketing strategies. It begins by defining destination marketing as promoting a location to potential visitors to increase tourism. The rest of the document provides details on developing a destination marketing plan and strategy. It outlines 14 specific destination marketing strategies, such as defining unique selling points, targeting audiences, and using influencers and social media. It then describes a 7-step process for creating a destination marketing plan, including analyzing the internal and external markets, setting prices, developing a budget, and creating a marketing strategy to promote the destination.
This document discusses various typologies of tourist behaviour that have been proposed in academic literature. It begins by covering typologies and their marketing applications and criticisms. It then discusses different typologies proposed by researchers such as Cohen, Plog, and Perreault which segment tourists based on characteristics like travel independence, risk-taking, and budgets. The document also summarizes critiques of typologies, specifically that they overgeneralize and do not account for changes in individual behaviour over time. It concludes by discussing tourism-specific market segmentation techniques.
The document discusses concepts related to costing in the travel and tourism industry. It describes how full costing includes all fixed and variable costs to compute the total cost per unit of output. It then outlines the various components that make up the costs of a tour, including hotels, meals, transportation, guides and other miscellaneous expenses. Finally, it discusses how travel agents calculate pricing by adding a markup to the total costs.
Destination development policies for alternative tourismSarabindhGManoj
This document discusses destination development policies for alternative tourism. It defines alternative tourism as travel that encourages interaction with local environments, people and communities. Some forms of alternative tourism mentioned include nature-based tourism, cultural tourism, senior citizen tourism, and sustainable tourism. The document also discusses concepts like heritage tourism, cultural tourism, eco-tourism, and ethnic tourism. It notes some criteria for better alternative tourism destination development such as efficiency and influence on regional economic growth and quality of life. Finally, it provides an example of Tanzania's destination development policies and strategies, which include improving infrastructure and accessibility as well as promoting Tanzania's image and protecting wildlife and cultural resources.
A travel agency acts as an intermediary between customers and suppliers of travel services like airlines and hotels. They sell travel products and services on behalf of suppliers and make a profit from the difference between the discounted price they receive and the advertised price customers pay. Travel agencies have departments for marketing, reservations, documentation, and more. Tour operators design and sell packaged travel products directly to customers or through travel agencies.
An itinerary is a plan of a journey showing the route and the places that the visitor will visit. Thus, it is a schedule or timetable produced in association with a package tour. It is basically designed to identify the route, day-by-day journey format, origin, destination, and all the enroute halting points, period of halts along with accommodation, mode of travel, activities and other services offered during a visitor’s tour.
Deko Sobuj Sombar is a new 3-day eco-tourism product in Sylhet, Bangladesh that aims to promote nature conservation and awareness of climate change. It offers visits to Ratargul Swamp Forest, Jaflong hill station, Madhabkunda waterfall, a tea garden, and Lawachara National Park on the first two days, and the wetlands of Hakaluki Haor on the third day. The product targets university students, researchers, and middle-income individuals aged 18-25 and 55-63, and provides accommodations, transportation, food, travel agencies, and shopping opportunities to tourists in Sylhet.
The price to be paid by an aircraft passenger for a particular journey.
When checking availability, each booking code represents a different cabin class or fare type. On all flights a variety of fares are offered. Highest fares which are flexible are normal fares. Those which are lower and less flexible are special fares.
This document provides guidance on planning tours, including setting up a tourist profile, researching accommodation, transport, attractions and activities, compiling a day-to-day itinerary, and preparing a tour budget. It discusses the key components of a tourist profile, planning a tour based on a profile, guidelines for an effective itinerary including being realistic and logical, and the requirements for accommodation lists, transport reservations, attraction lists, maps, and additional documents. It also covers determining individual costs for accommodation, travel, and other expenses and compiling them into a final tour budget.
Chapter 2 Strategic Planning and Management (Destination Management)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
The document discusses strategic planning and management for tourism. It provides an overview of what a strategic plan is and its importance for outlining an organization's purpose and goals. It also discusses key components of a strategic plan like the mission statement and SWOT analysis. Additionally, it discusses strategic planning processes for tourism, including assessing attractions, infrastructure, marketing, and organizational structure. The importance of infrastructure development, carrying capacity, and developing a destination management plan are also covered.
PRESENTATION ON Tourist Area Life Cycle
The tourism lifecycle theory was firstly proposed in 1963 by the German researcher Christaller, who described the development of tourism through three stages like a common product, namely “discovery, growth and decline”.
In 1980, Butler developed a model which shows how any tourist resort may grow is known asTourist Area Life Cycle.
The document discusses tourism development at multiple scales, from individual sites and destinations to regional scales involving many jurisdictions over long time periods. It addresses factors like transportation, attractions, utilities, and links between sites that are important for planning tourism destinations and regions. Additionally, it outlines considerations for developing tourism businesses and attractions as well as planning transportation, information/promotion, and accounting for social and environmental impacts.
The document discusses several principles related to mileage for passenger fares:
1) Maximum Permitted Mileage (MPM) is the maximum distance a passenger can travel between an origin and destination, usually 120% of the shortest operated mileage.
2) Ticketed Point Mileage (TPM) is the actual mileage used to construct a particular itinerary, which can be greater than, less than, or equal to the MPM.
3) Extra Mileage Allowance (EMA) is a mileage deduction or bonus that is subtracted from the TPM as a permitted grace allowance for traveling via certain cities.
Chapter 1 Tourism Plan and Strategy (Tourism Planning and Development)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
The document discusses tourism planning and strategy. It covers several key topics in 3 paragraphs or less:
Tourism planning aims to balance sustainable resource use, visitor satisfaction, community integration, and economic success. It is a continuous, comprehensive, and integrated process focusing on sustainable development and community involvement.
Tourism policy provides rules and guidelines for long-term tourism development and daily destination activities. It involves components like attractions, accommodations, facilities, transportation, infrastructure, and institutions.
Key players in tourism planning include tourists, the host community, the tourism industry, and government agencies at local, regional, national and international levels. Planning requires coordination between the public and private sectors.
Consumer preferences of small car in indiaGaurav Dawar
The document discusses factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions for small cars in India. It examines internal factors like attitudes and perceptions, as well as external factors such as social and situational influences. The stages of the consumer decision making process for buying a car are explored, including problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase evaluation. Previous research on consumer buying behavior and the role of brands is summarized. The objectives of the study are to understand how internal and external factors influence consumers when purchasing entry-level cars and to evaluate perceptions of Indian versus global brands.
To Understand the Eco-System in Digital Media Marketing.Saurabh Giratkar
Title of the Dissertation Report is “To Understand the ecosystem of digital media marketing” and Objectives of the Dissertation are to understand the change in consumer buying behavior in digital era. Methodology used for achieving these objectives is a exploratory research. For achieving the objective, I have done one research using an online questionnaire. The title for the research is “Understand the consumer buying behaviour of Indian in digital era”.
Main findings of this Dissertation are given here. Indian customers are highly information seekers. They collect more information about a product before buying it. Internet penetration in India is key player for this phenomenon. Most of Indians are getting stimulus through advertisements, but they are not reaching to end phase of customers purchase journey, mainly in high involvement purchases. Brands are getting more touch point to reach their target group in this digital era. More details about findings are given this report.
The successful completion of this Dissertation indicates that the future of marketing is in the hands of digital. I conclude my research by quoting again that “Brands can’t sustain without digital presence”
Advertising in business is a form of marketing communication used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience to take or continue to take some action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behaviour with respect to a commercial offering. Advertising is defined by Richard F. Taflinger as “Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media."
This document provides an overview of a project report on consumer behavior submitted for a Master's degree. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project. The executive summary outlines that the purpose was to understand buyer behavior and satisfaction towards Hindustan Times newspaper in Chandigarh related to price, quality, availability and expectations. The study used a questionnaire to collect information from Chandigarh residents and analyzed the data to understand brand awareness and customer preferences to help the company better target customers.
The document discusses consumer behavior and summarizes a study on consumer satisfaction with Itz Cash cards. It outlines the objectives, methodology, and limitations of the study. The methodology included collecting primary data through customer interviews and secondary data from company records and marketing managers. The objectives were to analyze customer satisfaction, awareness of cash cards, and preferences between cash cards and debit/credit cards. Limitations included uncooperative respondents and restrictions on sample size and time.
A Study On Tourist Buying Behavior Models - Literature ReviewKristen Carter
1. The document reviews several models of tourist buying behavior, including Wahab, Carampon & Rothfield's (1976) model of the decision making process, Schomoll's (1977) model focusing on awareness and trust, and Mayo and Jarvis's (1981) model examining opportunities and goals.
2. It also discusses Mathieson and Wall's (1982) 5 phase model of the tourist experience and Woodside and Lysonski's (1989) model of destination choice.
3. Finally, it reviews literature on factors that influence tourist behavior such as motivation, personal characteristics, social influences, and the marketing environment.
Analysis of supporting communication as a correlate of online consumer decisi...Alexander Decker
1) The document analyzes how supporting communications influence online consumer decision making in Kano Municipal local government of Kano State, Nigeria.
2) It identifies 5 stages of consumer decision making: problem recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior. Supporting communications can influence consumers at each stage.
3) Both online and offline supporting communications are considered, including banners, pop-ups, emails, websites, television, radio, and word-of-mouth. The influence of social and psychological factors on online purchasing decisions is also examined.
AMITY SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING O...Jennifer Strong
This document discusses the impact of social media marketing on consumer buying behavior. It presents a dissertation submitted by Shruti Bansal to her professor Rubaid Ashfaq at Amity University on the topic. The dissertation includes an introduction on social media marketing and its benefits. It discusses how social media allows consumers to provide feedback and influences their purchasing decisions. The dissertation will analyze how social media marketing impacts consumer preferences and behaviors in the Indian market, with a focus on women respondents.
Dissertation report on switching behavior of consumer Pinkey Rana
Dissertation report on “To study the switching behavior of consumer special reference to urban market ”which is submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B.Com(Hons.) .
This research aimed to identify how different user lifestyles value mobile user experience. An online survey was conducted to gather data on user sentiment towards various mobile features. Users were clustered into four lifestyle profiles using VALS: Innovators, Achievers, Strivers, and Experiencers. The results showed preferences differed between clusters. For example, Innovators placed more value on visual/color features while Achievers prioritized functionality. This insight can help companies optimize mobile design and features for different types of consumers.
The document provides an executive summary of a dissertation that studied buyers' behavior and customer satisfaction towards Hindustan Times newspaper in Muzaffarpur, India. The objectives were to understand buyers' behavior, satisfaction with price, quality and availability, and awareness and acceptance levels. The study found strong brand awareness of Hindustan Times. The majority of customers were men and students. Availability in the early morning was a major advantage. Suggestions included introducing home delivery and increasing advertisements.
1. The document discusses how the classic economic model of consumer behavior as rational actors seeking to maximize benefits is an oversimplification and does not account for variability and irrationality in consumer decision making.
2. It then outlines the traditional linear consumer purchase process model involving problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation.
3. However, it notes that the modern consumer decision journey is non-linear with multiple touchpoints of influence from various sources, requiring marketers to engage consumers throughout the process through two-way conversations to build loyalty.
This document provides a 4-step process for conducting market research: 1) Define research objectives, 2) Decide on a data collection method such as surveys, interviews, or observations, 3) Collect data from a representative sample, and 4) Analyze the data and present results. Market research helps ensure business success by understanding customer needs, preferences, and purchasing habits.
A study on customer satisfaction towards smartphone with special reference to...RajaKrishnan M
A study on customer satisfaction towards smartphone with special reference to Tirupur city - The study was undertaken by B.Com CA student in the year of 2016-2017.
(1) The consumer decision journey has evolved from a linear to a non-linear process with multiple touchpoints and influences. Consumers are actively seeking information from various sources rather than passively receiving marketing messages.
(2) Marketers must align their efforts across all touchpoints of the consumer journey, including consideration, evaluation, purchase and post-purchase. They need to engage in two-way conversations and build loyalty through the customer experience.
(3) The proliferation of digital channels has created more "noise" that marketers must break through. They need new ways to get their brands considered initially and then systematically manage word-of-mouth.
This document discusses consumer buying behavior and provides an overview of key concepts. It begins by noting shifts in consumer lifestyle patterns and preferences for more options over brand loyalty. It then discusses the importance of understanding consumer psychographics to develop effective marketing strategies. The rest of the document summarizes concepts like awareness, perception, attitude, consumer behavior research methods like surveys and observation, segmentation, culture and subcultures, the family decision-making process, and influences of groups on consumer behavior.
Study on Store Environment and Merchandising Mix at Big BazaarProjects Kart
Retailing consists of those business activities involved in the sale of goods and services to consumers for their personal, family, or household use. Retailing comprises of four elements customer orientation, coordinated effort, value-driven, and goal orientation. The word "Retail" originates from a French-Italian word. Retailer-someone who cuts off or sheds a small piece from something. Retailing is the set of activities that markets products or services to final consumers for their own personal or household use. It does this by organizing their availability on a relatively large scale and supplying them to customers on a relatively small scale. Retailer is a Person or Agent or Agency or Company or Organization who is instrumental in reaching the Goods or Merchandise or Services to the End User or Ultimate Consumer.
Customer journey maps done right (connect2 convert) ok to sharePeter Figueredo
Learn how to build actionable customer journey maps that can drive growth for your business. This presentation was given to attendees of Connect To Convert in Boston September 2019.
Consumer behavior refers to why consumers make purchasing decisions. Understanding consumer behavior is important for companies to effectively market their products to appeal to consumers. There are several factors that influence consumer behavior, including social factors from family and friends, psychological factors from personal perceptions, and personal factors like interests and tastes. Companies can gather information on consumer behavior through customer reviews, surveys, social media, focus groups, and analytics to help adapt their marketing strategies to satisfy consumer needs.
Similar to Chapter 3 holiday choice (Destination Management) (20)
The document discusses various international aviation organizations and agreements:
- The International Air Transport Association (IATA) coordinates airline activity and sets industry standards.
- The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) fosters planning and development of international air transport to ensure safety.
- The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulates civil aviation in the United States.
- Bilateral air transport agreements allow commercial air services between two nations.
- The Chicago and Warsaw Conventions established rules regarding international air travel and liability.
The document discusses various topics related to the airline industry including:
- Types of jobs available in the airline industry such as flight attendants, administrative support, operations agents, and avionics technicians.
- Key functions of airlines such as planning, scheduling, revenue management, and irregular operations management.
- The Official Airline Guide (OAG) which was founded in 1929 and provides global travel data and flight information.
The document defines different types of journeys including one-way, roundtrip, circle trip, round the world, and open jaw. It also explains concepts like routing types, fare calculations for one-way journeys, and the use of backhaul checks when an indirect routing has a higher fare to an intermediate point than the direct routing to the destination. Key terms for air travel are also defined.
The document discusses responsible tourism and entertainment parks. It defines responsible tourism as tourism that respects the environment, community, and culture of destinations. Examples of responsible tourism practices are provided, such as choosing eco-friendly accommodations and supporting local businesses. The importance of responsible tourism is explained as enhancing community well-being without harming the environment. Key principles of responsible tourism outlined are minimizing impacts and involving local communities. Entertainment parks are defined and examples given as national parks, amusement parks, and theme parks. Duties, requirements, skills, and personal traits of park workers are then listed.
An online travel agency (OTA) is a website that allows travelers to research and book flights, accommodations, tours, and other travel services directly from suppliers. OTAs act as a third-party selling these services on behalf of companies for a commission. The global OTA market is projected to grow significantly, reaching $900 billion by 2032. Common OTA functions include air ticketing, accommodation booking, tour packages, visa services, insurance, and transportation. Popular OTAs include Airbnb, Booking.com, Expedia, and TripAdvisor. OTAs generally operate on a merchant or agency model to facilitate bookings and payments between travelers and suppliers.
Customer Services, Behavioral Approach and Responsibilities of a Travel Agenc...Md Shaifullar Rabbi
Customer Services, Behavioral Approach and Responsibilities of a Travel Agency Staff...
Md Shaifullar Rabbi
Assistant Manager, Customer Support and Training Department , Sabre Travel Network Bangladesh Limited
This document provides an overview of basic air ticketing and IATA geography. It begins by introducing the airline industry and different types of travel agencies in Bangladesh. It then discusses IATA's division of the world into three traffic conference areas and their subareas for standardization and fare calculation. The document also covers journey concepts, classes of service, and key IATA terminologies used in the airline industry.
A global distribution system (GDS) is a computerized network system owned or operated by a company that enables transactions between travel industry service providers, mainly airlines, hotels, car rental companies, and travel agencies.
GDS Sabre Red 360 Quick Reference for Basic Learner (Air Ticketing & Reserv...Md Shaifullar Rabbi
This document provides a quick reference guide for basic learners on air ticketing and reservations using Sabre Red 360. It was created by Md Shaifullar Rabbi, Assistant Manager of Customer Support and Training at Sabre Bangladesh. The document aims to help basic learners understand the fundamentals of air ticketing and reservations on the Sabre Red 360 system.
Training on Ticketing and Reservation(GDS-Sabre)-RTO/RPL-NTVQF Level 2(BTEB)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
This presentation is prepared for the student of Ticketing and Reservation, NTVQF Level 2, Bangladesh Technical Education Board.
Prepared By Md Shaifullar Rabbi, Assistant Manager, Customer support and Training Department, Sabre Bangladesh & Assessor- Bangladesh Technical Education Board.
Sabre Global Distribution System, owned by Sabre Corporation, is a travel reservation system used by travel agents and companies to search, price, book, and ticket travel services provided by airlines, hotels, car rental companies, rail providers and tour operators. Originally developed by American Airlines with the assistance of IBM in 1960, the booking service became available for use by external travel agents in 1976 and became independent of the airline in March 2000.
The system's parent company is organized into three business units:
Sabre Travel Network: global distribution system
Sabre Airline Solutions: airline technology
Sabre Hospitality Solutions: hotel technology solutions
The document provides an overview of the travel and tourism industry including:
- Defining key terms like travel, tourism, travel agencies, and tour operators.
- Outlining the history and growth of tourism as an industry from the 17th century grand tours to modern mass tourism.
- Describing sectors within the industry like transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, and entertainment.
- Tracing the development of travel agencies and tour operators from the 18th century to their roles today organizing travel packages.
A travel document is an identity document issued by a government or international treaty organization to facilitate the movement of individuals or small groups of people across international boundaries
A travel or tour brochure is a promotional material that advertises a destination, sightseeing attraction, or tour activity. Brochures can both inspire tourists to plan a trip as well as educate them about sights to see and things to do after they've arrived at their place of interest.
Sabre is a leading software and technology company that powers the global travel industry. With decades of revolutionary firsts, our team of experts drive innovation and ingenuity across the travel ecosystem. Sabre partners with airlines, hoteliers, agencies and other travel partners to retail, distribute and fulfill travel.
Our technology is the intelligence behind mobile apps, airport check-in kiosks, online travel sites, airline and hotel reservation networks, travel agent terminals, and scores of other travel solutions. Positioned at the center of the travel ecosystem, our platform enables our customers to connect people with experiences that matter in their lives.
Dating back to 1960, Sabre was born out of a joint initiative between American Airlines and IBM to create the world’s first computerized airline reservation system. We have since evolved into a technology ecosystem that touches almost every stage of a traveler’s experience. (Source-https://www.sabre.com/about/)
বাংলাদেশ পর্যটন করপোরেশন (বাপক) ১৯৭২ সালে মহামান্য রাষ্ট্রপতির ১৪৩ নং আদেশের মাধ্যমে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয় এবং ১৯৭৩ সালে এর কার্যক্রম শুরুকরে। এটি বেসরকারী বিমান পরিবহন ও পর্যটন মন্ত্রণালয়ের অধীনে একটি স্বায়ত্বশাসিত প্রতিষ্ঠান।
The Tour Operators Association of Bangladesh (TOAB) was formed in 1992 by tourism agencies to overcome problems in the industry and promote tourism in Bangladesh internationally. It was recognized by the Bangladeshi government in 2002 and currently has 751 members. TOAB works to encourage domestic and foreign tourism by promoting Bangladesh's attractions at international trade shows and other events. It also supports the government's tourism ministry and organizations through collaboration and policy consultation.
বাংলাদেশ একটি বৈচিত্র্যপূর্ণ পর্যটন সম্ভাবনাময় দেশ। বর্তমান বিশ্বে পর্যটন শিল্প একক বৃহত্তম অর্থনৈতিক কর্মকান্ড হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠা লাভ করেছে। পাশাপাশি এই শিল্পটি তার বহুমাত্রিক বৈশিষ্ঠ্যতার কারণে বিভিন্ন দেশে অর্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নের সাথে সাথে ব্যাপক কর্মসংস্থানের সুযোগ সৃষ্টি করেছে। অফুরন্ত প্রাকৃতিক সৌন্দর্যমন্ডিত বাংলাদেশে পর্যটন শিল্প খুবই সম্ভাবনাময়। পৃথিবীর যে কোন পর্যটককে আকৃষ্ট করার মত সকল পর্যটন আকর্ষণীয় উপাদান বাংলাদেশে বিদ্যমান। অপার সম্ভাবনাময় বাংলাদেশের পর্যটন শিল্পকে বিশ্বব্যাপী প্রচারের উদ্দেশ্যে এবং আমাদের এই সোনার বাংলাকে বিশ্ব দরবারে একটি ‘পর্যটন গন্তব্য’ হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠা করার লক্ষ্যে গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকারের মাননীয় প্রধানমন্ত্রী শেখ হাসিনা’র নেতৃত্বে বর্তমান গণতান্ত্রিক সরকার পর্যটন আইন-২০১০-এর মাধ্যমে ২০১০ সালের সেপ্টেম্বর মাসে জাতীয় পর্যটন সংস্থা হিসেবে বাংলাদেশ ট্যুরিজম বোর্ড (বিটিবি) গঠন করেছে। পর্যটন শিল্পের উন্নয়ন এবং দেশের অর্থনীতিতে পর্যটন শিল্পের ক্রমবর্ধমান অবদানকে আরও শক্তিশালী করণ, সর্বোপরি বর্হি:বিশ্বে দেশের ভাবমুর্তি উন্নয়নের জন্য অন্যান্য দেশের ন্যায় জাতীয় পর্যটন সংস্থা (National Tourism Organization) বাংলাদেশ ট্যুরিজম বোর্ড প্রতিষ্ঠার পর থেকেই ব্যাপক প্রচার ও বিপণনের লক্ষ্যে নিরলস কাজ করে যাচ্ছে। Source- http://www.tourismboard.gov.bd/site/page/039c81b0-e8d4-4627-8f3e-f6c4a711b7e7/-
Discussion on "Classes of Service of Airlines"
Generally, airlines offer three main classes of service: 1. Economy class 2. Business class 3. First class Some airlines may differentiate within a class, and in addition to the standard service may offer a superior service within the same cabin. However, not all airlines offer three classes - some have two and others may only have one, and the classes offered may vary on different routes with varying aircraft types.
Learnings from Successful Jobs SearchersBruce Bennett
Are you interested to know what actions help in a job search? This webinar is the summary of several individuals who discussed their job search journey for others to follow. You will learn there are common actions that helped them succeed in their quest for gainful employment.
We recently hosted the much-anticipated Community Skill Builders Workshop during our June online meeting. This event was a culmination of six months of listening to your feedback and crafting solutions to better support your PMI journey. Here’s a look back at what happened and the exciting developments that emerged from our collaborative efforts.
A Gathering of Minds
We were thrilled to see a diverse group of attendees, including local certified PMI trainers and both new and experienced members eager to contribute their perspectives. The workshop was structured into three dynamic discussion sessions, each led by our dedicated membership advocates.
Key Takeaways and Future Directions
The insights and feedback gathered from these discussions were invaluable. Here are some of the key takeaways and the steps we are taking to address them:
• Enhanced Resource Accessibility: We are working on a new, user-friendly resource page that will make it easier for members to access training materials and real-world application guides.
• Structured Mentorship Program: Plans are underway to launch a mentorship program that will connect members with experienced professionals for guidance and support.
• Increased Networking Opportunities: Expect to see more frequent and varied networking events, both virtual and in-person, to help you build connections and foster a sense of community.
Moving Forward
We are committed to turning your feedback into actionable solutions that enhance your PMI journey. This workshop was just the beginning. By actively participating and sharing your experiences, you have helped shape the future of our Chapter’s offerings.
Thank you to everyone who attended and contributed to the success of the Community Skill Builders Workshop. Your engagement and enthusiasm are what make our Chapter strong and vibrant. Stay tuned for updates on the new initiatives and opportunities to get involved. Together, we are building a community that supports and empowers each other on our PMI journeys.
Stay connected, stay engaged, and let’s continue to grow together!
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For more, visit pmissc.org.
A Guide to a Winning Interview June 2024Bruce Bennett
This webinar is an in-depth review of the interview process. Preparation is a key element to acing an interview. Learn the best approaches from the initial phone screen to the face-to-face meeting with the hiring manager. You will hear great answers to several standard questions, including the dreaded “Tell Me About Yourself”.
Leadership Ambassador club Adventist modulekakomaeric00
Aims to equip people who aspire to become leaders with good qualities,and with Christian values and morals as per Biblical teachings.The you who aspire to be leaders should first read and understand what the ambassador module for leadership says about leadership and marry that to what the bible says.Christians sh
Success is often not achievable without facing and overcoming obstacles along the way. To reach our goals and achieve success, it is important to understand and resolve the obstacles that come in our way.
In this article, we will discuss the various obstacles that hinder success, strategies to overcome them, and examples of individuals who have successfully surmounted their obstacles.
In the intricate tapestry of life, connections serve as the vibrant threads that weave together opportunities, experiences, and growth. Whether in personal or professional spheres, the ability to forge meaningful connections opens doors to a multitude of possibilities, propelling individuals toward success and fulfillment.
Eirini is an HR professional with strong passion for technology and semiconductors industry in particular. She started her career as a software recruiter in 2012, and developed an interest for business development, talent enablement and innovation which later got her setting up the concept of Software Community Management in ASML, and to Developer Relations today. She holds a bachelor degree in Lifelong Learning and an MBA specialised in Strategic Human Resources Management. She is a world citizen, having grown up in Greece, she studied and kickstarted her career in The Netherlands and can currently be found in Santa Clara, CA.
2. Presented By:
Md. Shaifullar Rabbi
BBA & MBA (Major inTHM,FBS,DU)
Coordinator & Lecturer
Dept. ofTourism & Hospitality Management
Daffodil Institute of IT(NU)
3. WHAT ISTRAVEL BEHAVIOR?
Travel behavior refers to a concise and purposeful
study or analysis of various aspects of travel by
people. The scope of this type of study is quite huge
and the dimensions are many, it all depends on the
particular information that the analyst is trying to
obtain through the process of the study. Travel
behavior can be used for purposes like finding out
which type of transportation people favor most,
the reasons why they prefer that mode of
transport, the most popular destinations, and the
reason why people travel there. An example of a
travel analysis is one that is conducted by the
officials of a city in order to find out the mode of
transportation that the members of the
community use the most.
4. QUESTIONS STUDIED
The questions studied in travel behavior are broad, and are probed through activity and time-use research studies, and
surveys of travelers designed to reveal attitudes, behaviors and the gaps between them in relation to the sociological
and environmental impacts of travel.
How many trips do people make?
Where do they go? (What is the destination?
What mode do they take?
Who accompanies whom?
When is the trip made?What is the schedule?
What is the sequence or pattern of trips?
What route choices do people make?
Why do people travel? (Why can't people stay at home and telecommute or teleshop?)
To what degree are people aware of the environmental and climate impacts of their travel choices?
To what degree and how do people rationalize the environmental and climate impacts causes by their travel?
Where changes in travel behavior would be beneficial to society, how might those changes be promoted?
Other behavioral aspects of traveling, such as letting people get off before entering a vehicle, queueing behavior, etc.
5. DATA
These questions can be answered descriptively
using a travel diary, often part of a travel
survey or travel behavior inventory. Large
metropolitan areas typically only do such
surveys once every decade, though some cities
are conducting panel surveys, which track the
same people year after year. Such repeated
surveys are useful because they yield different
answers than surveys at a single point in time.
That data is generally used to
estimate transportation planning models, so
that transport analysts can make predictions
about people who haven't been surveyed. This is
important in forecasting traffic, which depends
on future changes to road networks, land use
patterns, and policies.
6. TRAVEL BEHAVIOR AND ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
Analysis of travel behavior from the home can
answer the question: How does the family
participate in modern society. Consider two non-
observable extremes. At one extreme we have the
non-specialized household. It does everything for
itself, and no travel is required. Ultimate
specialization is the other extreme; travel is
required for all things. Observed households are
somewhere in between. The “in between” position
of households might be thought of as the
consequence of two matters.
There is social and economic structure – the
organization of society. To participate in this
society, the household specializes its occupations,
education, social activities, etc.
The extent to which members of the household
specialize turns on their attributes and resources.
7. HISTORY OFTRAVEL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Analytic work on travel behavior can be dated from Liepmann (1945). Liepmann
obtained and analyzed 1930s data on worker travel in England. Many of the insights
current today were found by Liepmann: time spent, ride sharing, etc. Most academics
date modern work from advances in mode choice analysis made in the 1970s. This
created much excitement, and after some years an International Association for
Travel Behavior Research emerged. There are about 150 members of the
Association; it holds a conference every three years. The proceedings of those
conferences yield a nice record of advances in the field. The proceedings also provide
a record of topics of lasting interest and of changing priorities. Mode choice received
priority early on, but in the main today’s work is not so much on theory as it is on
practice. Hager strand (1970) developed a time and space path analysis, often called
the time-space prism.
8. GENDER DIFFERENCE INTRAVEL PATTERNS
On November 18–20, 2004, Transportation Research Board (TRB) held
its third conference in Chicago, Illinois, with an interest in advancing the
understanding of women’s issues in transportation. One of the
presented studies, conducted by Nobbs et al.,revealed that the gender
difference in travel patterns is linked to employment status, household
structure, child care, and maintenance tasks. They found that travel
patterns of men and women are much similar when considering single
families; the differences are greater once males and females are
compared in multi-person households without children; and are the
highest once they live in households with children. Over the past two
decades’ numerous studies have been conducted on travel behavior
showing gender as an influential factor in travel decision making.
9. CONSUMER DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
The consumer decision-making process is the way in
which your customers identify their wants and needs,
research solutions for their needs, and make a decision
to purchase. This process also includes periods of
consideration and post-purchase evaluation. Both in its
definition and in practice, the consumer decision-
making process is often quite logical. As an ecommerce
business owner, you have the powerful opportunity to
leverage the logical elements of this process to your
benefit.
10.
11. THE FIVE STAGES OFTHE CONSUMER
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
The consumer decision-making process — or customer journey — may
go by many titles, but, no matter what you call it, the process includes
five steps. To build strong customer connections, it is important to
maximize your influence in each step.
1.Awareness
2. Research
3. Consideration
4. Purchasing decision
5. Evaluation
12. 1.AWARENESS
The consumer initiates the first step of the
decision-making process when they
become aware of their need or want for a
particular product or service. This can be
brought about by emotional needs like
hunger, illness, or sadness, or by an
external factor like an effective blog or the
smell of a familiar food. Between external
and internal stimuli, the consumer’s need
is born. Once realized, the consumer’s
desire drives them to seek out a brand
that can provide the service or product
they need. This step is vital because it
provides you with your first opportunity to
connect with the customer.
13. 2. RESEARCH
It is imperative that, when the customer seeks
out a solution to their newfound need, you are
a readily available answer. This stage includes
seeking out businesses and conducting research
on products and services. Your opportunity in
this stage lies in being as visible as possible
wherever your customers will look. To make the
most of this stage, make use of tools like:
Search Engine Optimization
Google ads
Social media ads
A strong social media presence
14. 3. CONSIDERATION
During this stage, consumers are considering factors such as:
The quality of your product. How do your features compare with
competitors? Will the customer be making a wise investment by purchasing your
product?
The price of your product. Have you priced your service or product at a
competitive rate? Is the investment worth the reward?
Their user experience. How easy is it to find information and make a
purchase? How easy is it to receive the product? How difficult is it to return?
Their connection with your brand. How is your audience connecting with
your brand? How can you deepen brand loyalty with existing customers by
leaning into your brand? How do you keep customers excited about your brand?
15. 4. PURCHASING DECISION
In this stage, the consumer is initiating
their purchase. However, customers
still abandon businesses in this late
stage! Here, it is important that you
develop an easy-to-use online store
that ushers the consumer through the
process without stress. The goal is to
encourage the shopper to see their
purchase through to its conclusion, at
which point you have
successfully converted a potential
customer into a paying one! While this
may seem like the most important
step, the ones leading up to it lay the
vital foundation.
16. 5. EVALUATION
Once the consumer has made a purchase,
they will evaluate their new product. This
is a critical period in which they will either
form a lasting connection with your brand
or move on from it. Encourage recent
customers with email campaigns and
discounts to incentivize returning to your
store. Beyond this, the evaluation stage is
the perfect time to nudge your customers
to provide you with a positive review.
The power of listings and reviews is
undeniable — they can be essential for
drawing new customers to your brand
during the research phase.
17. HOW CANYOU IMPACTTHE
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS?
Throughout the decision-making process, you have the opportunity to deeply
impact your consumer. Constant Contact offers marketing tools that can help you
make the most of your new understanding of the consumer decision-making
process.These include:
Ads: When your customer begins their journey, it is essential that you appear in
their initial solution searches. Make use of Google Ads, social media ads, and SEO
to ensure you are visible to important members of your niche audience.
Branded email templates: Consider which elements of your brand your customers
respond to most clearly. Elevate this branding, and use Constant Contact’s
branded templates to easily create consistent and polished correspondence.
Automated emails: Especially during the research phase — or with an abandoned
cart during the purchasing phase — automated emails can help you reconnect and
sway hesitant customers.
18. 1. Audience segmentation: When paired with customer data, this powerful tool can help
you personalize your messaging to undecided customers. Easily tailor content and send it
to the customers who will find it most valuable. You can use segmentation to target
customers who have made specific types of purchases.
2. Email tracking: Email and social media analytics help you keep a pulse on how
active and engaged your customers are. Remember, beyond the evaluation stage, it is
your goal to keep shoppers interested in your brand.
3. Website building: The website-building tool makes it easy to create impactful
websites that make online shopping easy for your customers. Easy-to-use portals and
websites can help you retain happy customers.
4. Social media engagement: Use social media campaigns to keep loyal customers
and fans involved in your brand. Social media can yield repeat customers, powerful
word-of-mouth recommendations, and trusted reviews.
To convert a paying customer into a brand advocate, it is essential to nurture a long-
term relationship that is built on trust and engagement. Use online tools during
every step of the consumer decision process to connect with customers from the
beginning.
19. TOURIST ATTRACTION
A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit,
typically for its inherent or an exhibited natural or cultural
value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering
leisure and amusement. Places of natural beauty such
as beaches, tropical island resorts,
national parks, mountains, deserts and forests, are examples of
traditional tourist attractions which people may visit. Cultural
tourist attractions can include historical places, monuments,
ancient temples, zoos, aquaria, museums and art
galleries, botanical gardens, buildings and structures (such
as forts, castles, libraries,
former prisons, skyscrapers, bridges), theme
parks and carnivals, living history museums, public
art (sculptures, statues, murals), ethnic
enclave communities, historic trains and cultural events.
Factory tours, industrial heritage, creative art and crafts
workshops are the object of cultural niches like industrial
tourism and creative tourism. Many tourist attractions are
also landmarks. But sports events such as a soccer game,
Formula 1 race or sailing regatta can also attract tourists.
20. TOURISM DESTINATION
A tourist destination is a geographical location which has the necessary components to attract
tourists and meet their needs (M. Djurica & N. Djurica 2010, Pearce 1992). A tourist destination
comprises of different components which are characterized as the 4 As (Cooper et al. 2000). The 4
A’S are classified as follows (Cooper et al. 2000):
Attractions which motivate tourist to visit the destination and consist of the artificial as well as
natural features or events.
Amenities which include a range of supporting facilities and services like accommodation, food,
entertainment and recreation which are required by tourists at the destination.
Access in terms of development and maintenance of transport which provides the link to the
tourist destination as well as the tourist attractions at the destination.
Ancillary services which are provided to customers and industry by the destination through a local
tourist board.
The destination must make use of its abilities, resources and opportunities from the environment in
order to create the maximum value and therefore be successful. The tourist destination can meet
the needs of its consumers better than its competitors by analyzing the marketing environment (M.
Djurica & N. Djurica 2010).
21.
22. DESTINATION IMAGE
According to Gunn (1972) destination
images consist of 3 stages: Organic,
induced and modified induced images.
Organic images consist of information
about a destination such as newspapers,
books and radio which are developed over
a long period of time (Jenkins 1999).
Induced images are formed through a
destination marketing program such as
magazines and brochures in order to
attract tourists. The induced image can be
modified through the actual experience of
the tourist at the destination it is
therefore considered as being modified
induced images.
23. DESTINATION CATEGORIES
Five Destination Groupings
The most common is the centered destination - the traditional holiday where tourists travel to
a destination where they expect to spend the majority of their time, perhaps with occasional
excursions to nearby attractions. Can you find two other centered destinations and write a
paragraph on each eg. what they have to offer.
The base destination - from where the surrounding region can be explored. Can you find another
two base destinations in the USA and write a paragraph explaining what they have to offer in and
around them?
Multicenter holidays, where two or more destinations are of equal importance on the itinerary
The touring destinations, which will be part of a linear itinerary. Or a little closer to home Great
Ocean Road. In groups choose an attraction from the reading and describe it as if you were a travel
agent selling to a client. Then answer the who, what, where, why and how questions regarding the
Twelve Apostles. Find another two linear tours you would like to take somewhere in the world.
The transit destinations, these are the stopovers en-route to the final destination. Travelers from
New Zealand to the UK have quite a few stopover choices. Can you write a paragraph about
another two transit destinations frequently used by airlines travelling from New Zealand to the UK?
24. DESTINATIONS CAN BE CATEGORIZED
BY GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Urban Tourism: A growing interest in cultural activities eg. theatres, museums, and art galleries, as
well as in historical and modern architecture, combined with the appeal of shopping as a leisure
activity has seen Sydney prosper as a short break urban destination.Cityscapes including a clearly
defined center, well-established shopping and entertainment districts, parks and recreations are an
important element for tourists when choosing a quick break getaway destination.
Coastal and Resort Tourism: The stereotypical tourism environment - sand, sea and surf. Whether its
sitting in a deckchair or lying on the beach, watching the sea or taking part in more physically active
watersports - surfing, windsurfing, snorkeling/scuba diving this form of tourism remains popular.
Rural Tourism: The countryside offers a different holiday experience from urban or coastal tourism.
Although admired by artists for many centuries, the widespread appeal of country/rural areas is of
relatively recent origin. Rural Tourism encompasses a huge range of activities, natural or manmade
attractions, amenities and facilities, transportation, marketing and information systems (Sharpley &
Sharpley, 1997). Rural tourism is very diverse and fragmented in terms of operational structures,
activities, markets and operating environments (Roberts & Hall, 2001, citing Pearce, 1989). Benefits
of rural tourism have been expressed as employment growth and broadening a regions economic
base, repopulation, social improvement, and revitalization of local craft (Sharpley, 2000).
25. WHAT CHARACTERISTICS DOES AN
INTELLIGENTTOURIST DESTINATION HAVE?
1.Innovative: Not only from a technological perspective, but starting from the need for a new
governance. For example, establishing new relationships between the public and private sectors, between
residents and visitors, or applying new participatory methodologies.
2. Technological infrastructure: The application of intelligent solutions such as the Big Dara makes it
possible to know the customer and the environment in which he moves much better, offering them
higher-quality, personalized products and services. In addition, at a time like today where person-to-
person contact should be minimal and coordination between sectors maximum, new technologies will be
very necessary.
3. Sustainable development: The challenge of sustainable development lies in guaranteeing a balance
between economic growth (which has more to do with the carrying capacity of the territories than with
constant growth), preservation of the environment and respect for cultural integrity in order to achieve a
fairer, more diverse and respectful tourist activity with the territory and the people who inhabit it.
4. Universal Accessibility: Tourism and leisure are basic elements of daily life in our society, which,however,
many people, due to disability, age, pregnancy, illness or other reasons, cannot access or do so with great
difficulties. Smart tourist destinations must direct their efforts to adapt infrastructures, equipment and
services, and reduce architectural barriers.As well as improving accessibility to information by all groups.
6. Interaction and integration of the visitor with the environment: The concept of smart destination
makes it possible for the visitor to feel welcomed and integrated into the environment in which they
move, and with a greater ability to interact with residents. You not only come to visit, but you want to
know the reality of the people who inhabit it and get unique and real experiences.
26. 6. Quality experiences: The visitor, in the center. The tourism industry is evolving at a dizzying pace
to adapt to a new profile of tourists: the hyper connected and interactive traveler seeking products,
services and comprehensive, flexible and personalized experiences. The journey no longer begins at
the airport, but much earlier, with inspiration. And it ends with memories and shared
satisfaction. Smart tourist destinations must accompany the visitor in the three phases of the trip,
making it a complete and quality experience from start to finish. How?
Inspiration phase (before the trip): offer texts, photos, videos, audios, infographics, maps … A large
amount of data in different formats perfectly structured on destinations, products and services to
participate as actively as possible in the tourist’s choice . An example of how to talk about a
destination in an innovative and inspiring format is the Story Map developed by ESRI, one of our
partners, to present Madrid’s candidacy as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Smart decisions (during the trip): Hyper connectivity through new technologies, applications and
platforms makes the tourist experience much easier and more flexible. The traveler interacts with
suppliers, tourist destination services and other connected tourists at all times, allowing them to
make smarter decisions on the ground. In addition, new virtual reality technologies allow
destinations to offer unique experiences, unimaginable a few years ago. An example is Holavr,
which allows shared virtual reality experiences for groups of friends or families.
Shared satisfaction (after the trip): Where, how and who talks about tourist destinations and their
services? The main challenge for companies and destinations is to know the degree of satisfaction
of tourists in order to apply continuous improvement systems and develop new loyalty
mechanisms.
7. Improves the quality of life of the resident: The resident community constitutes a very important
value on which the other components of the tourist territory must revolve. Excellence in the Smart
Tourist Destination is achieved only if the tourism project is shared and supported by the
community, endowing it with its idiosyncrasy and its particularities.
27. DESTINATION ATTRACTIVENESS
Pearson (1979) defined destination
attractiveness as the degree to which the
destination meets the expectation of its visitors
in terms of food and accommodation, natural
beauty, cultural richness, recreational
opportunities and other amenities.
Attractiveness is the summation of impressions,
ideas and beliefs about destinations based on
information from various sources (MacKay and
Fesenmaier 1997). Attraction is the ability of a
destination to deliver individual benefits and
according to Gunn (1994) it constitutes the
vitalizing power of the tourism system. Ferrario
(1979) highlights the fact that there are factors
which cannot be classified as attractions but
which plays a vital role in the attractiveness of a
destination such as the exchange rate, political
stability and infrastructures.
28. DESTINATION SERVICES ANDTOURISTS’ SATISFACTION
As a hospitality business leader, or destination management
professional, what do you need to know about tourism? Does it help
you to know where tourists go most and how much money that adds to
the economy? Maybe so, but the most important factors for your
business are what pleases tourists the most and what makes them
grow your business as satisfied customers. The steady growth of
tourism reflects an important evolution in human economic and
leisure activities and this is how it is currently measured: “It is one of
the world's largest and fastest-growing economic sectors, supporting
one in 10 jobs (319 million) worldwide and generating 10.4% of world
GD.” (WTTC 2019)
29. TOURISM SATISFACTION AND WELL-BEING
Dr. Gang Li began building his index to determine how to best measure tourism
satisfaction, and whether or not tourism is good for people. As he pointed out, the
pursuit of happiness is a major focus of people’s lives and also of indices, these days.
Measuring tourism satisfaction is important for several reasons, outlined in Dr. Li’s
presentation:
Satisfied tourists stay longer, spend more and come back
They promote the provider on social media and online ratings, thereby
contributing to business and destination competitiveness
They bring friends and family on their next visit
Satisfaction with vacation time impacts their overall quality of life
Tourism is about consuming an unknown product in unfamiliar surroundings, and
is classified as an “export” in economic terms
30. HOWTO MEASURETOURISM SATISFACTION?
In order to correctly measure tourism satisfaction, Dr. Li considered many factors which could be
evaluated by collecting the responses of tourists after their experience, using questionnaires or
interviews. Some of the key elements were:
Expectations versus reality: subjects must be asked what they expected and how that expectation
was met or not
Satisfaction must be measured for every part of the experience: Transportation, Immigration,
Accommodation, Food & Beverage, Feature Experiences
The data must include personal factors such as age and gender
Capturing the data must be done quickly at the end of the experience, as a feeling of satisfaction or
an intention to log a complaint may fade with time
As Dr. Li explained, “Destination Management Organizations, tour operators and amusement parks
may be interested in this data because if we can identify what makes a tourist have a good
experience, then they can direct their energy to improve the most important aspects for tourists
and thereby improve the overall reputation of the destination or provider.”
31. FOUR KEYSTO A HAPPYTOURIST
Using these methods to evaluate a tourism experience in South Africa, Dr. Li came to some
conclusions about the results:
High-cost experiences generally equal less happiness because the product does not seem to be
worth the cost
High-quality experiences make people happy and often feature interactive and interpersonal
experiences, sensory experiences (touch, taste, smell, etc.) and humorous, fun or exciting activities
and people (guides, staff)
Any disagreement or complaint makes a negative overall impact, so providers must be on the
lookout for signs of dissatisfaction and identify and correct problem areas in their service or product
Good tourism experiences create well-being that spills over into other areas of life. Therefore, it is
not unfair to market tourism as something that changes and shapes one’s life, but the experience
has to live up to the expectations
In the end, the index system is a first experiment in measuring tourism satisfaction, and this study
creates a solid framework for further work. These findings give a good idea of where the emphasis
should go for measuring satisfaction for destinations and tourism-facing business.
32. THE FUTURE OF DESTINATION MANAGEMENT
According to Dr. Li, the future of
destination management is going to play
out in three main areas: smart cities,
personalized or targeted guest
experiences and a better cohabitation
between tourists and local people. He
said, “I’ve seen a lot of research and
effort going into creating smart cities. In
China, they are working on making
several of the most visited cities smart
cities. They are making it possible to
gather the data about where people are,
what they are doing, automating some
alerts and increasing services in response
to high or low demand. This technology is
already within our reach and through the
mobile phones, we can know where
people are, in what concentration.”
33. BRIDGINGTHE GAP FROM RESEARCH TO APPLICATION
At the end of his presentation, Dr. Li was
humble about the implications of his
research, he said, “As an academic, I can say
that we focus first on getting the data right
and making a reliable system, making sure it
works, we don’t often have time to reach out
the industry professionals to encourage
them to adopt the framework. We need a
bridge, people to take the learnings and
adapt it to a professional level. The industry
can’t use our research findings alone, they
need interpretation and adaptation for their
region. For example, a provider or hotel in
one city or region may not be able to apply
the learnings from another region. This is
why indices are useful, if they work, then
they can be applied to other projects in the
industry for benchmarking purposes.”