The document discusses three theories of truth: coherence theory, correspondence theory, and pragmatic theory. Coherence theory deals with well-formed formulas that have been proven true within a system. Correspondence theory relates knowledge claims to real world states of affairs. Pragmatic theory sees truth as based on practical consequences of ideas. The document also examines sources of knowledge and developing a skeptical approach to separate facts from opinions.

1. Prepared by: Lester Anthony A. Gaoiran

2. 1. Coherence Theory
-has to do with the well-formed formulas
(WFF) adopted in the field of formal sciences.
WFF- have been accepted as universal and have
been proven to be true within the assumptions
of the system where they belong.
Examples: Pythagorean Theorem have been
accepted as WFF in the field of mathematics
and Geometry

3. 2. Correspondence Theory
- Has to do with the correspondence of
knowledge claims being made with the
statement of affairs in the world.
Bertrand Russell – He believed that the
meaning of a word is its referent or the object
denoted by it.

4. 2. Correspondence Theory
- Assumes that there is something given outside.
Alfred Jules Ayer – in his book entitled “Language,
Truth, and Logic” (1936) he defined clearly the
limits of empirical statements as only those
empirically verifiable through experience.
- according to him, ethical
concepts are pseudo concepts because they could
not be subject to the process of verification.
Pseudo- not genuine

5. 3. Pragmatic Theory
- Associated with an American Philosopher and
doctor of medicine, William James.
- Truth is based on the good or practical
consequences of an idea.

6. 3. Pragmatic Theory
- Example: Many children believe in the idea
that Santa Claus is true. Remember when you
were young and you would try to stay awake
until wee hours of the morning in order to
catch Santa putting your gifts inside your
Christmas socks. But as you grow up, you
would realize that you would have outgrown
the idea of believing in Santa.
- It maybe practical before, but not today.

7. 3. Pragmatic Theory
- Pragmatist question: “If I do this, what is in it
for me?” once you examine your choices or
alternatives, you would take into
consideration the good and practical
consequences before making decision.

8. There are two accepted sources of knowledge:
a. Reason- construed as an analytic faculty that
is able to mine the truth of Analytic statements
b. Experience- use of 5 senses
Intuition – the third source of knowledge
- deals with the immediate or direct
recognition of self-evident truths
George Edward Moore- proponent of
intuitionism

9.  Distinguishing between a fact and opinion
requires attention and scrutiny, because it is
indeed a challenge to weed out opinions
based on one’s biases and subjective views
from facts based on accurate and objective
information
 There must be a set of criteria in our
examination of these opinions and beliefs
before accepting them as true.

10. Acuňa- reminded us that we have one very
important obligation as a critical thinker, that
is, “Never accept the truth of any statement or
belief unless there is adequate evidence for it.”
Healthy Skepticism/Methodological Skepticism
- An attitude that will allow us to our toes as
an analytical and critical thinker

11. 1.____ theory of truth has to do with the well-formed
formulas (WFF) adopted in the field of formal sciences.
2. according to him, ethical concepts are pseudo
concepts because they could not be subject to the
process of verification.
3.According to him, “Never accept the truth of any
statement or belief unless there is adequate evidence
for it.”
4. He is the proponent of Pragmatism
5. the third source of knowledge that deals with the
immediate or direct recognition of self-evident truths

12. 6. An attitude that will allow us to our toes as an
analytical and critical thinker
7. Source of knowledge that construed as an analytic
faculty that is able to mine the truth of Analytic
statements
8. Theory of knowledge that Has to do with the
correspondence of knowledge claims being made
with the statement of affairs in the world.
9. Source of knowledge by the use of 5 senses.
10. have been accepted as universal and have been
proven to be true within the assumptions of the
system where they belong.