- The document discusses factors that influence demand and supply, including price, income, prices of related goods, and tastes. It explains the concepts of movements and shifts along demand and supply curves. - Demand is represented by a downward-sloping demand curve. The quantity demanded decreases when price increases and increases when price decreases. Supply is represented by an upward-sloping supply curve, with quantity supplied increasing with price. - Market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. Equilibrium price and quantity can change if demand or supply curves shift due to changes in the factors that influence them.

2. Di akhir pembelajaran, pelajar akan dapat: menjelaskan faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan dan penawaran membezakan konsep pergerakan dan peralihan keluk DD dan SS, dan perubahan Q D dan Q S menerangkan tentang keseimbangan pasaran menunjukkan perubahan keseimbangan bagi harga dan kuantiti OBJEKTIF

3. PERMINTAAN (DD) Sesuatu barang atau perkhidmatan yang diminta ( Q D ) dan yang sanggup dibayar oleh pembeli pada harga (P) tertentu. The quantity demanded will depend on e.g.: Harga barang itu sendiri (t he price level) Pendapatan (c ustomers’ incomes) Harga barang lain (t he price of competitors’ products ) The price of complementary products The number of customers in the market Customers’ taste Environment factors (weather) etc.

4. Harga barang itu sendiri Hukum Permintaan Apabila P ↑ - Q D ↓ Apabila P ↓ - Q D ↑

5. Pendapatan (Y) Apabila Y ↑ – Q D ?? bagi barang normal Apabila Y ↑ – Q D ?? Bagi barang bawahan Apabila Y ↑ – Q D ?? Bagi barang mewah

6. Harga barang lain Barang Penggenap Apakah hubungannya, jika: P ↑ Q _____ ? P ↓ Q _____ ? Contohnya: _______________? Barang Pengganti Contoh: _______________? P ↑ Q _______? P ↓ Q _______?

7. Demand curve: The demand curve is derived from the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility (hukum MU semakin berkurangan); it is usually downward sloping . P and Q D : berhubungan secara negatif.

8. Movements and shifts along DD curve A change in price leads to a movement (pergerakan) along the demand curve  change in quantity demanded  extension and contraction of demand, with assumption that other influences remain unchanged: Ceteris Paribus : faktor-faktor lain tidak berubah A change in other factors leads to a shift (peralihan) of the demand curve = change in demand

9. A movement along a demand curve

10. A shift in demand

11. Summary- DD

12. The market demand

13. PENAWARAN (SS) Penawaran (supply) ialah kuantiti sesuatu barang yang sanggup dan mampu dijual oleh pengeluar pada suatu tingkat harga tertentu dan dalam masa tertentu.

14. Supply The supply curve shows the amount (Qs) that producers are willing and able to produce at each and every price, assuming that all others things unchanged P & Qs positive relation

15. Perubahan Kuantiti Ditawarkan (Qs) vs Perubahan SS Δ Q yang ditawarkan: disebabkan Δ P (harga) barang itu sendiri P ↑ Q ↑, P ↓ Q ↓ Δ Qs berlaku di sepanjang keluk SS yang sama = m ovement along the supply curve : this shows a change in quantity supplied caused by a change in price

16. Supply Shift in supply : change in factors other than price e.g.: a change in other product price a change in the number of producers a change in technology a change in costs of production a change in input prices

17. An extension of supply

18. A contraction of supply

19. A shift in supply

20. Perpindahan Keluk SS Harga Kuantiti Pertambahan Penawaran Pengurangan Penawaran S S S 2 S 2 S 1 S 1

21. Perpindahan Keluk SS Harga Kuantiti 0 Q 1 S 1 S S 2 Pertambahan Penawaran Pengurangan Penawaran S 2 S S 1 Q Q 2 H

22. Penentu Kuantiti yang Ditawarkan

23. Markets and equilibrium (k eseimbangan pasaran) A market occurs when buyers and sellers interact to exchange goods and services Equilibrium occurs in a market when the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded and there is no incentive for this position to change  berlaku apabila keluk DD dan SS bersilang In a free market equilibrium is reached by changes in the price

24. Pada harga RM2.00, kuantiti yang diminta = kuantiti yang ditawarkan Jadual Permintaan Jadual Penawaran Harga Roti Roses Kuantiti Diminta Harga Roti Kuantiti Ditawarkan KESEIMBANGAN PASARAN

25. Keseimbangan Pasaran 6 8 10 0 Kuantiti Roti Harga Roti 4 2 1 3 5 7 9 11 D S Keseimbangan Harga D S RM2.00 Keseimbangan Keseimbangan Kuantiti

26. Price mechanism in the free market In the free market the price mechanism is acting as: A signal and incentive; as the price rises this acts as a signal to other producers that this is an industry they might want to enter to earn high profits A rationing device; as the price increases it reduces the quantity demanded until it equals the quantity supplied

27. KESEIMBANGAN PASARAN Keseimbangan Lebihan SS Lebihan DD Harga Roti Kuantiti DD Kuantiti SS Keadaan 3.00 1 10 +9 2.50 4 10 +6 2.00 7 7 0 1.50 10 4 -6 1.00 13 1 -12 0.50 16 0 -16 0.00 19 0 -19

28. Lebihan Penawaran 6 8 10 0 Kuantiti Roti Harga Roti 4 2 1 3 5 7 9 11 Lebihan Penawaran D S D S RM2.00 RM2.50 Kuantiti DD Kuantiti SS

29. Lebihan Permintaan 6 8 10 0 Kuantiti roti 4 2 1 3 5 7 9 11 Harga Roti Lebihan Permintaan S D D S RM2.00 RM1.50 Kuantiti SS Kuantiti DD

30. PERUBAHAN DD & SS Keseimbangan pasaran boleh dipengaruhi oleh 3 keadaan: Δ DD tetapi SS tetap Δ SS tetapi DD tetap Δ dalam DD & SS

31. Perubahan DD (Kenaikan DD) D 1 6 10 0 Kuantiti Harga 4 2 1 3 5 7 11 Keseimbangan Baru S D 1 D 2 Keseimbangan Asal S $2.00 D 2 $2.50

32. Rajah 2.11: Perubahan SS (Penurunan SS) D 10 0 Kuantiti Harga 4 2 1 3 7 11 Keseimbangan Baru Keseimbangan Asal D S 1 S 2 S 1 $2.00 S 2 $2.50

33. Perubahan dalam DD & SS S 1 0 Kuantiti Harga Q 1 P 1 D 1 D 2 P 2 S 2 Q 2 Keseimbangan Baru Keseimbangan Asal

34. Perubahan dalam DD & SS S 1 0 Kuantiti Harga Q 1 P 1 D 1 D 2 P 2 S 2 Q 2 Keseimbangan Baru Keseimbangan Asal

35. Jadual 2.8: Harga (P) & Kuantiti (Q) kesan perubahan DD & SS

36. Excess supply

37. Excess demand

38. The effect of an increase in demand

39. The effect of an increase in supply

40. Supply and demand analysis Assuming a downward sloping demand curve and upward sloping supply curve: An outward shift in demand increases the equilibrium price and quantity An inward shift in demand decreases the equilibrium price and quantity An outward shift in supply decreases the equilibrium price and increases the equilibrium quantity An inward shift in supply increases the equilibrium price and decreases the quantity

41. Kesan campurtangan Kerajaan Mengawal dan menentukan tingkat harga bagi barangan-barangan tertentu. Ceiling Price Floor price Kenaikan (rise) harga tidak dibenarkan. Maximum price Kewujudan kekurangan (shortage) Price is not allowed to fall Minimum price Surplus occur Advantages: Consumer purchase products at a lower price Advantages : Protects producer’s income Higher wage rate Disadvantages : Emergence of black market Reduce quantity produced Producers tend to receive illegal payments from consumers Disadvantages : Consumer pay more Waste of resources of production Creates unemployment

42. Indirect taxes (Cukai tidak langsung) An indirect tax must be paid by the supplier The imposition of an indirect tax increases the equilibrium price and reduces the quantity If demand is more price inelastic than supply the incidence of an indirect tax falls mainly on consumers If supply is more price inelastic than demand the incidence of an indirect tax falls mainly on producers

43. The effect of a per unit indirect tax being imposed

44. The effect of a percentage indirect tax being imposed

45. The incidence of indirect tax on producers and consumers

46. The incidence of an indirect tax The incidence of an indirect tax on consumers is greater when demand is more price inelastic than supply

47. The effect of a subsidy The subsidy is equal to P1 P3. The price for consumers in this case falls from P1P2. P2P3 is the amount of the subsidy per unit retained by the firm.

48. Keseimbangan kuantiti Kuantiti yang ditawarkan/diminta pada tingkat keseimbangan Keseimbangan harga Harga yang dijual/dibeli pada tingkat keseimbangan KESEIMBANGAN PASARAN

49. Excercise Bagaimanakah anda menentukan samada sesuatu barangan itu merupakan barangan pengganti atau penggenap? How would you determine if a particular good is a substitute or a complement? Bagaimanakah anda menentukan samada sesuatu barangan itu merupakan barangan normal, mewah dan bawahan?

50. Excercise Bentukkan keluk permintaan pasaran. Derive a market demand curve. Bentukkan keluk penawaran pasaran Derive a market supply curve. Dengan bantuan geraf tunjukkan bagaimana harga keseimbangan pasaran bebas ditentukan. With the help of graph(s) show how a free market equilibrium price is being determined.