The document provides an overview of transportation planning in Malaysia. It discusses the evolution of transportation and travel from the 1960s to present. It then covers comprehensive transportation planning principles and the major steps in the transportation planning process. These include understanding the context and problems, developing goals and objectives, data collection and analysis, evaluation of alternatives, and implementation. The document also discusses factors influencing transportation planning like population growth, technology changes, and environmental imperatives. It outlines the roles and policies of key transportation authorities in Malaysia like the Land Public Transport Agency. Finally, it discusses concepts like travel demand modeling and the carrot and stick principles for improving public transportation.

1. C H A P T E R 1
P L A N N I N G F O R
T R A N S P O R TAT I O N

2. BEFORE 1960’ – SHORT DISTANCE by FOOT or BICYCLE
LONG- BUS , OCCASIONALLY RAIL.
(LIFE CENTRED –LOCAL)
1960’s – CAR EVOLUTION
NO ONE THINK TWICE USING THE CAR TO TRAVEL.
1970’s , 80’s , 90’s and 2000G – the number of private vehicles owners keeps growing and GROWING
EVOLUTION OF TRANSPORT
AND TRAVEL

3. TRANSPORT ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING
A. Comprehensive Planning
 The comprehensive transport
planning is optimization the
balance between private and
public transportation.
 Transport planning based on
financial realism.

4. • Transportation
planning is for
overall (urban, sub-
urban, rural).

5. • Outside urban areas , less
important inter urban and
other rural area –
transportation are planned
on the basis of growth
factor.
• Rural public transport
services – determine on a
social requirement basis
NOT Economic or
commercial criteria

6. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
• The economic health and quality of life of a nation’s communities depends on:
– Well functioning of transportation system
– Safe transportation system.
– Example: Housing cost; transportation is one of the biggest expenses faced by the average
household in many countries in the world,
– Measured by the actual out of pocket cost associating with owning and operating vehicles
or paying for transit fares.
• The value of time takes travel from one location to another, often CONGESTION conditions,
this cost increase significantly.
• The cost of freight and goods of movement is also an economic cost passed on to
consumers that will vary depending on the price of transportation.
• The accessibility and mobility provided by transportation system influence land use patterns
and will effect our way of life over the time.
• TODAY transportation investment is often an integral part of economic and development
plans INCLUDING pedestrian, bicyclist facilities, and action to manage transportation

7. THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS
Source: Adapted from Meyer and Miller 2014
Figure 1- Conceptual Framework for Transport Planning

8. • Transportation planning often seen as an orderly and rationale process
of steps that logically follow one another
• IN REALITY, planning and project development are much more complex
• In Figure 1, Planning Process starts with understanding the problems
and ending with solution to identified problems (project programmed
and design)
• In typical planning context, many of these steps may already occurred
and therefore are not relevant to certain particular effort.
• Example : Planning for transportation Kuala Lumpur have been
conducted for years, the current planning might be the updating of
existing transportation Plan.
• The planning process in Figure 1, helps identify important components
of the planning process
• Figure 1 will be the important reference for Transport Planner.

9. MAJOR STEPS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
1
• Understanding of the Socio-demographic, land use and economic context within which
transportation system operate.
• Aware on the PROBLEM, CHALLENGES , OPPORUNITY & DEFICIENCY of transportation system
performance
2
• Developing Community or Study Area Vision
3
• Acquire more specific information about the vision
• Defining Goals and Objectives – helps identify criteria to evaluate different transportation
option
4
• SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• Performance measures – Data used to monitor CONGESTION, Average SPEED, MOBILITY
and etc

10. MAJOR STEPS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
5
• Collecting and Analyze Data
• To understanding the problem and potential challenges
• This focus on understanding how transportation system and its components work
and how changes to system will alter its performance.
6
• EVALUATION- process synthesizing the information ei: cost, benefits, impacts, & etc
• Evaluation should Incorporate:
• Focus on decision faced y decision maker
• Relate consequences with alternative goals & objectives
• Sensitive with time perios
• Analyze implementation requirements
• Access financial feasibility
• Provide information on the alternative value
7 & 8
• IMPLEMENTATION- Design and operation must be further REFINED. Also called PROJECT
DEVELOPMENT
• SYSTEM MONITORING – Feedback on goals and objectives. The Use of performance Measures.

11. MAJOR STEPS IN TRANSPORT PLANNING

12. 1.2 CHANGING CONTEXT FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
• The issue consider in transportation planning process often reflect the
changing characteristics of society as a whole
• Changes in market and transportation technology provide challenges
as well as opportunities to enhance transportation performance.
10 FACTORS INFLUENCE HOW TRANSPORTATION PLANNED AND PERFORM:
1- Population Growth – population growth and where population
located increasing pressures on government to provide transportation
infrastructure and services.
2- Changing Demographic – aging and changing demographic
3-Evolving Economic Market – Investment focused in transportation
4-Transportation System Preservation – preserve and maintaining
the existing system

13. 5-Transportation System Resiliency – Transportation system tend to be vulnerable. Ei:
Katrina Hurricane, terrorist attack, Pandemic of Covid 19 and etc.. All of these caused MAJOR
DISTRUPTION.
Transport Planner & Engineers need to put concern on how to plan and design transportation
that are not only resilient – the system should be able to SURVIVE and /or RECOVER QUICKLY
from disruption.
6-Technology- Support individual activities . Technology play significant role on how the
transportation will be manage. Transportation growth fast with new technology ei: EV
technology, MMS and etc
7-Financing Capacities – The financing strategy is important to support the growth of
Transportation system.
8-Changing Institutional Structure- From Government to Private companies that play more
important role in financing and developing the transportation system.
9-Environmental Imperatives- Future transportation decision making will be influence by the
policy that concerns on enhancing the environmental quality .
10-Energy – Transportation system is highest consumer of petroleum. Thus, this will influence
the future development and demand for alternative energy and travel behaviour.

14. TRANSPORT POLICY
SOCIALLY, ECONOMICALLY AND
POLITICALLY
–TOWARDS THE SUSTAINABLE
TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT.

15. • Mission And Vision of MOT
“To develop efficient, safe and effective
transport systems and services towards the
enhancement of multi modalism and
competitiveness”

16. OBJECTIVES
 To develop an integrated transport infrastructure network based on a supply driven approach.
 To implement an efficient, modern and high-tech transport system.
 To develop public and goods transport services which are seamless, safe and efficient .
 To create a competitive environment in the transport industry.
 To implement an efficient enforcement and regulatory function with integrity

17. FUNCTIONS OF MOT
• Planning, formulating and implementing road, rail, maritime, ports and civil aviation transport policies.
• Implementing infrastructure projects for road, rail, maritime, port and civil aviation.
• Coordinating the integration of transport modes to achieve seamless travel.
• Licensing services :
– License service providers and concession holders (except commercial vehicles).
– Individual driving licenses - individual / commercial driving licenses, pilot licenses, navigator and
helmsman licenses.
– Domestic shipping licenses.

18. • Registration for all vehicles.
• Pricing policy (except for commercial vehicles).
• To regulate/ supervise policy and operation of
concession holders/ government companies.
• To determine/ regulate service and safety standards and regulations.
• Forge and maintain regional and international cooperation programs
in the transport sector.

19. APAD (AGENSI PENGANGKUTAN AWAM DARAT)
• The Land Public Transport Agency (APAD) was officially established on 3 June 2010
following the passing of the Suruhanjaya Pengangkutan Awam Darat Act 2010 by
Parliament in May 2010. SPAD gained its full powers on 31 January 2011 with the gazetting
of the Land Public Transport Act 2010.
• APAD, which comes directly under the purview of the Prime Minister, brings the functions
of drawing up policies, planning and regulating all aspects of train, bus and taxi services as
well as road- and rail-based freight transport under one roof.
• APAD also has enforcement powers which it will carry out with close cooperation with
other enforcement agencies such as the Royal Malaysian Police and the Road Transport
Department.

20. • APAD will play a central role in improving road and rail-based public and freight transport in the
country.
• The Land Public Transport Act 2010 expressly states that APAD shall propose policies and plans in relation
to or affecting land public transport and develop strategies in line with the approved policies and plans
with a view to achieving a safe, reliable, efficient, responsive, accessible, planned, integrated and sustainable
land public transport, while ensuring the provision of affordable services for the carriage of passengers and
competitive services for the carriage of goods.
• Improving public transport is in line with one of the National Key Results Areas in the Government
Transformation Plan initiated by Former Prime Minister YAB Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak in 2009.

21. With the coming into force of the Land Public Transport Act 2010, the Land
Public Transport Agency (APAD) takes over the functions of Commercial
Vehicles Licensing Board, Department of Railways and the tourism vehicles
licensing function of the Ministry of Tourism in Peninsula Malaysia.
At present, the Commercial Vehicles Licensing Board, Department of Railways and
the Ministry of Tourism continue to exercise their respective powers in Sabah and
Sarawak

22. TRANSPORT
POLICY IN
MALAYSIA
• RAIL
• All railway functions of the Department of Railways have been
taken over by APAD from 31 January 2011. The following are some
of the key functions:
– Submission and verification of Railway Scheme to the Minister
in charge
– Issuance of Railway License
– Approval for Opening of Railway
– Periodic Inspection
– Project Monitoring
– Railway Protection Zone
– More information of SPAD’s railway functions can be obtained
from the Land Public Transport Act 2010.
– Guidelines - Railway Protection Zone -6 Nov 2012

23. TAXIS
• Dasar Pengangkutan Awam Teksi – 28 Feb 2012
• Dasar Pengangkutan Awam Teksi Mewah – 28 Feb 2012
• Dasar Pengangkutan Awam Teksi Lapangan Terbang – 28 Feb
2012
BUSES
– Dasar Pengangkutan Awam Bas Catar – 28 Feb 2012
– Dasar Pengangkutan Awam Bas Berhenti-henti – 28 Feb 2012
– Dasar Pengangkutan Awam Bas Sekolah – 28 Feb 2012
– Dasar Pengankutan Awam Bas Pengantara– 28 Feb 2012
– Dasar Pengankutan Awam Bas Pekerja– 28 Feb 2012
– Dasar Pengankutan Awam Bas Mini– 28 Feb 2012
– Dasar Pengankutan Awam Bas Express– 28 Feb 2012

24. FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION
Dasar Kenderaan Perdagangan Umum -10 Apr 2012
Dasar Kenderaan Perdagangan Pembawa A -9 Apr 12 2012
Dasar Kenderaan Perdagangan Pembawa B- 9 Apr 12

25. CARROT AND
STICK
PRINCIPLE
• The “carrot and
stick” principle, are
the pulling and
pushing factors that
the transport
planner need to
analyze in
improving the
public transport
services in Malaysia.

26. CARROT PRINCIPLE – PULL FACTOR
IMPROVEMENT IN
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
SCHEDULE
MORE FREQUENCY LOW COST / LOW
TICKET FARE
SUPPORTING
FACILITIES SUCH AS
PEDESTRIAN
WALKWAY AND ETC
LOCATION OF PUBLIC
TRANSPORT
SERVICES/WIDER
COVERAGE
SERVICE QUALITY

27. STICKS PRINCIPLES – PUSH FACTOR
• Toll for private vehicles
• Higher parking rate
• Road pricing
• Fewer parking for private
vehicle
• Closing street for private
vehicle
• High petrol price

28. 1.3 Travel Demand Model
Is the process of determining the number of trips that
will generate within a study area.
 thisdataisusedtodevelop a relationship between trip
end production or attraction and land use.
 This data needed to estimate the number of trips
generated at some future date under a new set of
land use condition.
1.TRIP
GENERATION
trip distribution is a process by which the trip
generated in one zone are allocated to another zones in
the study area.
These trips may within the study area (internal –
internal) or between the study area and area outside the
study area (internal – external)
Thisdatabasically toget a travel/traffic pattern (in/out) in
a zone
2.TRIP
DISTRIBUTION

29. TRAVELDEMAND MODEL
Modal Split is the demand analysis process
that determines the number (or percentages) of
trips between zones.
Depends on factors such as the traveler’s
income and the availability of transit service
limited to public and private vehicles only
3.MODAL
SPLIT
Todetermine the actual street and highway
routes that will be used and the number of
vehicles that can be expected on each highway
segment
to give a traffic direction to which road in
road/transport network
4.TRAFFIC
ASSIGNMENT

30. PURPOSE OF TRAVEL DEMAND MODEL
• This process is important for:
provide new transportation system
improve the existing system
build highways, transit systems and other

31. ACTIVITY
 Discuss in a group
 Looking at public transport in Iskandar Region,
what are your opinions on the current state of the
public transport?
 Based on Carrot and Sticks theory, list your group
opinions on the improvement that can be done for
public transport in Iskandar Region.