This document provides an overview of electrical and electronic systems, quantities, units, and safety. It discusses:
1) Systems are groups of interrelated parts that perform a specific function via inputs and outputs. Electrical systems deal with electric power, electronic systems deal with signals.
2) Important units include the volt, ampere, ohm, watt, and engineering prefixes like milli, mega and giga. Metric conversions and rounding rules are also covered.
3) Circuit components like resistors, switches, and meters are described. Resistor color codes, variable resistors, and schematic symbols are discussed. Basic electric circuits, current, resistance and safety guidelines are summarized.
Vskills certified it support professional reading materialVskills
Vskills IT Support Professional Sample reading material covers the following concepts.
1. Electronics basics
1.1 Electricity versus Electronics
1.2 Electricity Basics
1.3 Analog electronics
1.4 Digital electronics
Get complete e-book
http://www.vskills.in/certification/information-technology/certified-it-support-professional
Current Electricity Chp-8 General Science 9th 10thKamran Abdullah
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
Vskills certified it support professional reading materialVskills
Vskills IT Support Professional Sample reading material covers the following concepts.
1. Electronics basics
1.1 Electricity versus Electronics
1.2 Electricity Basics
1.3 Analog electronics
1.4 Digital electronics
Get complete e-book
http://www.vskills.in/certification/information-technology/certified-it-support-professional
Current Electricity Chp-8 General Science 9th 10thKamran Abdullah
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
GOOD HEATH AND SAFETY NOTE DO YOYE BEST STANDER OF YOUR WILL
GOOD HEATH AND SAFETY NOTE DO YOYE BEST STANDER OF YOUR WILL
GOOD HEATH AND SAFETY NOTE DO YOYE BEST STANDER OF YOUR WILLGOOD HEATH AND SAFETY NOTE DO YOYE BEST STANDER OF YOUR WILL
GOOD HEATH AND SAFETY NOTE DO YOYE BEST STANDER OF YOUR WILL
GOOD HEATH AND SAFETY NOTE DO YOYE BEST STANDER OF YOUR WILL
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
1. Systems, Quantities, and Units
Chapter 1
Thomas L. Floyd
David M. Buchla
DC/AC Fundamentals: A Systems
Approach
2. Systems
A system is a group of interrelated parts that perform a specific
function.
A system communicates with the outside world via its inputs and
outputs.
An input is the voltage, current or power that is applied to
an electrical circuit to achieve a desired result.
An output is the result obtained from the system after
processing its input(s).
3. An electrical system deals with electric power.
Examples:
Residential wiring systems, heating, ventilation, and air-
conditioning (HVAC) systems, and utility lighting systems.
An electronic system deals with signals; changing electrical or
electromagnetic quantities that carry information.
Examples:
Personal computers, smart phones, television systems
Electrical and Electronic Systems
4. A block diagram is a model of a system that represents its
structure in a graphical format using labeled blocks to represent
functions and lines to represent the signal flow.
Block Diagrams
5. An electrical circuit must form a complete path from a power or
signal source to a load, and back to the source.
A circuit that forms a complete loop (as described above) is
called a closed circuit.
A circuit that does not form a complete loop is called an open
circuit.
Types of Circuits
Circuits contain components; devices that alter one or more
electrical characteristics of the power or signal input.
6. Very large and very small numbers are represented
with scientific and engineering notation.
Scientific and Engineering Notation
4.7 x 107
Scientific Notation
47 x 106
Engineering Notation
For example, the number forty-seven million can be written as
47,000,000
7. 2.7 x 10-5
Scientific and Engineering Notation
Scientific Notation Engineering Notation
Example
0.000027 = 27 x 10-6
0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 605 x 10-3
32600 = 3.26 x 104 32.6 x 103
892,000 = 8.92 x 105 892 x 103
0.377 = 3.77 x 101 377 x 103
8. Numbers in scientific notation
can be entered in a scientific
calculator using the EE key.
Metric Conversions
Most scientific calculators can
be placed in a mode that will
automatically convert any decimal
number entered into scientific
notation or engineering notation.
9. Fundamental Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length
Mass
Time
Electric Current
Temperature
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance
Meter m
Kilogram kg
Second s
Ampere A
Kelvin K
Candela cd
Mole mol
10. Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units
are derived from the fundamental units. Current is a
fundamental unit.
These derived
units are based on
fundamental units
from the meter-
kilogram-second
system and are
called mks units.
Some Important Electrical Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Current Ampere A
Charge Coulomb C
Voltage Volt V
Resistance Ohm W
Power Watt W
13. When converting from one unit to a smaller unit,
move the decimal point to the right. Remember, a
smaller unit means the number must be larger.
0.47 MW = 470 kW
Metric Conversions
Smaller unit
Larger number
14. When converting from one unit to a larger
unit, move the decimal point to the left.
Remember, a larger unit means the number must
be smaller.
10,000 pF = 0.01 mF
Metric Conversions
Larger unit
Smaller number
15. When adding or subtracting numbers with a
metric prefix, convert them to the same prefix first.
10,000 W + 22 kW =
10,000 W + 22,000 W = 32,000 W
Alternatively: 10 kW + 22 kW = 32 kW
Metric Arithmetic
16. When adding or subtracting numbers with
different metric prefixes, convert them to the same
prefix first.
200 mA + 1.0 mA =
200 mA + 1,000 mA = 1200 mA
Alternatively: 0.200 mA + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA
Metric Arithmetic
17. 1. If the dropped digit is greater than 5, increase
the last retained digit by 1.
2. If the dropped digit is less than 5, do not
change the last retained digit.
3. If the dropped digit is 5, increase the last
retained digit if it makes it even, otherwise do
not. This is called the "round-to-even" rule.
Rounding is the process of discarding meaningless digits.
The rules for rounding are:
Rounding Numbers
18. Most laboratory equipment is connected to 120 Vrms at the
outlet. Wiring to the outlets generally uses three insulated wires
which are referred to as the “hot” (black or red wire), neutral
(white wire), and safety ground (green wire).
Neutral
Hot
Ground
GFCI circuits can detect a
difference in the hot and
neutral current and trip a
breaker. One outlet on the
circuit will have reset and test
buttons.
Utility voltages and GFCI
19. • Do not work alone, or when you are drowsy.
• Do not wear conductive jewelry.
• Know the potential hazards of the equipment you are working on;
check equipment and power cords frequently.
• Avoid all contact with energized circuits; even low voltage circuits.
• Maintain a clean and uncluttered workspace.
• Know the location of power shutoff and fire extinguishers.
• Don’t have food or drinks in the laboratory or work area.
Safety is always a concern with electrical circuits.
Knowing the rules and maintaining a safe environment is
everyone’s job. A few important safety suggestions are:
Electrical Safety
20. There is a force (F) between electrical charges. Like
charges repel; unlike charges attract.
• The force is directly proportional to charge.
• The force is inversely proportional to square of distance.
+ + +
_
Electrical charge
21. e-
Force is required to move a charge
against the electric field.
Voltage is the work per charge
done against the electric field.
Voltage
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
When force is applied over a
distance, work is done. Work done
in moving a charge against the
electric field leads to the definition
of voltage:
22. W
V
Q
One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between
two points when one joule of energy is used to move
one coulomb of charge from one point to the other.
Voltage
The defining equation for voltage is
23. Voltage is responsible for establishing current.
Sources of voltage
include batteries, solar
cells, and generators. A
Cu-Zn battery, such as
you might construct in
a chemistry class, is
shown.
Zinc
(anode)
Zn + 2e
Zn2+
ZnSO4
solution
Porous
barrier
Copper
(cathode)
Cu2+ + 2e
CuSO4
solution
Cu
+
e
e
-
- -
-
Voltage
24. Ideally, a voltage source can provide a constant
voltage for any current required by a circuit.
In practice, ideal sources
do not exist, but they can
be closely approximated
by actual sources.
Voltage
I
V
The IV curve for an
ideal voltage source has
a constant voltage for all
current.
25. Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that flows past
a point in a unit of time (t). The defining equation is:
Q
I
t
One ampere is a number of electrons having a total charge of 1 C
moving through a given cross section in 1 s.
0.4 A
What is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s?
Current
26. Ideally, a current source can provide a constant current
for any load.
Current
I
V
The IV curve for an
ideal current source has
a constant current as
indicated by the straight
line.
27. Resistance is the opposition to current.
One ohm (1 W) is the resistance if one ampere (1 A) is in a
material when one volt (1 V) is applied.
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
1
G
R
Components designed to have a specific amount of resistance are
called resistors. Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating
Leads
Resistance
28. Color
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No band
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
±5%
± 10%
Digit
± 20%
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
10-1
10-2
Multiplier
1% (five band)
5% (four band)
T
olerance
2% (five band)
10% (four band)
Resistance value, first three bands:
First band – 1st digit
Second band – 2nd digit
*Third band – Multiplier (number of
zeros following second digit)
Fourth band - tolerance
* For resistance values less than 10 W, the third band is either gold or silver.
Gold is for a multiplier of 0.1 and silver is for a multiplier of 0.01.
Resistance
color-code
29. What is the resistance and tolerance of
each of the four-band resistors?
5.1 kW ± 5%
820 kW ± 5%
47 W ± 10%
1.0 W ± 5%
30. • Two or three digits, and one of the letters R, K, or M are
used to identify a resistance value.
• The letter is used to indicate the multiplier, and its position
is used to indicate decimal point position.
Alphanumeric Labeling
31. Variable resistors include the potentiometer and
rheostat. The center terminal of a variable resistor is
connected to the wiper.
1
3
2
Resistive
element
Wiper
Shaft
Variable resistors
R
Variable resistor
(potentiometer)
R
Variable resistor
(rheostat)
To connect a potentiometer as a rheostat, one of
the outside terminals is connected to the wiper.
32. A basic electric circuit consists of
1) a voltage source
2) a path
3) a load.
Switch Metal strip
Metal reflector Spring
The electric circuit
An example of a basic circuit is a flashlight, which has
each of these plus a control element – the switch.
33. The electric circuit
Circuits are described pictorially with schematics.
For example, the flashlight can be represented by
Battery
(2 cells)
Switch
Lamp
34. Switches
The pole refers to the movable arm of a switch.
Switches are commonly used to control circuits by
either mechanical or electronic means.
The throw refers to the number of contacts that are
affected by a single switch action.
SPST SPDT DPST DPDT
35. The DMM (Digital
Multimeter) is an
important multipurpose
instrument which can
measure voltage, current,
and resistance. Many
include other
measurement options.
The DMM
V
Hz
10 A
40 mA
OFF
mV
A
V
H
H
V H
COM
VW
36. An analog multimeter is
also called a VOM (volt-
ohm-milliammeter).
Analog meters measure
voltage, current, and
resistance. The user must
choose the range and
read the proper scale.
Analog meters
Photo courtesy of Triplett Corporation