This document provides an overview of data communication topics including:
1. The components of a data communication system include transmission medium and devices that send/receive data. Data can flow between devices in simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex modes.
2. Networks connect devices through communication links. Common network topologies include mesh, star, ring, and bus. The OSI model defines a 7-layer architecture for network communication.
3. Protocols establish rules for data transmission including syntax, semantics, and timing. Common network types are LANs for local connectivity and WANs for long-distance transmission.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and their key components and concepts. It discusses the basic components of a data communication system including messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes various concepts such as line configuration (point-to-point and multipoint), network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), and modems. The document focuses on explaining these fundamental building blocks and concepts to understand how data is transmitted between devices.
The document provides an overview of computer networking. It discusses various topics covered including types of topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh), types of servers (application server, catalog server, etc.), types of networks (LAN, WAN, etc.), network components (routers, switches, etc.), and the OSI model. Each section is authored by a different person (Savin Shetty, Ankita Shetty, etc.).
This document discusses computer networks and the physical layer. It covers network types including LAN, WAN, and MAN. It also discusses transmission media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. The physical layer deals with transmission of raw bits over a transmission medium and includes topics such as line configuration, network topology, and transmission modes.
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs), including their key components, characteristics, and common physical and logical topologies. A LAN connects devices within a small physical area like a home, building, or campus. Common physical topologies include bus, star, tree and mixed configurations. Logical topologies determine how devices communicate on the network, with common examples being broadcast where all devices receive all traffic, and token passing where devices take turns sending data.
The document discusses different network topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh, and their key features. A bus topology connects all devices to a single cable, while a ring topology connects devices in a circular path. A star topology connects all devices to a central hub. A mesh topology connects each device to most other devices. Different topologies have advantages and disadvantages related to performance, scalability, fault tolerance and cost.
This document discusses different types of network topologies, including logical and physical topologies. It describes the following topologies in detail: star, bus, ring, mesh, and tree. For each topology, it outlines the basic structure and layout, how data is passed, and advantages and disadvantages. The goal is for learners to understand different network topology types and be able to explain them.
The document provides answers to questions about computer networks. It defines a computer network as a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology that allows them to exchange information. It discusses different network topologies including bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid and their advantages and disadvantages. It describes applications of computer networks like information access, communication, and entertainment. It explains the OSI 7-layer model and describes the functions and protocols of each layer. It defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) and provides examples of each.
This document contains questions and answers related to computer networks for students studying in 5th and 6th semester of B.Tech programs in IT, ECE, and CSE.
It defines computer networks as a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology to exchange information. It discusses six basic network topologies - bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid - outlining their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
It lists three main applications of computer networks: providing access to remote information, enabling communication through email and video conferencing, and entertainment through video on demand and online games.
It provides an overview of the seven-layer OSI reference model, describing the functions of each layer including the
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and their key components and concepts. It discusses the basic components of a data communication system including messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes various concepts such as line configuration (point-to-point and multipoint), network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), and modems. The document focuses on explaining these fundamental building blocks and concepts to understand how data is transmitted between devices.
The document provides an overview of computer networking. It discusses various topics covered including types of topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh), types of servers (application server, catalog server, etc.), types of networks (LAN, WAN, etc.), network components (routers, switches, etc.), and the OSI model. Each section is authored by a different person (Savin Shetty, Ankita Shetty, etc.).
This document discusses computer networks and the physical layer. It covers network types including LAN, WAN, and MAN. It also discusses transmission media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. The physical layer deals with transmission of raw bits over a transmission medium and includes topics such as line configuration, network topology, and transmission modes.
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs), including their key components, characteristics, and common physical and logical topologies. A LAN connects devices within a small physical area like a home, building, or campus. Common physical topologies include bus, star, tree and mixed configurations. Logical topologies determine how devices communicate on the network, with common examples being broadcast where all devices receive all traffic, and token passing where devices take turns sending data.
The document discusses different network topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh, and their key features. A bus topology connects all devices to a single cable, while a ring topology connects devices in a circular path. A star topology connects all devices to a central hub. A mesh topology connects each device to most other devices. Different topologies have advantages and disadvantages related to performance, scalability, fault tolerance and cost.
This document discusses different types of network topologies, including logical and physical topologies. It describes the following topologies in detail: star, bus, ring, mesh, and tree. For each topology, it outlines the basic structure and layout, how data is passed, and advantages and disadvantages. The goal is for learners to understand different network topology types and be able to explain them.
The document provides answers to questions about computer networks. It defines a computer network as a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology that allows them to exchange information. It discusses different network topologies including bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid and their advantages and disadvantages. It describes applications of computer networks like information access, communication, and entertainment. It explains the OSI 7-layer model and describes the functions and protocols of each layer. It defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) and provides examples of each.
This document contains questions and answers related to computer networks for students studying in 5th and 6th semester of B.Tech programs in IT, ECE, and CSE.
It defines computer networks as a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology to exchange information. It discusses six basic network topologies - bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid - outlining their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
It lists three main applications of computer networks: providing access to remote information, enabling communication through email and video conferencing, and entertainment through video on demand and online games.
It provides an overview of the seven-layer OSI reference model, describing the functions of each layer including the
The document discusses different types of computer network topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. It describes the key features, advantages, and disadvantages of each topology. It also covers transmission modes, common network types like LANs, MANs, and WANs, and defines what constitutes an internetwork and the Internet.
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
“Computer network’’ to mean a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information.
The connection need not be via a copper wire; fiber optics, microwaves, infrared, and communication satellites can also be used.
Networks come in many sizes, shapes and forms, as we will see later. They are usually connected together to make larger networks, with the Internet being the most well- known example of a network of networks.
There is considerable confusion in the literature between a computer network and a distributed system. The key distinction is that in a distributed system, a collection of independent computers appears to its users as a single coherent system. Usually, it has a single model or paradigm that it presents to the users. Often a layer of software on top of the operating system, called middleware, is responsible for implementing this model. A well-known example of a distributed system is the World Wide Web. It runs on top of the Internet and presents a model in which everything looks like a document (Web page).
1. The document provides an introduction to data communications and networking, covering topics such as data transmission modes, network types and topologies, and network models.
2. Key aspects discussed include the components of data communication systems, such as messages, senders, receivers, transmission mediums, and protocols. Common network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages.
3. Network models at different scopes are introduced, including LANs for connecting devices within a building, WANs for extending connections across large geographical areas like countries, and MANs for connecting networks within a city.
This document discusses different network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. It provides details on how each topology connects devices, how data is transferred, advantages and disadvantages of each. Bus topology uses a central backbone cable to connect all devices but if it fails the whole network fails. Star topology uses a central hub to connect devices in a point-to-point fashion, avoiding single point of failure issues but the hub remains a bottleneck. Ring topology connects devices in a continuous ring path allowing data to travel in one direction, but a single break disconnects the whole network. Hybrid topologies combine two or more standard topologies to utilize their advantages while reducing weaknesses.
1. The document provides an introduction to data communications and networking, covering topics such as data transmission modes, network types, topologies, and models including LANs, WANs, and MANs.
2. It defines the key components of data communication including messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium, and protocols. It also discusses how different types of data like text, numbers, images, audio and video are represented.
3. Various network topologies are described such as mesh, star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid along with their advantages and disadvantages. Common network models like LAN, WAN and MAN are also introduced based on their geographical coverage and characteristics.
A computer network connects autonomous devices like computers, printers, and other devices to exchange data. Nodes are connected by communication channels like copper wires, fiber optics, or wireless links. A distributed system builds a software system on top of a network so that the existence of multiple computers is transparent to the user. To be effective, networks must meet performance, reliability, and security criteria. Common network applications include electronic messaging, directory services, information services, electronic data interchange, and teleconferencing. Networks can be classified based on their topology like mesh, star, tree, bus, and ring configurations. Local area networks connect devices within a single building or campus.
The document discusses different types of network topologies including physical and logical topologies. It describes common topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, tree and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses network technology, intranet, extranet and internet.
This document provides information about local area networks (LANs), including their design, topologies, transmission media, and protocols. It discusses common LAN applications and topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh. Specific protocols covered include Ethernet, token ring, and spanning tree. Bridges are described as a way to interconnect multiple LANs. Factors in choosing a topology and transmission medium are also summarized.
NETWORK AND DATABASE CONCEPTS UNIT 1 CHAPTER 2 MRS.SOWMYA JYOTHISowmya Jyothi
Computer networks allow computers to communicate and share resources. A network connects individual computers called nodes through various topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh. It provides advantages like data sharing, resource sharing, backup capabilities, and flexible remote access. Common network services include file sharing, printer sharing, email, directories, and databases. The way nodes connect forms the network topology. Popular topologies are bus, star, ring, and mesh. A network operating system manages overall network operations and provides services like file sharing, printing, messaging, and applications. Computer networks can be peer-to-peer or client-server based. The Internet is a worldwide network that connects networks globally and allows communication, information sharing, and entertainment.
This document provides an outline and overview of a course on computer communication and networks. It discusses key topics that will be covered like network models, the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer. It also defines some basic concepts of computer networks like transmission media, data transmission, and the components of a communication system including messages, senders, receivers, and transmission medium. Examples of different network topologies like point-to-point, multipoint, mesh, star, bus, ring, and tree/hybrid are presented along with their characteristics. Modes of transmission like simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex are also defined. The document concludes with an overview of local
The document describes various network topologies. It discusses physical and logical topologies. Common topologies described include star, mesh, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on the structure and provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses extended star, distributed star, full mesh, partial mesh, linear bus, distributed bus, dual ring, point to point, and point to multipoint variations of the topologies.
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
1. Data communication systems allow exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums like wires. They must reliably and accurately deliver data to intended recipients in a timely manner.
2. Communication can occur in simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex mode depending on whether devices can transmit and receive simultaneously or one at a time.
3. Computer networks connect devices through physical topologies like mesh, star, bus or ring and logical protocols to exchange messages between senders and receivers.
A network connects various devices to allow sharing of data. The main types of networks are local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wireless networks. Network topology refers to the layout of connections between nodes in a network and includes bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. Common networking devices include routers, switches, hubs, bridges, and modems which allow communication and data transfer between connected devices and networks.
This document discusses various network topologies and transmission media. It describes physical topologies like mesh, star, bus, ring, and hybrid topologies. It also discusses guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Finally, it covers bandwidth, transmission performance, and propagation modes in fiber optic cables like multimode and single mode.
The document discusses different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid. It provides details on how each topology connects devices and transmits data. Mesh topology uses dedicated links between all devices but requires extensive cabling. Star topology connects all devices to a central hub, making it less expensive than mesh but dependent on the hub. Bus topology uses a backbone cable to link devices but signal reflection can cause issues. Ring topology connects devices in a closed loop using repeaters but a single break disrupts the whole network. Tree topology combines features of star and bus topologies. The document also notes advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Overview of data communication and networkingSisir Ghosh
The document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It discusses the key components of data communication including senders, receivers, transmission media, messages, and protocols. It then describes different types of network connections and topologies including point-to-point, multipoint, bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. Finally, it discusses network classification based on scale, including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). The document also covers protocols, standards, and reference models like OSI and TCP/IP.
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
The document discusses different types of computer network topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. It describes the key features, advantages, and disadvantages of each topology. It also covers transmission modes, common network types like LANs, MANs, and WANs, and defines what constitutes an internetwork and the Internet.
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
“Computer network’’ to mean a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information.
The connection need not be via a copper wire; fiber optics, microwaves, infrared, and communication satellites can also be used.
Networks come in many sizes, shapes and forms, as we will see later. They are usually connected together to make larger networks, with the Internet being the most well- known example of a network of networks.
There is considerable confusion in the literature between a computer network and a distributed system. The key distinction is that in a distributed system, a collection of independent computers appears to its users as a single coherent system. Usually, it has a single model or paradigm that it presents to the users. Often a layer of software on top of the operating system, called middleware, is responsible for implementing this model. A well-known example of a distributed system is the World Wide Web. It runs on top of the Internet and presents a model in which everything looks like a document (Web page).
1. The document provides an introduction to data communications and networking, covering topics such as data transmission modes, network types and topologies, and network models.
2. Key aspects discussed include the components of data communication systems, such as messages, senders, receivers, transmission mediums, and protocols. Common network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages.
3. Network models at different scopes are introduced, including LANs for connecting devices within a building, WANs for extending connections across large geographical areas like countries, and MANs for connecting networks within a city.
This document discusses different network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. It provides details on how each topology connects devices, how data is transferred, advantages and disadvantages of each. Bus topology uses a central backbone cable to connect all devices but if it fails the whole network fails. Star topology uses a central hub to connect devices in a point-to-point fashion, avoiding single point of failure issues but the hub remains a bottleneck. Ring topology connects devices in a continuous ring path allowing data to travel in one direction, but a single break disconnects the whole network. Hybrid topologies combine two or more standard topologies to utilize their advantages while reducing weaknesses.
1. The document provides an introduction to data communications and networking, covering topics such as data transmission modes, network types, topologies, and models including LANs, WANs, and MANs.
2. It defines the key components of data communication including messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium, and protocols. It also discusses how different types of data like text, numbers, images, audio and video are represented.
3. Various network topologies are described such as mesh, star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid along with their advantages and disadvantages. Common network models like LAN, WAN and MAN are also introduced based on their geographical coverage and characteristics.
A computer network connects autonomous devices like computers, printers, and other devices to exchange data. Nodes are connected by communication channels like copper wires, fiber optics, or wireless links. A distributed system builds a software system on top of a network so that the existence of multiple computers is transparent to the user. To be effective, networks must meet performance, reliability, and security criteria. Common network applications include electronic messaging, directory services, information services, electronic data interchange, and teleconferencing. Networks can be classified based on their topology like mesh, star, tree, bus, and ring configurations. Local area networks connect devices within a single building or campus.
The document discusses different types of network topologies including physical and logical topologies. It describes common topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, tree and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses network technology, intranet, extranet and internet.
This document provides information about local area networks (LANs), including their design, topologies, transmission media, and protocols. It discusses common LAN applications and topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh. Specific protocols covered include Ethernet, token ring, and spanning tree. Bridges are described as a way to interconnect multiple LANs. Factors in choosing a topology and transmission medium are also summarized.
NETWORK AND DATABASE CONCEPTS UNIT 1 CHAPTER 2 MRS.SOWMYA JYOTHISowmya Jyothi
Computer networks allow computers to communicate and share resources. A network connects individual computers called nodes through various topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh. It provides advantages like data sharing, resource sharing, backup capabilities, and flexible remote access. Common network services include file sharing, printer sharing, email, directories, and databases. The way nodes connect forms the network topology. Popular topologies are bus, star, ring, and mesh. A network operating system manages overall network operations and provides services like file sharing, printing, messaging, and applications. Computer networks can be peer-to-peer or client-server based. The Internet is a worldwide network that connects networks globally and allows communication, information sharing, and entertainment.
This document provides an outline and overview of a course on computer communication and networks. It discusses key topics that will be covered like network models, the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer. It also defines some basic concepts of computer networks like transmission media, data transmission, and the components of a communication system including messages, senders, receivers, and transmission medium. Examples of different network topologies like point-to-point, multipoint, mesh, star, bus, ring, and tree/hybrid are presented along with their characteristics. Modes of transmission like simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex are also defined. The document concludes with an overview of local
The document describes various network topologies. It discusses physical and logical topologies. Common topologies described include star, mesh, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on the structure and provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses extended star, distributed star, full mesh, partial mesh, linear bus, distributed bus, dual ring, point to point, and point to multipoint variations of the topologies.
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
1. Data communication systems allow exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums like wires. They must reliably and accurately deliver data to intended recipients in a timely manner.
2. Communication can occur in simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex mode depending on whether devices can transmit and receive simultaneously or one at a time.
3. Computer networks connect devices through physical topologies like mesh, star, bus or ring and logical protocols to exchange messages between senders and receivers.
A network connects various devices to allow sharing of data. The main types of networks are local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wireless networks. Network topology refers to the layout of connections between nodes in a network and includes bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. Common networking devices include routers, switches, hubs, bridges, and modems which allow communication and data transfer between connected devices and networks.
This document discusses various network topologies and transmission media. It describes physical topologies like mesh, star, bus, ring, and hybrid topologies. It also discusses guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Finally, it covers bandwidth, transmission performance, and propagation modes in fiber optic cables like multimode and single mode.
The document discusses different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid. It provides details on how each topology connects devices and transmits data. Mesh topology uses dedicated links between all devices but requires extensive cabling. Star topology connects all devices to a central hub, making it less expensive than mesh but dependent on the hub. Bus topology uses a backbone cable to link devices but signal reflection can cause issues. Ring topology connects devices in a closed loop using repeaters but a single break disrupts the whole network. Tree topology combines features of star and bus topologies. The document also notes advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Overview of data communication and networkingSisir Ghosh
The document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It discusses the key components of data communication including senders, receivers, transmission media, messages, and protocols. It then describes different types of network connections and topologies including point-to-point, multipoint, bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. Finally, it discusses network classification based on scale, including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). The document also covers protocols, standards, and reference models like OSI and TCP/IP.
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
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4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
Peter Caputa, CEO at Databox, reveals how you can discover the strategies and tools to increase your growth rate (and margins!).
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This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
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06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
https://www.meetup.com/unstructured-data-meetup-new-york/
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Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
2. 1.2
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a distance.
The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is
agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.
Data communications are the exchange of data between two
devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire
cable.
Components of a data communications system
Data Flow
Topics discussed in this section:
5. 1-2 NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying information.
7. Topology:
The term physical topology refers to the way in which a network
is laid out physically.
The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the
relationship of all the links and linking devices (usually called
nodes) to one another.
There are four basic topologies:
1. Mesh
2. Bus
3. Ring
4. Star
9. Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-
point link to every other device.
The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only
between the two devices it connects.
To find the number of physical links in a fully connected
mesh network with n nodes, we first consider that each node
must be connected to every other node.
Node 1 must be connected to n - I nodes, node 2 must be
connected to n - 1 nodes, and finally node n must be
connected to n - 1 nodes.
So, we need n(n - 1) physical links.
10. Figure : A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
11. 1. Data can be transmitted from different devices
simultaneously.
2. This topology can withstand high traffic.
3. If one of the components fails there is always an
alternative present.
4. Data transfer doesn’t get affected.
5. Expansion and modification in topology can be done
without disrupting other nodes.
Advantages of Mesh Topology
12. Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
1. There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network
connections.
2. Overall cost of this network is way too high as compared to
other network topologies.
3. Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult.
13. Star Topology
1. Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a
central controller, usually called a hub.
2. The devices are not directly linked to one another.
3. Unlike a mesh topology, a star topology does not allow direct
traffic between devices.
4. The controller acts as an exchange: If one device wants to
send data to another, it sends the data to the controller, which
then relays the data to the other connected device.
15. 1. Better Performance: Performance of the network is dependent
on the capacity of central hub.
2. Easy to connect new nodes or devices: In star topology new
nodes can be added easily without affecting rest of the network.
3. Centralized management: It helps in monitoring the network.
4. Robustness: Failure of one node or link doesn’t affect the rest
of network. Easy to detect the failure and troubleshoot it.
Advantages of Star Topology
16. 1. Too much dependency on central device has its own drawbacks.
2. If hub fails whole network goes down.
3. The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases
the overall cost of the network.
4. Performance and number of nodes which can be added in such
topology is depended on capacity of central device.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
17. Ring Topology
In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection with only the two devices on either side of it.
A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device
to device, until it reaches its destination.
Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.
When a device receives a signal intended for another device,
its repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along.
18. Figure : A ring topology connecting six stations
19. 1. Ring Topology is very organized.
2. Each node gets to send the data when it receives an empty
token. This helps to reduces chances of collision.
3. All the traffic flows in only one direction at very high speed.
4. Better performance than Bus topology.
5. Each computer has equal access to resources.
Advantages of Ring Topology
20. 1. One broken workstation can create problems for the entire
network.
2. Moving, adding and changing the devices can affect the
network.
3. Communication delay is directly proportional to number of
nodes in the network.
4. More difficult to configure than a Star.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
21. A bus topology is multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone
to link all the devices in a network.
Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
A drop line is a connection running between the device and the
main cable.
A tap is a connector that splices into the main cable to create a
contact with the metallic core.
As a signal travels along the backbone, some of its energy is
transformed into heat. Therefore, it becomes weaker and weaker
as it travels farther and farther.
For this reason there is a limit on the number of taps a bus can
support and on the distance between those taps.
Bus Topology
23. 1. Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
2. Requires less cable length than a star topology.
3. It works well for small networks.
Advantages of Bus Topology
24. 1. Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
2. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts
down
3. It is slow when more devices are added into the network
4. If a main cable is damaged then network will fail or be split
into two networks
Disadvantages of Bus Topology
25. Figure: A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
26. Categories of Networks
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Short distances
Designed to provide local interconnectivity
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Long distances
Provide connectivity over large areas
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus
27. Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and links the devices
in a single office, building, or campus.
Depending on the needs of an organization and the type of technology used,
a LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone's home office;
or it can extend throughout a company and include audio and video
peripherals.
Currently, LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
LANs are designed to allow resources to be shared between personal
computers or workstations. The resources to be shared can include hardware
(e.g., a printer), software (e.g., an application program), or data.
LANs are distinguished from other types of networks by their transmission
media and topology. In general, a given LAN will use only one type of
transmission medium. The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring, and
star.
28. Figure : An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
29. Wide Area Network
A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance transmission
of data, image, audio, and video information over large geographic
areas that may comprise a country, a continent or even the whole
world. Two types of WAN:
1. Switched WAN
2. Point-to-point WAN
Switched WAN: The switched WAN connects the end systems,
which usually comprise a router that connects to another LAN or
WAN.
Point-to-point WAN: Is normally a line leased from a telephone or
cable TV provider that connects a home computer or a small LAN
to an Internet service provider (lSP). This type of WAN is often
used to provide Internet access.
32. PROTOCOLS
A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of rules that
govern data communications. It determines what is communicated,
how it is communicated and when it is communicated. The key
elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and timing.
Syntax
Semantics
Timing
Topics discussed in this section:
33. Elements of a Protocol
Syntax
Structure or format of the data
Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
Semantics
Interprets the meaning of the bits
Knows which fields define what action
Timing
When data should be sent and what
Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
received.
34. THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization
(ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement
on international standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects
of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
An open system is a set of protocols that allows any two different
systems to communicate regardless of their underlying
architecture.
35. ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
Note
37. Figure : The interaction between layers in the OSI model
38. LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Topics discussed in this section:
39. 1. Physical Layer:
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to carry a bit
stream over a physical medium.
Physical layer is concerned with the following:
I. Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium. The physical
layer defines the characteristics of the interface between the
devices and the transmission medium. It also defines the type of
transmission medium.
II. Representation of bits. The physical layer data consists of a
stream of bits (sequence of 0 s or 1s) with no interpretation. To
be transmitted, bits must be encoded into signals--electrical or
optical. The physical layer defines the type of encoding (how 0s
and 1s are changed to signals)
40. 1. Physical Layer:
III. Data rate. The transmission rate-the number of bits sent each
second-is also defined by the physical layer.
IV. Line configuration. The physical layer is concerned with the
connection of devices to the media. In a point-to-point
configuration, two devices are connected through a dedicated
link. In a multipoint configuration, a link is shared among
several devices.
V. Physical topology. The physical topology defines how devices
are connected to make a network. Devices can be connected by
using a mesh topology (every device is connected to every other
device), a star topology (devices are connected through a central
device), a ring topology (each device is connected to the next,
forming a ring), a bus topology (every device is on a common
link), or a hybrid topology (this is a combination of two or more
topologies).
41. 1. Physical Layer:
VI. Transmission mode. The physical layer also defines the direction
of transmission between two devices: simplex, half-duplex, or
full-duplex. In simplex mode, only one device can send; the
other can only receive. The simplex mode is a one-way
communication. In the half-duplex mode, two devices can send
and receive, but not at the same time. In a full-duplex (or simply
duplex) mode, two devices can send and receive at the same
time.
42. The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Note
43. 2. Data Link Layer:
Responsibilities of the data link layer include the following:
I. Framing. The data link layer divides the stream of bits received
from the network layer into manageable data units called frames.
II. Physical addressing. If frames are to be distributed to different
systems on the network, the data link layer adds a header to the
frame to define the sender and/or receiver of the frame.
III. Flow control. If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the
receiver is less than the rate at which data are produced in the
sender, the data link layer imposes a flow control mechanism to
avoid overwhelming the receiver.
IV. Error control. The data link layer adds reliability to the physical
layer by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged
or lost frames. It also uses a mechanism to recognize duplicate
frames. Error control is normally achieved through a trailer
added to the end of the frame.
44. 2. Data Link Layer:
V. Access control. When two or more devices are connected to the
same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to determine
which device has control over the link at any given time.
45. The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Note
47. 3. Network Layer
1. The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination
delivery of a packet, possibly across multiple networks (links).
2. If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually no
need for a network layer.
3. However, if the two systems are attached to different networks
(links) with connecting devices between the networks (links),
there is often a need for the network layer to accomplish source-
to-destination delivery.
48. 3. Network Layer Contd..
Other Responsibilities of Network layer include:
i. Logical addressing. The physical addressing implemented by
the data link layer handles the addressing problem locally. If a
packet passes the network boundary, we need another
addressing system to help distinguish the source and
destination systems. The network layer adds a header to the
packet coming from the upper layer that, among other things,
includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver.
ii. Routing. When independent networks or links are connected to
create internetworks (network of networks) or a large network,
the connecting devices (called routers or switches) route or
switch the packets to their final destination. One of the
functions of the network layer is to provide this mechanism.
52. 4. Transport Layer
1. The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process
delivery of the entire message.
2. A process is an application program running on a host.
3. Whereas the network layer oversees source-to-destination
delivery of individual packets, it does not recognize any
relationship between those packets. It treats each one
independently, as though each piece belonged to a separate
message, whether or not it does.
4. The transport layer, on the other hand, ensures that the whole
message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error
control and flow control at the source-to-destination level.
53. 4. Transport Layer Contd..
Other responsibilities of transport layer include:
i. Service-point addressing. Computers often run several
programs at the same time. For this reason, source-to-
destination delivery means delivery not only from one
computer to the next but also from a specific process (running
program) on one computer to a specific process (running
program) on the other. The transport layer header must
therefore include a type of address called a service-point
address (or port address). The network layer gets each packet
to the correct computer; the transport layer gets the entire
message to the correct process on that computer.
54. 4. Transport Layer Contd..
ii. Segmentation and reassembly. A message is divided into
transmittable segments, with each segment containing a
sequence number. These numbers enable the transport layer to
reassemble the message correctly upon arriving at the
destination and to identify and replace packets that were lost in
transmission.
iii. Connection control. The transport layer can be either
connectionless or connection oriented. A connectionless
transport layer treats each segment as an independent packet
and delivers it to the transport layer at the destination machine.
A connection oriented transport layer makes a connection with
the transport layer at the destination machine first before
delivering the packets. After all the data are transferred, the
connection is terminated.
55. The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
Note
57. 5. Session Layer
1. The session layer is the network dialog controller.
2. It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction
among communicating systems.
Specific responsibilities of the session layer include the
following:
i. Dialog control. The session layer allows two systems to enter
into a dialog. It allows the communication between two
processes to take place in either half duplex (one way at a
time) or full-duplex (two ways at a time) mode.
58. 5. Session Layer Contd..
ii. Synchronization. The session layer allows a process to add
checkpoints, or synchronization points, to a stream of data. For
example, if a system is sending a file of 2000 pages, it is
advisable to insert checkpoints after every 100 pages to ensure
that each 100-page unit is received and acknowledged
independently. In this case, if a crash happens during the
transmission of page 523, the only pages that need to be resent
after system recovery are pages 501 to 523. Pages previous to
501 need not be resent.
60. The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
Note
61. 6. Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics
of the information exchanged between two systems.
Specific responsibilities of the presentation layer include the
following:
1. Translation. The processes (running programs) in two systems
are usually exchanging information in the form of character
strings, numbers, and so on. The information must be changed
to bit streams before being transmitted. Because different
computers use different encoding systems, the presentation
layer is responsible for interoperability between these different
encoding methods. The presentation layer at the sender
changes the information from its sender-dependent format into
a common format. The presentation layer at the receiving
machine changes the common format into its receiver-
dependent format.
62. 6. Presentation Layer Contd..
2. Encryption. To carry sensitive information, a system must be
able to ensure privacy. Encryption means that the sender
transforms the original information to another form and sends
the resulting message out over the network. Decryption
reverses the original process to transform the message back to
its original form.
3. Compression. Data compression reduces the number of bits
contained in the information. Data compression becomes
particularly important in the transmission of multimedia such
as text, audio, and video.
64. The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
Note
65. 7. Application Layer
1. Application layer enables the user, whether human or
software, to access the network.
2. It provides user interfaces and support for services such as
electronic mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database
management, and other types of distributed information
services.