Chapter 10 Handout
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This document summarizes the key components and functions of a nerve pathway, including: 1) It describes the three divisions of a nerve pathway - sensory, integrative, and motor - and whether they are part of the central or peripheral nervous system. 2) It outlines the type of neuron, receptive portion, and stimulus for each division. 3) It explains the direction of impulse transmission through the neuron and between neurons, including the role of neurotransmitters.
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Introduction to autonomic nervous system
This document provides an introduction to neurohumoral transmission, which involves nerves transmitting messages across synapses and neuroeffector junctions by releasing chemical messengers. The process includes impulse conduction down the nerve, transmitter release at the junction, the transmitter acting on the postjunctional membrane to cause postjunctional activity, and termination of the transmitter's action.
Organization and function of ans
The autonomic nervous system functions below consciousness to control visceral functions. It has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system uses norepinephrine as its primary neurotransmitter, while the parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine. Neurotransmission in the autonomic nervous system involves impulse conduction, transmitter release from synaptic vesicles, transmitter action on postjunctional membranes, generation of a postjunctional potential, and termination of transmitter action through reuptake or degradation. Many neurons also release cotransmitters that can modify or substitute the action of the primary transmitter.
Synapses
Synapses are junctions between neurons that allow for communication through either electrical or chemical transmission. Anatomically, synapses can be classified based on where the axon of one neuron connects to the other neuron, such as onto the cell body, dendrite, or axon. Functionally, synapses are either electrical, using gap junctions, or chemical, using neurotransmitters. Chemically, synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory based on the neurotransmitters released, with excitatory synapses transmitting impulses and inhibitory synapses inhibiting transmission. Key properties of synapses include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters, summation effects from multiple stimulations, and the generation of
Properties of nerve fibre
The document discusses several key properties and features of nerve fibers:
- Nerve fibers are excitable, conductive, and do not fatigue easily. They conduct all-or-none action potentials and exhibit phenomena like summation and accommodation.
- Nerve fibers have different conduction velocities depending on their type and diameter. Myelination allows for faster conduction.
- When injured, nerve fibers undergo Wallerian degeneration where the distal segment degrades over weeks and the soma attempts repair through axonal sprouting.
Synapses
A synapse transmits nerve impulses between neurons. During transmission: 1) an electrical impulse travels along an axon, 2) neurotransmitters are released, and 3) these chemicals bind to receptors on the next neuron, stimulating it. Neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine relay signals between neurons and control functions like mood, sleep, and movement. Drugs like ecstasy and cocaine affect synapses by preventing neurotransmitter reabsorption, increasing their levels in the synapse. Nobel Prizes have been awarded for discoveries relating to neurotransmitters, synaptic transmission, and their roles in conditions like Parkinson's and memory formation.
Lp 8 neurology 2008
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS receives sensory input, integrates information, and directs motor responses. Within the CNS, the brain is responsible for higher functions like thinking and memory, while the spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate via electrical and chemical signals across synapses. The nervous system allows animals to integrate internal and external sensory information to direct activities and maintain homeostasis.
Nerve fibers
Nerve fibers can be classified based on their structure and distribution. There are two main types - myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Nerve fibers also include somatic and autonomic fibers. Somatic fibers innervate skeletal muscles and the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, leading to muscle excitation or central inhibition. Autonomic fibers innervate smooth, cardiac muscles and glands to maintain homeostasis, causing excitation or inhibition. Important properties of nerve fibers include excitability, conductivity, unfatigability, refractory periods, all-or-none response, summation, and accommodation.
The synapse
1. This document summarizes the structure and function of synapses in the central nervous system. It describes the basic anatomy of neurons and synapses, different types of synapses, and classification of synapses based on anatomy and physiology.
2. Key electrical events that occur at synapses are discussed, including the release and removal of neurotransmitters and the generation of postsynaptic potentials. Different types of synaptic inhibition are also outlined.
3. The document concludes by reviewing various properties of synapses, such as convergence, divergence, synaptic plasticity and their significance for neural integration and modulation in the nervous system.
Recommended
Introduction to autonomic nervous system
This document provides an introduction to neurohumoral transmission, which involves nerves transmitting messages across synapses and neuroeffector junctions by releasing chemical messengers. The process includes impulse conduction down the nerve, transmitter release at the junction, the transmitter acting on the postjunctional membrane to cause postjunctional activity, and termination of the transmitter's action.
Organization and function of ans
The autonomic nervous system functions below consciousness to control visceral functions. It has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system uses norepinephrine as its primary neurotransmitter, while the parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine. Neurotransmission in the autonomic nervous system involves impulse conduction, transmitter release from synaptic vesicles, transmitter action on postjunctional membranes, generation of a postjunctional potential, and termination of transmitter action through reuptake or degradation. Many neurons also release cotransmitters that can modify or substitute the action of the primary transmitter.
Synapses
Synapses are junctions between neurons that allow for communication through either electrical or chemical transmission. Anatomically, synapses can be classified based on where the axon of one neuron connects to the other neuron, such as onto the cell body, dendrite, or axon. Functionally, synapses are either electrical, using gap junctions, or chemical, using neurotransmitters. Chemically, synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory based on the neurotransmitters released, with excitatory synapses transmitting impulses and inhibitory synapses inhibiting transmission. Key properties of synapses include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters, summation effects from multiple stimulations, and the generation of
Properties of nerve fibre
The document discusses several key properties and features of nerve fibers:
- Nerve fibers are excitable, conductive, and do not fatigue easily. They conduct all-or-none action potentials and exhibit phenomena like summation and accommodation.
- Nerve fibers have different conduction velocities depending on their type and diameter. Myelination allows for faster conduction.
- When injured, nerve fibers undergo Wallerian degeneration where the distal segment degrades over weeks and the soma attempts repair through axonal sprouting.
Synapses
A synapse transmits nerve impulses between neurons. During transmission: 1) an electrical impulse travels along an axon, 2) neurotransmitters are released, and 3) these chemicals bind to receptors on the next neuron, stimulating it. Neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine relay signals between neurons and control functions like mood, sleep, and movement. Drugs like ecstasy and cocaine affect synapses by preventing neurotransmitter reabsorption, increasing their levels in the synapse. Nobel Prizes have been awarded for discoveries relating to neurotransmitters, synaptic transmission, and their roles in conditions like Parkinson's and memory formation.
Lp 8 neurology 2008
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS receives sensory input, integrates information, and directs motor responses. Within the CNS, the brain is responsible for higher functions like thinking and memory, while the spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate via electrical and chemical signals across synapses. The nervous system allows animals to integrate internal and external sensory information to direct activities and maintain homeostasis.
Nerve fibers
Nerve fibers can be classified based on their structure and distribution. There are two main types - myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Nerve fibers also include somatic and autonomic fibers. Somatic fibers innervate skeletal muscles and the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, leading to muscle excitation or central inhibition. Autonomic fibers innervate smooth, cardiac muscles and glands to maintain homeostasis, causing excitation or inhibition. Important properties of nerve fibers include excitability, conductivity, unfatigability, refractory periods, all-or-none response, summation, and accommodation.
The synapse
1. This document summarizes the structure and function of synapses in the central nervous system. It describes the basic anatomy of neurons and synapses, different types of synapses, and classification of synapses based on anatomy and physiology.
2. Key electrical events that occur at synapses are discussed, including the release and removal of neurotransmitters and the generation of postsynaptic potentials. Different types of synaptic inhibition are also outlined.
3. The document concludes by reviewing various properties of synapses, such as convergence, divergence, synaptic plasticity and their significance for neural integration and modulation in the nervous system.
Synapses
Synapses are points of contact between neurons that allow communication. They have three main elements: the presynaptic terminal containing synaptic vesicles, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic element. Presynaptic terminals contain vesicles clustered around an active zone. The pre- and postsynaptic membranes are separated by the cleft. The postsynaptic membrane may contain receptor proteins and appear thickened.
NEURONS (TYPES OF NEURONS)
Sensory Neurons – picks up the stimuli (nerve impulse) and carries it to the spinal cord and brain.Interneurons- Found within the brain and spinal cord. Relays the message between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons. Motor Neurons – transfers impulses away from the brain to the spinal cord
Reflexes
Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. Simple reflexes are handled by the spinal cord alone, while other reflexes involve the brainstem. When a reflex occurs in the spinal cord, a signal is sometimes also sent to the brain by an interneuron. This allows the brain to interpret the stimulus and react further. Examples of reflexes include the knee jerk response controlled by the spinal cord, sneezing controlled by the brainstem, and withdrawing a hand from a hot stove initiated by the spinal cord but also sending a signal to the brain. Reflex arcs involve sensory receptors, sensory and motor neurons, and an effector like a muscle.
Synapses akriti
Synapses are neuro-neuronal junctions that transmit information from one neuron to another. Key properties of synapses include forward conduction of impulses from presynaptic to postsynaptic terminals. Intense stimulation can cause synaptic fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters. Synaptic delay of ~0.5 ms helps determine the number of synapses in a pathway. Convergence allows many inputs to influence a cell while divergence allows one input to affect multiple neurons. Synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation and depression, underlies learning and memory formation.
Propagation of nerve impulse
The document summarizes key aspects of nerve impulse propagation. It describes neurons as the basic unit of the nervous system that transmit electrical or chemical impulses. It discusses the structure of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, and nodes of Ranvier. The presence of myelin speeds up impulse transmission along axons via saltatory conduction. Neurons are classified anatomically based on their structure and functionally based on their sensory, motor, or interneuron roles. Properties of nerve fibers that are described include excitability, conductivity, refractory period, all-or-none law, rheobase, and chronaxie.
Physiology of Synapse II Synapse types II Functional Elements of Synapse II ...
Physiology of Synapse I Synapse types I Functional elements of synapse I Nervous System Physiology
This video will be about
1. Definition of synapse
2. Classification of synapse - anatomical, functional classification
3. Functional elements of synapse
4. Presynaptic axon terminal
5. Types of synaptic vesicles
6. Active zone
7. Components of active zone
8. Functions of active zone
9. Synaptic cleft
10. Postsynaptic membrane
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Nerve Conduction and Synapse
1. Neurons communicate via graded potentials over short distances and action potentials over long distances. Action potentials are generated when voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing rapid depolarization, followed by voltage-gated potassium channels opening to cause repolarization.
2. At chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory response.
3. Faster conducting myelinated fibers like A fibers transmit touch and position sense while smaller unmyelinated C fibers transmit pain and temperature sensations. Fiber diameter, myelination and temperature influence conduction velocity.
Synaptic transmission types I Steps of chemical neurotransmission I Nervous S...
Synaptic transmission between neurons occurs either electrically or chemically. In electrical transmission, gap junctions allow ions to pass directly between neurons. In chemical transmission, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles in the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron. The process involves neurotransmitter synthesis, storage in vesicles, calcium-triggered release, binding to receptors, and termination of signaling via reuptake or enzymatic degradation. Chemical transmission is slower but allows for signal modulation, in contrast to electrical transmission.
Physiology of neurotransmission
Nervous system forms an interconnecting fibers of communication network.
In the ‘hard-wiring’ of the nerves, the signals travel in the form of a flow of electrical current called nerve impulses.
The stimulus-response reactions afford internal constancy in the face of environmental changes.
Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic transmission involves the transfer of information from the axon terminal of one neuron to the next neuron across the synaptic cleft via the release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are contained in vesicles and are released into the synaptic cleft upon the arrival of an action potential, where they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generate postsynaptic potentials. The integration of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials determines whether the postsynaptic neuron reaches its firing threshold. Chemical synaptic transmission allows for flexibility, plasticity, and amplification of neuronal signals compared to electrical transmission.
Ns5 Synaptic Transmission
The document discusses synaptic transmission between neurons. It begins with an overview of synaptic transmission as the mechanism of communication between neurons and other cells using electrical and chemical signals. It then reviews key concepts like membrane potential, ion channels, graded and action potentials. Finally, it describes the structure and function of electrical and chemical synapses, and compares graded and action potentials.
Lect 13
This document summarizes key concepts about synapses and synaptic transmission. It defines a synapse as the junction point between neurons. It classifies synapses based on their structure and function. It describes the anatomical components of a synapse including the presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It explains the events that occur during synaptic transmission including the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal and their effects on the postsynaptic membrane. It also discusses properties of synapses such as synaptic delay, summation, inhibition, and plasticity which are important for neural communication and functions like learning and memory.
Lecture 5
Nerve fibers have low thresholds for excitation compared to other cells. When stimulated above the threshold, nerve fibers conduct all-or-none action potentials. Below threshold, subliminal stimuli cause local electrotonic potentials that do not propagate. Myelinated fibers conduct action potentials rapidly through saltatory conduction by jumping between nodes of Ranvier. Nerve fibers are refractory immediately after an action potential during which time they will not conduct again, explaining their resistance to fatigue from continuous stimulation.
Basic structure of neuron
The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath.
Function of Dendrites. In order for neurons to become active, they must receive action potentials or other stimuli. Dendrites are the structures on the neuron that receive electrical messages. These messages come in two basic forms: excitatory and inhibitory.
The Cell body (soma) is the factory of the neuron. It produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and polysomes to provide energy and make the parts, as well as a production line to assemble the parts into completed products.
Nerve Impulse Conduction & Synapses
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
Neurotransmitter ppt
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. The document discusses the history and criteria for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters are classified based on their chemical nature as amino acids, amines, or others. They are also classified based on their function as either excitatory or inhibitory. The document describes examples from each group and where they are secreted in the body. It further explains the processes of transport, release, inactivation, and reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse.
Impulse conduction
Myelin sheaths around axons allow saltatory conduction, where action potentials "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next. This increases conduction velocity and is more energy efficient than action potentials propagating along the entire length of the axon. At synapses, the gap between neurons is bridged by neurotransmitters releasing from the presynaptic axon and signaling to the postsynaptic dendrite of the next neuron.
Synaptic transmission
this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
Reflex Action Revision
A stimulus activates a sensory neuron which transmits an electrical impulse to the central nervous system. Within the CNS, the impulse passes through a relay neuron which then stimulates a motor neuron. This motor neuron sends the impulse to an effector like a muscle or gland, causing it to take action in response to the original stimulus.
Synapse
Synapses can be classified anatomically or functionally. Anatomically, synapses are classified based on where the axon of one neuron contacts the other neuron. Functionally, synapses are either electrical or chemical. Chemical synapses transmit signals via neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft, while electrical synapses allow direct ion flow between neurons. Synaptic transmission can be excitatory or inhibitory, with inhibition occurring via inhibitory neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron.
Nervous system review
The document summarizes key concepts about the nervous system including:
- Neurons are the basic structural and functional units that transmit electrochemical signals called nerve impulses. Nerves are bundles of axons.
- The central nervous system (CNS) contains gray matter with neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, and white matter with bundles of myelinated axons.
- There are three main types of neurons - sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons. Neuroglial cells provide support and insulation for neurons in the CNS.
- The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to other body parts and allows sensory input, integrative processing, and motor output functions.
02 central-nervous-systemppt692
The nervous system consists of neurons and glial cells like Schwann cells. Neurons have dendrites, cell bodies, and axons coated with myelin sheaths from Schwann cells. The nervous system functions to receive sensory input, transmit and interpret signals between neurons, and send motor output. Nerve impulses travel along neurons via changes in ion concentrations. Neurotransmitters transmit signals across synapses between neurons. The nervous system regulates both voluntary and involuntary functions through sensory, inter, and motor neurons.
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Synapses
Synapses are points of contact between neurons that allow communication. They have three main elements: the presynaptic terminal containing synaptic vesicles, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic element. Presynaptic terminals contain vesicles clustered around an active zone. The pre- and postsynaptic membranes are separated by the cleft. The postsynaptic membrane may contain receptor proteins and appear thickened.
NEURONS (TYPES OF NEURONS)
Sensory Neurons – picks up the stimuli (nerve impulse) and carries it to the spinal cord and brain.Interneurons- Found within the brain and spinal cord. Relays the message between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons. Motor Neurons – transfers impulses away from the brain to the spinal cord
Reflexes
Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. Simple reflexes are handled by the spinal cord alone, while other reflexes involve the brainstem. When a reflex occurs in the spinal cord, a signal is sometimes also sent to the brain by an interneuron. This allows the brain to interpret the stimulus and react further. Examples of reflexes include the knee jerk response controlled by the spinal cord, sneezing controlled by the brainstem, and withdrawing a hand from a hot stove initiated by the spinal cord but also sending a signal to the brain. Reflex arcs involve sensory receptors, sensory and motor neurons, and an effector like a muscle.
Synapses akriti
Synapses are neuro-neuronal junctions that transmit information from one neuron to another. Key properties of synapses include forward conduction of impulses from presynaptic to postsynaptic terminals. Intense stimulation can cause synaptic fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters. Synaptic delay of ~0.5 ms helps determine the number of synapses in a pathway. Convergence allows many inputs to influence a cell while divergence allows one input to affect multiple neurons. Synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation and depression, underlies learning and memory formation.
Propagation of nerve impulse
The document summarizes key aspects of nerve impulse propagation. It describes neurons as the basic unit of the nervous system that transmit electrical or chemical impulses. It discusses the structure of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, and nodes of Ranvier. The presence of myelin speeds up impulse transmission along axons via saltatory conduction. Neurons are classified anatomically based on their structure and functionally based on their sensory, motor, or interneuron roles. Properties of nerve fibers that are described include excitability, conductivity, refractory period, all-or-none law, rheobase, and chronaxie.
Physiology of Synapse II Synapse types II Functional Elements of Synapse II ...
Physiology of Synapse I Synapse types I Functional elements of synapse I Nervous System Physiology
This video will be about
1. Definition of synapse
2. Classification of synapse - anatomical, functional classification
3. Functional elements of synapse
4. Presynaptic axon terminal
5. Types of synaptic vesicles
6. Active zone
7. Components of active zone
8. Functions of active zone
9. Synaptic cleft
10. Postsynaptic membrane
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Nerve Conduction and Synapse
1. Neurons communicate via graded potentials over short distances and action potentials over long distances. Action potentials are generated when voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing rapid depolarization, followed by voltage-gated potassium channels opening to cause repolarization.
2. At chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, eliciting an excitatory or inhibitory response.
3. Faster conducting myelinated fibers like A fibers transmit touch and position sense while smaller unmyelinated C fibers transmit pain and temperature sensations. Fiber diameter, myelination and temperature influence conduction velocity.
Synaptic transmission types I Steps of chemical neurotransmission I Nervous S...
Synaptic transmission between neurons occurs either electrically or chemically. In electrical transmission, gap junctions allow ions to pass directly between neurons. In chemical transmission, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles in the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron. The process involves neurotransmitter synthesis, storage in vesicles, calcium-triggered release, binding to receptors, and termination of signaling via reuptake or enzymatic degradation. Chemical transmission is slower but allows for signal modulation, in contrast to electrical transmission.
Physiology of neurotransmission
Nervous system forms an interconnecting fibers of communication network.
In the ‘hard-wiring’ of the nerves, the signals travel in the form of a flow of electrical current called nerve impulses.
The stimulus-response reactions afford internal constancy in the face of environmental changes.
Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic transmission involves the transfer of information from the axon terminal of one neuron to the next neuron across the synaptic cleft via the release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are contained in vesicles and are released into the synaptic cleft upon the arrival of an action potential, where they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generate postsynaptic potentials. The integration of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials determines whether the postsynaptic neuron reaches its firing threshold. Chemical synaptic transmission allows for flexibility, plasticity, and amplification of neuronal signals compared to electrical transmission.
Ns5 Synaptic Transmission
The document discusses synaptic transmission between neurons. It begins with an overview of synaptic transmission as the mechanism of communication between neurons and other cells using electrical and chemical signals. It then reviews key concepts like membrane potential, ion channels, graded and action potentials. Finally, it describes the structure and function of electrical and chemical synapses, and compares graded and action potentials.
Lect 13
This document summarizes key concepts about synapses and synaptic transmission. It defines a synapse as the junction point between neurons. It classifies synapses based on their structure and function. It describes the anatomical components of a synapse including the presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It explains the events that occur during synaptic transmission including the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal and their effects on the postsynaptic membrane. It also discusses properties of synapses such as synaptic delay, summation, inhibition, and plasticity which are important for neural communication and functions like learning and memory.
Lecture 5
Nerve fibers have low thresholds for excitation compared to other cells. When stimulated above the threshold, nerve fibers conduct all-or-none action potentials. Below threshold, subliminal stimuli cause local electrotonic potentials that do not propagate. Myelinated fibers conduct action potentials rapidly through saltatory conduction by jumping between nodes of Ranvier. Nerve fibers are refractory immediately after an action potential during which time they will not conduct again, explaining their resistance to fatigue from continuous stimulation.
Basic structure of neuron
The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath.
Function of Dendrites. In order for neurons to become active, they must receive action potentials or other stimuli. Dendrites are the structures on the neuron that receive electrical messages. These messages come in two basic forms: excitatory and inhibitory.
The Cell body (soma) is the factory of the neuron. It produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and polysomes to provide energy and make the parts, as well as a production line to assemble the parts into completed products.
Nerve Impulse Conduction & Synapses
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
Neurotransmitter ppt
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. The document discusses the history and criteria for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters are classified based on their chemical nature as amino acids, amines, or others. They are also classified based on their function as either excitatory or inhibitory. The document describes examples from each group and where they are secreted in the body. It further explains the processes of transport, release, inactivation, and reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse.
Impulse conduction
Myelin sheaths around axons allow saltatory conduction, where action potentials "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next. This increases conduction velocity and is more energy efficient than action potentials propagating along the entire length of the axon. At synapses, the gap between neurons is bridged by neurotransmitters releasing from the presynaptic axon and signaling to the postsynaptic dendrite of the next neuron.
Synaptic transmission
this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
Reflex Action Revision
A stimulus activates a sensory neuron which transmits an electrical impulse to the central nervous system. Within the CNS, the impulse passes through a relay neuron which then stimulates a motor neuron. This motor neuron sends the impulse to an effector like a muscle or gland, causing it to take action in response to the original stimulus.
Synapse
Synapses can be classified anatomically or functionally. Anatomically, synapses are classified based on where the axon of one neuron contacts the other neuron. Functionally, synapses are either electrical or chemical. Chemical synapses transmit signals via neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft, while electrical synapses allow direct ion flow between neurons. Synaptic transmission can be excitatory or inhibitory, with inhibition occurring via inhibitory neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron.
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Physiology of Synapse II Synapse types II Functional Elements of Synapse II ...
Physiology of Synapse II Synapse types II Functional Elements of Synapse II ...
Synaptic transmission types I Steps of chemical neurotransmission I Nervous S...
Synaptic transmission types I Steps of chemical neurotransmission I Nervous S...
Similar to Chapter 10 Handout
Nervous system review
The document summarizes key concepts about the nervous system including:
- Neurons are the basic structural and functional units that transmit electrochemical signals called nerve impulses. Nerves are bundles of axons.
- The central nervous system (CNS) contains gray matter with neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, and white matter with bundles of myelinated axons.
- There are three main types of neurons - sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons. Neuroglial cells provide support and insulation for neurons in the CNS.
- The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to other body parts and allows sensory input, integrative processing, and motor output functions.
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The nervous system consists of neurons and glial cells like Schwann cells. Neurons have dendrites, cell bodies, and axons coated with myelin sheaths from Schwann cells. The nervous system functions to receive sensory input, transmit and interpret signals between neurons, and send motor output. Nerve impulses travel along neurons via changes in ion concentrations. Neurotransmitters transmit signals across synapses between neurons. The nervous system regulates both voluntary and involuntary functions through sensory, inter, and motor neurons.
02 central-nervous-systemppt692 (4)
The nervous system consists of neurons and glial cells. Neurons transmit electrical signals via nerve impulses. They have dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. Glial cells like Schwann cells provide insulation and support to neurons. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). It has sensory, interneuron, and motor functions. Nerve impulses travel along myelinated axons via saltatory conduction. Neurotransmitters transmit signals at synapses between neurons. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions.
Nervous System
The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is outside the CNS.
- The nervous system allows for integration of functions in the body and communication between neurons through electrical and chemical signals.
- Neurons have cell bodies and long processes called dendrites and axons that receive and transmit signals via synapses between neurons.
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Ans introduction
The document summarizes the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system (ANS). It discusses:
1. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which processes sensory information and initiates motor responses.
2. The PNS includes all neurons outside the CNS, divided into afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers.
3. The ANS is part of the PNS and regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion. It has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that generally oppose each other.
Central Nervous System.ppt
The nervous system consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit nerve impulses through electrical and chemical signals. The neuron has a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Schwann cells wrap around axons and form myelin sheaths to aid impulse conduction. The nervous system regulates sensation, movement, and organ function through sensory, motor and interneurons. Nerve impulses rely on ion exchange and are transmitted across synapses using neurotransmitters. The central and peripheral nervous systems work together to control all bodily functions.
Central Nervous System.ppt
The nervous system consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit nerve impulses through electrical and chemical signals. The neuron has a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Schwann cells wrap around axons and form myelin sheaths to insulate axons. Myelin allows faster impulse transmission. The nervous system regulates sensation, movement, and organ function through sensory, motor and interneurons. Nerve impulses rely on ion exchange and travel through the nervous system via pathways and reflex arcs.
02 Central Nervous System.ppt
The nervous system consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit nerve impulses through electrical and chemical signals. The neuron has a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Schwann cells wrap around axons and produce myelin sheaths for insulation and faster signal transmission. The nervous system has sensory, inter, and motor neurons and performs functions like receiving information and transmitting instructions. Diseases can disrupt myelin sheaths and impair signaling.
02 Central Nervous System.ppt
The nervous system consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit nerve impulses through electrical and chemical signals. The neuron has a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Schwann cells wrap around axons and produce myelin sheaths for insulation and faster signal transmission. The nervous system has sensory, inter, and motor neurons and performs functions like receiving information and transmitting instructions. Diseases can disrupt myelin sheaths and impair signaling.
Neurohumoral transmission in ans final fully1cl f
1) Neurohumoral transmission involves the release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals that activate specialized receptors on target cells, eliciting physiological responses.
2) Key events in neurohumoral transmission include axonal conduction, neurotransmitter release, receptor activation, post-junctional signal propagation, and neurotransmitter destruction.
3) The autonomic nervous system relies on neurohumoral transmission, using acetylcholine at parasympathetic nerve endings and norepinephrine at most sympathetic nerve endings.
Unit 11 nervous system
The document discusses the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It is divided into two main parts:
1. The central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The brain's main parts are the cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum, and ventricles.
2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of 31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and the autonomic nervous system including the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The nervous system functions to communicate sensory information to the CNS, integrate and interpret stimuli, and respond through motor outputs. It uses neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, and neuro
Neurotransmission and neuromuscular junction
Neurotransmission occurs when signals are transmitted between neurons through chemical synapses or neuromuscular junctions. The document discusses the historical discoveries of neurons, dendrites, axons and synapses. It describes how neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron or muscle cell. The types of synapses and neurotransmitters are also outlined, as well as the roles and components of the neuromuscular junction in facilitating muscle contraction.
Physiology of the Nervous System
The brain and the spinal cord are the central nervous system, and they represent the main organs of the nervous system.
Nerve1
The document provides an overview of the nervous system:
1. It describes the nervous system as a network of billions of nerve cells that functions as the control center of the body, integrating homeostasis, movement, and other functions.
2. The peripheral nervous system communicates between the central nervous system and the rest of the body, and can be divided into sensory and motor divisions.
3. Within neurons, the cell body contains organelles and receives inputs, while the axon conducts electrical signals to transmit outputs to other neurons.
The Nervous System
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its basic functions, organization, and components. Key points:
1) The nervous system is a network of nerve cells that functions as the control center of the body, integrating homeostasis, movement, and other functions.
2) It has two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system outside of the CNS.
3) Neurons are the basic functional units that conduct electrical signals to transmit information via chemical neurotransmitters at synapses.
Muscle stretch reflex
1. The document discusses the somatosensory and skeletal motor nerve axes of the nervous system and how they relate to muscle stretch reflexes and nerve conduction.
2. It provides details on the muscle stretch reflex pathway and how sensory signals from muscle spindles are transmitted to the spinal cord to elicit reflexive muscle contractions in response to changes in muscle length.
3. The document describes experiments measuring nerve conduction velocity along the ulnar nerve and the equipment, electrode placements, stimulation procedures, and data analysis methods used.
Nervous system and sense organs
The document discusses the nervous system and sense organs. It begins by describing the basic functions and components of the nervous system, including neurons, action potentials, and synapses. It then provides details on the types of neurons, glial cells, and how the resting membrane potential and action potentials work. The document also discusses the evolution of nervous systems in invertebrates and vertebrates. It concludes by describing the peripheral nervous system and different types of sense organs.
Organization and nerve cells
The document summarizes the organization and function of the nervous system. It discusses how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It also describes the basic components of neurons, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath. It explains how neurons communicate via graded potentials and action potentials in response to stimuli and how synapses facilitate communication between neurons.
What makes you_nervous5
This document discusses various topics related to the nervous system, including:
1. It describes neurons and how they initiate and conduct nerve impulses.
2. It explains concepts like membrane potential, resting membrane potential, local potential, and action potential.
3. It provides an overview of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, and defines key components and functions of each system.
4. It discusses the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system and somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
5. It describes cells of the nervous system like neurons and different types of neuroglia.
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Chapter 10 Handout
- 1. NERVE PATHWAY SUMMARY (keyed at the end of this outline) NS Division CNS OR PNS? TYPE OF NEURON? RECEPTIVE PORTION OF NEURON STIMULATED BY WHAT? TRANSMISSION AND DIRECTION OF IMPULSE THROUGH NEURON TRANSMISSION OF IMPULSE TO NEXT NEURON (OR EFFECTOR)
- 2. Nerve Pathway Summary NS Division sensory Integrative motor CNS OR PNS? PNS CNS PNS TYPE OF sensory (afferent) Interneuron motor (efferent) neuron NEURON? neuron RECEPTIVE sensory receptors dendritic ends (or cell dendritic ends (or cell PORTION OF at the ends of body) body) NEURON dendrites STIMULATED A stimulus (i.e. neurotransmitter (NT) neurotransmitter BY WHAT? light, temperature released by sensory released by interneuron change, etc) neuron TRANSMISSIO from sensory down dendrites through down dendrites through N AND receptors of cell body down axon* cell body down axon* DIRECTION OF dendrites down and into axonal terminal and into axonal terminal IMPULSE dendrites through (synaptic knobs) (synaptic knobs) THROUGH cell body down *if axon is myelinated = *if axon is myelinated = saltatory conduction NEURON axon* and into saltatory conduction axonal terminal (synaptic knobs) *if axon is myelinated = saltatory conduction TRANSMISSIO from electrical from electrical within from electrical within N OF IMPULSE within sensory interneuron to chemical motor neuron to TO NEXT neuron to chemical between neurons. NT chemical between motor NEURON (OR between neurons. released from axonal neuron and effector. NT/ EFFECTOR) NT released from terminals of interneuron Acetylcholine released axonal terminals of stimulates the dendrite from axonal terminals of sensory neuron (or cell body) of a motor motor neuron stimulates stimulates the neuron an effector to respond. dendrite (or cell body) of an Effectors = muscle interneuron (contract) or glands (secretion of hormones)