The document provides an overview of a lecture on the evolution of populations from Campbell Biology, 9th Edition. It discusses several key points:
- Populations, not individual organisms, evolve through natural selection acting on genetic variation within populations over multiple generations.
- Three main mechanisms can alter allele frequencies in populations over time: natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
- The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes conditions where allele frequencies remain stable from generation to generation, but these conditions are rarely met in nature, allowing for evolution. Factors like mutations, non-random mating, natural selection, small population sizes, and gene flow can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human. human evolution human evolution human evolution human evolution . population and evolution population and evolution population and evolution
evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human. human evolution human evolution human evolution human evolution . population and evolution population and evolution population and evolution
This presentation covers the basic terminology and key parameters of Population Genetics. Presentation is helpful for the students of Life Sciences and Evolutionary biology.
Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection - how basic evolutionary principal...Madison Elsaadi
This PPTP is made for high school teachers wishing to introduce evolutionary concepts and exercises in regular and advance (AP) high school science courses.
Considering the paramount importance of proteins
as enzymes, constituents of cell membranes, and structural components of plant cell walls, the degradation of
host proteins by proteolytic enzymes secreted by
pathogens can profoundly affect the organization and
function of the host cells. The nature and extent of
such effects, however, have been investigated little so far
and their significance in disease development is not
known.
Starch
Starch is the main reserve polysaccharide found in
plant cells. Starch is synthesized in the chloroplasts and,
in nonphotosynthetic organs, in the amyloplasts. Starch
is a glucose polymer and exists in two forms: amylose,
an essentially linear molecule, and amylopectin, a highly
branched molecule of various chain lengths.
Most pathogens utilize starch, and other reserve
polysaccharides, in their metabolic activities. The degradation of starch is brought about by the action of
enzymes called amylases. The end product of starch
breakdown is glucose and it is used by the pathogens
directly.
Lipids
Various types of lipids occur in all plant cells, with
the most important being phospholipids and glycolipids,
both of which, along with protein, are the main constituents of all plant cell membranes. The latter form a
hydrophobic barrier that is critical to life by separating
cells from their surroundings and keeping organelles
such as chloroplasts and mitochondria intact and separate from the cytoplasm. Oils and fats are found in many
cells, especially in seeds where they function as energy
storage compounds; wax lipids are found on most aerial
epidermal cells. The common characteristic of all lipids
is that they contain fatty acids, which may be saturated
or unsaturated.
Several fungi, bacteria, and nematodes are known to
be capable of degrading lipids. Lipolytic enzymes, called
lipases, phospholipases, and so on, hydrolyze liberation
of the fatty acids from the lipid molecule. The fatty acids
are presumably utilized by the pathogen directly. But
Some of them, before or after hyperoxidation by plant
lipoxygenases or active oxygen species, provide signal
molecules for the development of plant defenses and
also act as antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the
pathogen directly.
Microbial Toxins in Plant Disease
Living plant cells are complex systems in which many
interdependent biochemical reactions are taking place
concurrently or in a well-defined succession. These
reactions result in the intricate and well-organized
processes essential for life. Disturbance of any of these
metabolic reactions causes disruption of the physiological processes that sustain the plant and leads to the
development of disease. Among the factors inducing
such disturbances are substances that are produced
by plant pathogenic microorganisms and are called
toxins. Toxins act directly on living host protoplasts,
seriously damaging or killing the cells of the plant.
Some toxins act as general protoplasmic poisons and
affect many species of
This presentation covers the basic terminology and key parameters of Population Genetics. Presentation is helpful for the students of Life Sciences and Evolutionary biology.
Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection - how basic evolutionary principal...Madison Elsaadi
This PPTP is made for high school teachers wishing to introduce evolutionary concepts and exercises in regular and advance (AP) high school science courses.
Considering the paramount importance of proteins
as enzymes, constituents of cell membranes, and structural components of plant cell walls, the degradation of
host proteins by proteolytic enzymes secreted by
pathogens can profoundly affect the organization and
function of the host cells. The nature and extent of
such effects, however, have been investigated little so far
and their significance in disease development is not
known.
Starch
Starch is the main reserve polysaccharide found in
plant cells. Starch is synthesized in the chloroplasts and,
in nonphotosynthetic organs, in the amyloplasts. Starch
is a glucose polymer and exists in two forms: amylose,
an essentially linear molecule, and amylopectin, a highly
branched molecule of various chain lengths.
Most pathogens utilize starch, and other reserve
polysaccharides, in their metabolic activities. The degradation of starch is brought about by the action of
enzymes called amylases. The end product of starch
breakdown is glucose and it is used by the pathogens
directly.
Lipids
Various types of lipids occur in all plant cells, with
the most important being phospholipids and glycolipids,
both of which, along with protein, are the main constituents of all plant cell membranes. The latter form a
hydrophobic barrier that is critical to life by separating
cells from their surroundings and keeping organelles
such as chloroplasts and mitochondria intact and separate from the cytoplasm. Oils and fats are found in many
cells, especially in seeds where they function as energy
storage compounds; wax lipids are found on most aerial
epidermal cells. The common characteristic of all lipids
is that they contain fatty acids, which may be saturated
or unsaturated.
Several fungi, bacteria, and nematodes are known to
be capable of degrading lipids. Lipolytic enzymes, called
lipases, phospholipases, and so on, hydrolyze liberation
of the fatty acids from the lipid molecule. The fatty acids
are presumably utilized by the pathogen directly. But
Some of them, before or after hyperoxidation by plant
lipoxygenases or active oxygen species, provide signal
molecules for the development of plant defenses and
also act as antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the
pathogen directly.
Microbial Toxins in Plant Disease
Living plant cells are complex systems in which many
interdependent biochemical reactions are taking place
concurrently or in a well-defined succession. These
reactions result in the intricate and well-organized
processes essential for life. Disturbance of any of these
metabolic reactions causes disruption of the physiological processes that sustain the plant and leads to the
development of disease. Among the factors inducing
such disturbances are substances that are produced
by plant pathogenic microorganisms and are called
toxins. Toxins act directly on living host protoplasts,
seriously damaging or killing the cells of the plant.
Some toxins act as general protoplasmic poisons and
affect many species of
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
32. Figure 23.7
Alleles in the population
Gametes produced
Each egg: Each sperm:
80%
chance
20%
chance
80%
chance
20%
chance
Frequencies of alleles
p = frequency of
q = frequency of
CW allele = 0.2
CR allele = 0.8
63. Figure 23.12
Population in which the
surviving females
eventually bred
Central
Eastern
Survival
rate
(%)
Females born
in central
population
Females born
in eastern
population
Parus major
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Central
population
NORTH SEA Eastern
population
Vlieland,
the Netherlands
2 km
71. Figure 23.13
Original population
Phenotypes (fur color)
Frequency
of
individuals
Original
population
Evolved
population
(a) Directional selection (b) Disruptive selection (c) Stabilizing selection
83. Figure 23.16
EXPERIMENT
Recording of SC
male’s call
Recording of LC
male’s call
LC male gray
tree frog
SC male gray
tree frog
Female gray
tree frog
SC sperm Eggs LC sperm
Offspring of Offspring of
SC father LC father
Survival and growth of these half-sibling offspring compared
RESULTS
Time to metamorphosis
Larval survival
Larval growth
NSD = no significant difference; LC better = offspring of LC males superior to
offspring of SC males.
Offspring Performance 1995 1996
LC better NSD
NSD
LC better
(shorter)
LC better
(shorter)
LC better
88. Figure 23.17
Distribution of
malaria caused by
Plasmodium falciparum
(a parasitic unicellular eukaryote)
Key
Frequencies of the
sickle-cell allele
0–2.5%
2.5–5.0%
5.0–7.5%
7.5–10.0%
10.0–12.5%
>12.5%