Chap 01
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A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system. It provides various forms of transparency such as hiding location, failure recovery and concurrency. Distributed systems face scalability challenges and employ techniques like dividing resources across multiple servers. They use concepts such as middleware, distributed operating systems and network operating systems to manage resources and provide transparency.
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Replication is often confused with caching, probably because they both deal with multiple copies of data. The two concepts has the following basic differences:
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A replica is associated with server, whereas a cached copy is associated with a client.
The existence of cached copy is primarily dependent on the locality in file access patterns, whereas the existence of a replica normally depends on availability and performance requirements.
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Senthilkanth,MCA..
The following ppt's full topic covers Operating System for BSc CS, BCA, MSc CS, MCA students..
1.Introduction
2.OS Structures
3.Process
4.Threads
5.CPU Scheduling
6.Process Synchronization
7.Dead Locks
8.Memory Management
9.Virtual Memory
10.File system Interface
11.File system implementation
12.Mass Storage System
13.IO Systems
14.Protection
15.Security
16.Distributed System Structure
17.Distributed File System
18.Distributed Co Ordination
19.Real Time System
20.Multimedia Systems
21.Linux
22.Windows
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This document discusses the key concepts and challenges of distributed systems. It defines distributed systems as networked computers that communicate by passing messages in order to share resources. Some of the main challenges discussed include heterogeneity, security, scalability, failure handling, and transparency. Transparency refers to hiding the complexities of the distributed nature of the system from users, such as hiding the physical location of resources or ability to access both local and remote resources uniformly.
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A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system to users. It provides advantages like cost-effectiveness, reliability, scalability, and flexibility but introduces challenges in achieving transparency, dependability, performance, and flexibility due to its distributed nature. A true distributed system that solves all these challenges perfectly is difficult to achieve due to limitations like network complexity and security issues.
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mmWeb
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Chap 4
The document discusses distributed shared memory (DSM) in three paragraphs:
1) DSM provides a virtual shared address space across loosely coupled nodes through software memory mapping. Each node caches blocks of shared memory locally to reduce network latency.
2) When a process accesses a non-local memory block, the memory manager handles the request by migrating the block over the network if needed. Cached blocks avoid repeated network transfers.
3) Key design issues include block granularity, consistency models, data location protocols, and handling replication and migration of blocks. Different protocols are used depending on whether blocks are replicated, migrating, or both.
Multiple processor systems
This document discusses multiple processor systems including multiprocessors, multicomputers, and distributed systems. It covers topics such as multiprocessor hardware architectures, operating systems, scheduling, synchronization, and communication in these systems. It also discusses distributed systems and various middleware approaches for coordination between processes in distributed environments like document-based, file system-based, shared object-based, and coordination-based middleware.
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A distributed system consists of multiple connected CPUs that appear as a single system to users. Distributed systems provide advantages like communication, resource sharing, reliability and scalability. However, they require distribution-aware software and uninterrupted network connectivity. Distributed operating systems manage resources across connected computers transparently. They provide various forms of transparency and handle issues like failure, concurrency and replication. Remote procedure calls allow calling remote services like local procedures to achieve transparency.
2. Distributed Systems Hardware & Software concepts
This document discusses distributed system software and middleware. It describes three types of operating systems used in distributed systems - distributed operating systems, network operating systems, and middleware operating systems. Middleware operating systems provide a common set of services for local applications and independent services for remote applications. Common middleware models include remote procedure call, remote method invocation, CORBA, and message-oriented middleware. Middleware offers services like naming, persistence, messaging, querying, concurrency control, and security.
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The document discusses distributed shared memory (DSM) which provides a shared memory abstraction for loosely coupled distributed systems. DSM allows processes on different nodes in a distributed system to access shared memory as if it were a single logical memory. It implements this shared memory space through caching blocks of data in local memories and migrating blocks between nodes when needed to service memory requests. Key aspects of DSM systems covered include memory coherence protocols to ensure data consistency and techniques for managing caching and data migration between distributed nodes.
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The document discusses two types of quorums available in Windows Server 2003 clusters: standard clusters and majority node set (MNS) clusters. Standard clusters use a quorum log file stored on shared storage accessible by all cluster nodes, while MNS clusters store the quorum data by default on each node's local system disk. MNS clusters allow for more sophisticated solutions like geographically dispersed clusters that do not require shared storage, but have strict requirements to ensure consistency. The document provides examples of appropriate uses of each quorum type and answers frequently asked questions about MNS clusters.
IPC
This document discusses inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms. It describes how independent processes can cooperate by affecting or being affected by each other's execution. Common IPC mechanisms include message passing using messages queues or sockets, and shared memory. The document provides details on message passing implementations, pipes, signals for asynchronous event notification, and System V IPC mechanisms like semaphores and shared memory. It also discusses IPC in the MACH kernel using message passing and port-based communication.
Distributed operating system(os)
Distributed operating systems allow applications to run across multiple connected computers. They extend traditional network operating systems to provide greater communication and integration between machines on the network. While appearing like a regular centralized OS to users, distributed OSs actually run across multiple independent CPUs. Early research in distributed systems began in the 1970s, with many prototypes introduced through the 1980s-90s, though few achieved commercial success. Design considerations for distributed OSs include transparency, inter-process communication, resource management, reliability, and flexibility.
Shared memory
This document discusses shared memory in Linux, including creating shared memory segments using shmget, attaching and detaching shared memory using shmat and shmdt, controlling shared memory segments using shmctl, and using mmap to map files to shared memory. It provides details on the system calls used for shared memory and examples of creating and using shared memory between processes.
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This document discusses distributed file systems (DFS), which allow files to be shared across multiple machines. It covers key topics in DFS including naming and transparency, remote file access using caching, consistency issues, and a comparison of caching versus stateful remote file access approaches. The goal of a DFS is to manage dispersed storage across machines while providing a unified file system interface to hide the distributed nature from clients.
Operating system support in distributed system
The document discusses operating system support and components. It states that an operating system must provide encapsulation, concurrent processing, and protection. It lists the main OS components as the process manager, thread manager, communication manager, memory manager, and supervisor. It also discusses process/thread concepts such as address spaces, creation of new processes, and threads in distributed systems for multi-threaded clients and servers.
16.Distributed System Structure
Senthilkanth,MCA..
The following ppt's full topic covers Operating System for BSc CS, BCA, MSc CS, MCA students..
1.Introduction
2.OS Structures
3.Process
4.Threads
5.CPU Scheduling
6.Process Synchronization
7.Dead Locks
8.Memory Management
9.Virtual Memory
10.File system Interface
11.File system implementation
12.Mass Storage System
13.IO Systems
14.Protection
15.Security
16.Distributed System Structure
17.Distributed File System
18.Distributed Co Ordination
19.Real Time System
20.Multimedia Systems
21.Linux
22.Windows
Chapter 08
This document discusses different types of multiple processor systems including multiprocessors, multicomputers, and distributed systems. It covers topics such as multiprocessor hardware architectures, operating systems, scheduling, communication software, remote procedure calls, distributed shared memory, and middleware for coordination between distributed systems.
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Chap 01
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system. It provides transparency around resources that may be located remotely, shared concurrently, or migrated. Distributed systems achieve scalability through techniques like dividing resources across multiple servers. They employ various architectures including client-server, multitier, and middleware to distribute functionality.
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- Key components of distributed file systems such as naming, caching, writing policies, availability, scalability, and cache consistency.
Chapter-1-IntroDistributeddffsfdfsdf-1.pptx
The document provides an introduction to distributed systems, including definitions, goals, and characteristics. It discusses key problems in distributed systems like concurrency, security, and partial failures. Some techniques for achieving scalability are also covered, such as hiding communication latencies, offloading work to clients, distributing data and computations, and replicating/caching data across multiple machines. The overall goals of distributed systems are to share resources, provide distribution transparency, support openness, and achieve scalability.
433672084-distributed-vs-parallel-computing-ppt.ppt
This document provides definitions and examples of distributed and parallel systems. It begins by defining a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that communicate over a network to collaborate on tasks. Examples given include computer networks, ATMs, and databases. Advantages include information sharing and scalability, while disadvantages include difficulty developing software and security issues. The document then defines a parallel system as having multiple processors with direct access to shared memory, and examples provided are supercomputers and server clusters. Key differences between distributed and parallel systems are also outlined.
Chapter 1 -_characterization_of_distributed_systems
The document defines a distributed system and provides examples. It outlines the challenges in designing distributed systems, including heterogeneity, openness, security, scalability, failure handling, concurrency, and transparency. Distributed systems divide tasks across networked computers and aim to appear as a single computer to users.
- Introduction - Distributed - System -
The document provides an introduction to distributed systems, including defining their key characteristics and challenges. It discusses how distributed systems allow independent computers to coordinate activities and share resources over a network. Examples of distributed systems include the internet, intranets, cloud computing systems, and wireless networks. The main goals of distributed systems are transparency, openness, and scalability, while the key challenges are heterogeneity, distribution transparency, fault tolerance, and security.
Distributed OPERATING SYSTEM FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
The document discusses distributed operating systems. It covers topics like process/thread management, scheduling, communication, synchronization, memory management, storage management, file systems management, protection and security, and networking in distributed operating systems. It describes how distributed operating systems manage collections of independent computers to appear as a single computer. It also discusses hardware architectures like multiprocessors and multicomputers. Issues in distributed operating systems like transparency, performance, scalability, reliability, heterogeneity and security are covered. Design elements like process management, communication, and file systems are also summarized.
characteristicsofdistributedsystem-121004123308-phpapp02.ppt
Distributed systems have several key characteristics: concurrency without a global clock, independent failures of components, and heterogeneity across networks, hardware, operating systems and more. They face challenges including heterogeneity, openness, security, scalability, concurrency and transparency. Architectural models like client-server and peer processes define how components interact and are mapped to networks. Fundamental models address interaction considering timing, failures considering omission and arbitrary errors, and security regarding access rights, authentication and protecting messages. Software is organized into layers including platform, middleware and applications.
Presentation of ditributed system
This document outlines the key characteristics and design issues of distributed systems. It defines a distributed system as one where components located at networked computers communicate and coordinate through passing messages. Key characteristics include having multiple autonomous components, non-shared resources, concurrent processes across nodes, and multiple points of failure. The document also discusses common distributed system design issues such as naming, communication, and system architecture. Examples of distributed systems include local area networks, database systems, and the Internet.
Distributed Operating System.pptx
This document discusses distributed operating systems. A distributed OS connects multiple computers via communication channels to distribute processing jobs between central processors. It consists of nodes joined by networks that enable sharing of computing resources and files while providing users with virtual machines. The document describes types of distributed OS like client-server and peer-to-peer, and features like openness, resource sharing, transparency, and flexibility. Examples of distributed OS mentioned are Solaris, OSF/1, Micros, and DYNIX.
Network operating systems1
This document provides an overview of operating systems and network operating systems. It defines key terms like systems, networks, operating systems, and network operating systems. It describes features of network operating systems like security, directory services, and file/print services. Examples of remote login and file transfer are provided to illustrate how users can access resources on remote machines. Specific network operating systems like Novell NetWare, Linux, and Windows XP are outlined. The differences between a standard operating system and a network operating system are summarized.
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM.docx
The document discusses the history and goals of distributed systems. It begins by describing how computers evolved from large centralized mainframes in the 1940s-1980s, to networked systems in the mid-1980s enabled by microprocessors and computer networks. The key goals of distributed systems are to make resources accessible across a network, hide the distributed nature of resources to provide transparency, remain open to new services, and scale effectively with increased users and resources. Examples of distributed systems include the internet, intranets, and worldwide web.
Similar to Chap 01 (20)
433672084-distributed-vs-parallel-computing-ppt.ppt
433672084-distributed-vs-parallel-computing-ppt.ppt
Chapter 1 -_characterization_of_distributed_systems
Chapter 1 -_characterization_of_distributed_systems
Distributed OPERATING SYSTEM FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Distributed OPERATING SYSTEM FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
characteristicsofdistributedsystem-121004123308-phpapp02.ppt
characteristicsofdistributedsystem-121004123308-phpapp02.ppt
Chap 01
- 3. Definition of a Distributed System (2) A distributed system organized as middleware. Note that the middleware layer extends over multiple machines. 1.1
- 4. Transparency in a Distributed System Different forms of transparency in a distributed system. Hide whether a (software) resource is in memory or on disk Persistence Hide the failure and recovery of a resource Failure Hide that a resource may be shared by several competitive users Concurrency Hide that a resource may be shared by several competitive users Replication Hide that a resource may be moved to another location while in use Relocation Hide that a resource may move to another location Migration Hide where a resource is located Location Hide differences in data representation and how a resource is accessed Access Description Transparency
- 5. Scalability Problems Examples of scalability limitations. Doing routing based on complete information Centralized algorithms A single on-line telephone book Centralized data A single server for all users Centralized services Example Concept
- 7. Scaling Techniques (2) 1.5 An example of dividing the DNS name space into zones.
- 8. Hardware Concepts 1.6 Different basic organizations and memories in distributed computer systems