Changing trends in sw development
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The document discusses Unified Process (UP) as an object-oriented system development methodology. It describes the four phases of the UP lifecycle - inception, elaboration, construction, and transition - and what activities are emphasized in each phase. The document also discusses agile development principles and how agile modeling is a hybrid approach combining elements of eXtreme Programming and Unified Process with an emphasis on iterative development, team collaboration, and model simplicity.
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Spiral model
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3) The Analysis and Design Discipline involves analyzing requirements and designing the system architecture and components.
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5) The Test Discipline involves defining and executing test plans and cases.
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7) The Configuration and Change Management Discipline involves managing versions and changes
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An overview of software development methodologies.
An overview of software development methodologies.
Testing throughout the software life cycle (software development models)
Testing throughout the software life cycle (software development models)
Systems Development Lifecycle Walkthrough (Cambridge Technical Level 3 IT)
Systems Development Lifecycle Walkthrough (Cambridge Technical Level 3 IT)
Softwaredevelopmentmodels windirohmaheny11453205427kelase
Softwaredevelopmentmodels windirohmaheny11453205427kelase
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Transaction unit 1 topic 4
The document discusses database recovery techniques. It describes ARIES, an algorithm that recovers a database to consistency after a crash in three phases: analysis identifies dirty pages, redo repeats logged actions to restore state, and undo undoes uncommitted transactions. The write-ahead logging protocol forces log writes before data page updates to allow recovery using the log. Checkpointing records dirty pages to reduce redo work during recovery.
Transaction unit1 topic 2
A transaction is a collection of database operations that are reliably and efficiently processed as one unit of work. Transactions must have the ACID properties of atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. Serializability is an important concept for transactions - a schedule is serializable if it is equivalent to running the transactions in some serial order. Conflict serializability detects conflicting operations between transactions and enforces a serial-equivalent order.
Sequences
A sequence is a database object that generates unique integer values and can be shared across users and tables. It is created using the CREATE SEQUENCE statement which specifies properties like the name, increment amount, starting value, minimum, maximum and caching settings. The NEXTVAL pseudocolumn is used to retrieve the next value from a sequence and CURRVAL returns the last value retrieved in the current session.
Normalization
The document discusses algorithms for relational database schema design and decomposition. It covers topics like dependency preservation, lossless join properties, synthesizing relations in BCNF and 3NF, and dealing with null values. The key algorithms presented are for relational synthesis into 3NF while preserving dependencies, and relational decomposition into BCNF with lossless joins. Testing for lossless join properties and the potential "dangling tuple" problem with null values are also addressed.
Multivalued dependency
The document discusses multivalued dependencies and fourth normal form (4NF) in database normalization. It uses an example of a bank database to illustrate the issue of redundancy that can exist even when a relation is in Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF). The document explains that multivalued dependencies can be used to further decompose relations and define 4NF, which eliminates redundancy caused by certain types of multivalued dependencies.
Locks with updt nowait
Oracle uses locking to control concurrent access to tables by multiple users and transactions. There are two types of locks - shared locks which allow multiple users to read data simultaneously, and exclusive locks which prevent other users from accessing the data being written to by a transaction. Oracle applies the minimum level of locking required, such as row-level or page-level locks depending on the SQL statement criteria. Users can also explicitly lock tables or rows using LOCK TABLE or SELECT FOR UPDATE statements.
Locking unit 1 topic 3
Locking is a concurrency control mechanism used by databases to control simultaneous access to data by multiple users. There are different types of locks like page, table, and row locks that can be applied at various levels of granularity. Locks prevent inconsistent data access and lost updates by blocking other transactions from modifying the same data that a transaction is currently accessing or modifying until that transaction is complete. The database's lock manager monitors all locks to detect and resolve any lock conflicts or deadlocks that may occur between transactions.
3 phases in transactions 3 units
The document discusses various database concepts involving three phases or steps:
1. It describes three types of locking in databases - page, table, and row locking.
2. It explains the three phases of the two-phase commit protocol - preparation, commit, and abort phases to ensure transactions survive crashes.
3. It outlines the three phases of recovery in the ARIES algorithm - analysis, redo, and undo to restore the database after a crash.
Overview of query evaluation
The document discusses Oracle system catalogs which contain metadata about database objects like tables and indexes. System catalogs allow accessing information through views with prefixes like USER, ALL, and DBA. Examples show how to query system catalog views to get information on tables, columns, indexes and views. Query optimization and evaluation are also covered, explaining how queries are parsed, an execution plan is generated, and the least cost plan is chosen.
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