Ch.9 The Greek World

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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Greece and Persia
The Big Idea
Over time the Persians came to rule a great empire which eventually brought them into
conflict with the Greeks.
Main Ideas
•Persia became an empire under Cyrus the Great.
•The Persian Empire grew stronger under Darius I.
•The Persians fought Greece twice in the Persian Wars.
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Chapter 9
Main Idea 1: Persia became an empire under Cyrus the Great.
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• Jews in Jerusalem revolted against the Romans in
the 130s.
• Cyrus the Great won independence for Persia from
the Medes, marking the beginning of the Persian
Empire.
• Cyrus conquered many people but let them keep
their own customs.
• This kept people from rebelling against his strong
empire.

Chapter 9
The Persian Army
The army was
composed of
Immortals, which
were 10,000
soldiers chosen
for their bravery
and skill.
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The army also
had a cavalry, a
unit of soldiers
who ride horses.
• This army was
strong because
it was well
organized and
loyal.

Chapter 9
Main Idea 2: The Persian Empire grew stronger under Darius I.
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• Within four years of Cambyses’ death, a
young prince named Darius I claimed the
throne.
• He killed all his rivals for power and then
worked to restore order in Persia.

Chapter 9
Persian Society
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• Darius organized the empire into 20 provinces, each led by a
governor called a satrap. They collected taxes, served as
judges, and put down rebellions.
• He built many roads that connected various parts of the
empire.
• During his rule a new religion arose, called Zoroastrianism.
-This religion taught that two forces were fighting in the
universe: a good force and an evil force.
• Darius expanded the empire by conquering the entire Indus
Valley.

Chapter 9
Main Idea 3: The Persians fought Greece twice in the Persian Wars.
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• Darius was angry that the Greeks had aided
a revolt against the Persians, so he invaded
Greece in a series of battles known as the
Persian Wars.
• Greece won these battles because it had
better weapons and more clever leaders.

Chapter 9
The Second Invasion of Greece
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• Years later, Xerxes I tried to conquer Greece
again, this time joined by the Persian navy.
• The Spartans slowed the Persian army at
Thermopylae, giving Greece enough time to
gain the upper hand and eventually beat the
Persians at Plataea, ending the Persian
Wars.

Chapter 9
Sparta and Athens
The Big Idea
The two most powerful city-states in Greece, Sparta and Athens, had very different
cultures and became bitter enemies in the 400s BC.
Main Ideas
•The Spartans built a military society to provide security and protection.
•The Athenians admired the mind and the arts in addition to physical abilities.
•Sparta and Athens fought over who should have power and influence in Greece.
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Chapter 9
Main Idea 1: The Spartans built a military society to provide security and
protection.
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• Daily life in Sparta was dominated by the army, and boys were
trained from an early age to be soldiers.
-Spartan men reached full citizenship at age 30 and could then
move back home, but they stayed in the army until they turned 60.
• Courage, strength, self-discipline, and obedience were the most
important qualities to have.
• Because men were often at war, women had more rights than other
Greek women.
-They ran the household and owned property.
-They also received physical training and sometimes competed
with men in sporting events.

Chapter 9
Government
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• Sparta was officially ruled by two kings who jointly
led the army, but elected officials actually had
more power than the kings.
• These officials handled dealings between Sparta
and other city-states.
• Sparta’s government was set up to control the
city’s helots, or slaves.

Chapter 9
Main Idea 2: The Athenians admired the mind and the arts in addition to physical
abilities.
Boys and Men in Athens
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• Sparta’s main rival in Greece was Athens.
• Though they also worked to improve their bodies, they had to
devote only two years to the army.
• They learned to read, write, count, and sing.
• Wealthy boys continued their education with a private tutor.
• Boys from poor families usually became farmers.
Girls and Women in Athens
• Unlike boys, girls received almost no education, because men did
not think they needed to be educated.
• Athenian women had fewer rights than women in many other
city-states; in fact, they hardly had any at all.

Chapter 9
Main Idea 3: Sparta and Athens fought over who should have power and influence
in Greece.
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• Sparta and Athens worked together to win the Persian Wars.
• After the Persian Wars, city-states joined an alliance, which
historians call the Delian League.
• Sparta formed its own alliance, called the Peloponnesian
League.

Chapter 9
The Peloponnesian War
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• Sparta declared
war on Athens,
starting the
Peloponnesian
War.
• The war lasted for
ten years before
they decided to
call a truce.
• The war started
up once more
when Athens
tried to expand its
empire. The
Spartans won.
• With the defeat
of Athens, Sparta
became the most
powerful city-state
in Greece.

Chapter 9
Alexander the Great
The Big Idea
Alexander the Great built a huge empire and helped spread Greek culture into Egypt
and Asia.
Main Ideas
•Macedonia conquered Greece in the 300s BC.
•Alexander the Great built an empire that united much of Europe, Asia, and Egypt.
•The Hellenistic kingdoms formed from Alexander’s empire blended Greek and other
cultures.
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Chapter 9
Main Idea 1: Macedonia conquered Greece in the 300s BC.
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• Phillip II became
king of Macedonia
and targeted
Greece for an
invasion.
• He beat Athens, and
the rest of Greece
agreed to make him
their leader after
seeing Athens’s
defeat.
When Phillip died, his
throne and his plans
were passed on to his
son, Alexander.

Chapter 9
Main Idea 2: Alexander the Great built an empire that united much of Europe,
Asia, and Egypt.
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• Set out to build an empire and earned the name Alexander the
Great.
• He went on to conquer Egypt and was crowned pharaoh without a
fight.
• Defeated Persia and became the ruler of the Persian Empire.
• Alexander wanted to push into India, but his troops were exhausted
and refused to go. He began the march home, but died from sickness
before making it back to Greece.

Chapter 9
Spreading Greek Culture
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• Alexander’s empire was the largest the world had ever seen.
• An admirer of Greek culture, he worked to spread it
throughout his empire.
• Alexander also encouraged people to keep their own culture,
so Greek and native customs blended. Historians call the
culture Hellenistic, or Greek-like.

Chapter 9
Main Idea 3: The Hellenistic kingdoms formed from Alexander’s empire
blended Greek and other cultures.
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• After Alexander
died, his generals
fought for power
and divided the
empire among
themselves.
• The three
kingdoms were
Macedonia,
Greece, and Syria.
Each empire was
eventually taken
over by the Romans.

Chapter 9
Greek Achievements
The Big Idea
Ancient Greeks made lasting contributions in the arts, philosophy, and science.
Main Ideas
•The Greeks made great contributions to the arts.
•The teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the basis of modern philosophy.
•In science, the Greeks made key discoveries in math, medicine, and engineering.
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Chapter 9
Main Idea 1: The Greeks made great contributions to the arts.
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• Greek statues look as though they could come to life at any
time, because Greek artists wanted to show how beautiful
people could be.
• Greek paintings are known for their realism and detail.
• The Greeks made temples with rows of tall columns rounded
in the middle so they appear perfectly straight.
-The Parthenon was their most impressive temple.
• The Greeks excelled at writing.
-They created dramas, or plays.
-The Greeks were the first to write about history.

Chapter 9
Main Idea 2: The teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the basis of
modern philosophy.
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•Socrates taught by asking questions, a technique
we call the Socratic method.
-He wanted people to question their beliefs and
look for knowledge. This angered and
frightened people.
-He was arrested and condemned to death for
questioning the authority of the gods.
•Plato and Aristotle followed after Socrates in their
pursuit for knowledge and deeper understanding.

Chapter 9
Plato and Aristotle
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• Aristotle was Plato’s student.
• He taught about living life in
moderation, or balance.
• He believed moderation was
based on reason, or clear and
ordered thinking.
• Plato had been a student of
Socrates.
• Plato created a school, the
Academy, to discuss ideas.
• He also wrote The Republic,
which described his ideal
society.

Chapter 9
Main Idea 3: In science, the Greeks made key discoveries in math, medicine, and
engineering.
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• Euclid spent his life studying mathematics, especially
geometry.
• Greek doctors studied the human body to understand how it
worked.
• Hippocrates was a Greek doctor known for his ideas about
how doctors should behave.
• Engineers like Archimedes made great discoveries, such as
the water screw, which brought water to the fields.

Ch.9 The Greek World

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