The document discusses virtual memory and demand paging. It describes how virtual memory allows a program's logical address space to be larger than physical memory by paging portions of programs into and out of RAM as needed. When a program tries to access a page not in memory, a page fault occurs which the operating system handles by finding a free frame, paging out the contents of that frame if dirty, and paging in the requested page. Page replacement algorithms are needed when there are no free frames to select a page to replace.
The document summarizes key concepts in virtual memory from Chapter 9 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition". It covers demand paging, where pages are brought into memory only when accessed, reducing I/O. It describes how page tables track valid/invalid pages and generate page faults when invalid pages are accessed, triggering page swapping. The document discusses optimizations like copy-on-write that improve process creation by initially sharing pages between parent and child processes until a page is modified.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 9 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition" on virtual memory. It discusses demand paging, where pages are loaded only when needed rather than all at once. This reduces I/O and memory usage. It also covers page replacement algorithms like FIFO that select victim frames to replace when free frames are needed. The goal is to minimize page faults by selecting frames that won't be reused soon. Copy-on-write is described to efficiently create processes by sharing pages until they are modified.
Virtual memory allows processes to have a virtual address space larger than physical memory by storing portions of processes (pages) in secondary storage like a hard drive when not actively being used. When a process attempts to access a page not in memory, a page fault occurs which triggers paging the needed page back into memory from secondary storage. Demand paging loads pages on demand at the time they are accessed rather than all at once. When a page fault occurs and no free frames are available, a page replacement algorithm must select a page to remove from memory to make room. Common page replacement algorithms discussed include FIFO, OPT, and LRU which aims to approximate OPT by tracking recency of page usage.
This document summarizes key aspects of memory management techniques discussed in Chapter 9, including paging, segmentation, and combinations of the two. Paging divides memory into fixed-size blocks called frames and logical memory into pages of the same size. It uses a page table to map logical to physical addresses. Segmentation divides a program into logical segments like functions and variables and uses a segment table to map variable-length segments to physical addresses. Combining paging and segmentation provides flexibility of segmentation with efficiency of paging.
Oracle In-Memory option to improve analytic queries
In-Memory is now the trend for database editors. But they do not implement in-memory storage for the same reason nor the same architecture. Oracle In-Memory option directly addresses BI reporting. Oracle has always favored an hybrid approach where we can query the OLTP database (from Oracle 6 the reads do not block the writes) and the In-Memory approach follows the same philosophy: run efficient analytic queries on OLTP databases. Their first approach to columnar storage was bitmap indexes in 8i, which were very efficient to support ad-hoc queries but not compatible with an OLTP workload. Then came the Exadata SmartScan and Hybrid Columnar Compression that was still addressing datawarehouses load and reporting.
The 12c In-Memory option now gives columnar and in-memory efficiency directly on the OLTP database, without changing any design or code. A demo will show how this option can be used.
1) The document discusses synchronization techniques in operating systems, including semaphores invented by Dijkstra, which provide a way for processes to synchronize without busy waiting.
2) Semaphores use two operations - wait and signal - to synchronize access to shared resources. They can be implemented without busy waiting by blocking processes waiting on the semaphore.
3) Classical synchronization problems like the bounded buffer, readers-writers problem, and dining philosophers problem are presented and solutions using semaphores are described to avoid deadlock and starvation.
The document discusses concepts related to main memory management in operating systems. It covers how programs are loaded into memory to execute, the use of base and limit registers to define logical address spaces, and different methods of binding instructions and data to physical memory addresses. It also describes logical versus physical address spaces, the role of the memory management unit in mapping virtual to physical addresses, dynamic loading and linking of code, and swapping of processes in and out of main memory. Finally, it discusses issues like fragmentation that can occur with contiguous memory allocation and approaches for dynamic storage allocation and compaction.
This document summarizes key concepts about virtual memory from the textbook chapter:
- Virtual memory allows processes to have a logical address space larger than physical memory by paging portions of processes into and out of frames in physical memory on demand.
- Demand paging brings pages into memory only when they are needed, reducing I/O compared to loading the whole process at once. It can cause page faults when accessing pages not yet loaded.
- Page replacement algorithms select pages to swap out to disk when free frames are needed, aiming to minimize future page faults. The choice of replacement algorithm impacts memory performance.
The document summarizes key concepts in virtual memory from Chapter 9 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition". It covers demand paging, where pages are brought into memory only when accessed, reducing I/O. It describes how page tables track valid/invalid pages and generate page faults when invalid pages are accessed, triggering page swapping. The document discusses optimizations like copy-on-write that improve process creation by initially sharing pages between parent and child processes until a page is modified.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 9 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 9th Edition" on virtual memory. It discusses demand paging, where pages are loaded only when needed rather than all at once. This reduces I/O and memory usage. It also covers page replacement algorithms like FIFO that select victim frames to replace when free frames are needed. The goal is to minimize page faults by selecting frames that won't be reused soon. Copy-on-write is described to efficiently create processes by sharing pages until they are modified.
Virtual memory allows processes to have a virtual address space larger than physical memory by storing portions of processes (pages) in secondary storage like a hard drive when not actively being used. When a process attempts to access a page not in memory, a page fault occurs which triggers paging the needed page back into memory from secondary storage. Demand paging loads pages on demand at the time they are accessed rather than all at once. When a page fault occurs and no free frames are available, a page replacement algorithm must select a page to remove from memory to make room. Common page replacement algorithms discussed include FIFO, OPT, and LRU which aims to approximate OPT by tracking recency of page usage.
This document summarizes key aspects of memory management techniques discussed in Chapter 9, including paging, segmentation, and combinations of the two. Paging divides memory into fixed-size blocks called frames and logical memory into pages of the same size. It uses a page table to map logical to physical addresses. Segmentation divides a program into logical segments like functions and variables and uses a segment table to map variable-length segments to physical addresses. Combining paging and segmentation provides flexibility of segmentation with efficiency of paging.
Oracle In-Memory option to improve analytic queries
In-Memory is now the trend for database editors. But they do not implement in-memory storage for the same reason nor the same architecture. Oracle In-Memory option directly addresses BI reporting. Oracle has always favored an hybrid approach where we can query the OLTP database (from Oracle 6 the reads do not block the writes) and the In-Memory approach follows the same philosophy: run efficient analytic queries on OLTP databases. Their first approach to columnar storage was bitmap indexes in 8i, which were very efficient to support ad-hoc queries but not compatible with an OLTP workload. Then came the Exadata SmartScan and Hybrid Columnar Compression that was still addressing datawarehouses load and reporting.
The 12c In-Memory option now gives columnar and in-memory efficiency directly on the OLTP database, without changing any design or code. A demo will show how this option can be used.
1) The document discusses synchronization techniques in operating systems, including semaphores invented by Dijkstra, which provide a way for processes to synchronize without busy waiting.
2) Semaphores use two operations - wait and signal - to synchronize access to shared resources. They can be implemented without busy waiting by blocking processes waiting on the semaphore.
3) Classical synchronization problems like the bounded buffer, readers-writers problem, and dining philosophers problem are presented and solutions using semaphores are described to avoid deadlock and starvation.
The document discusses concepts related to main memory management in operating systems. It covers how programs are loaded into memory to execute, the use of base and limit registers to define logical address spaces, and different methods of binding instructions and data to physical memory addresses. It also describes logical versus physical address spaces, the role of the memory management unit in mapping virtual to physical addresses, dynamic loading and linking of code, and swapping of processes in and out of main memory. Finally, it discusses issues like fragmentation that can occur with contiguous memory allocation and approaches for dynamic storage allocation and compaction.
This document summarizes key concepts about virtual memory from the textbook chapter:
- Virtual memory allows processes to have a logical address space larger than physical memory by paging portions of processes into and out of frames in physical memory on demand.
- Demand paging brings pages into memory only when they are needed, reducing I/O compared to loading the whole process at once. It can cause page faults when accessing pages not yet loaded.
- Page replacement algorithms select pages to swap out to disk when free frames are needed, aiming to minimize future page faults. The choice of replacement algorithm impacts memory performance.
This document provides an overview of virtual memory concepts including demand paging, page replacement algorithms, and managing memory in an operating system. It describes how virtual memory allows programs to have logical address spaces larger than physical memory by paging portions of programs in and out of RAM. When a page is accessed that is not in memory, a page fault occurs which is resolved by finding a free frame and paging the requested page in from disk. Common page replacement algorithms like FIFO, optimal, and LRU are also discussed.
The document discusses virtual memory concepts including demand paging, copy-on-write, and page replacement. Demand paging loads pages into memory only when they are accessed, reducing I/O compared to loading the entire process at once. A page fault occurs when a non-resident page is accessed, triggering the operating system to load it from disk. Copy-on-write allows processes to initially share pages, copying only those that are modified.
The document discusses virtual memory concepts including demand paging, page replacement algorithms, and allocation of memory frames. Demand paging brings pages into memory only when needed, reducing I/O and memory usage. When a page fault occurs and there is no free frame, page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU, and second chance are used to select a page to remove from memory. Frames can be allocated to processes using fixed or priority schemes.
The document summarizes key concepts about virtual memory from the 10th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts". It discusses how virtual memory allows processes to have a logical address space larger than physical memory by swapping pages between main memory and secondary storage as needed. When a process attempts to access a memory page not currently in RAM, a page fault occurs which is handled by the operating system by finding a free frame, loading the requested page, and resuming execution. Page replacement algorithms like FIFO are used when free frames are unavailable. Demand paging loads pages lazily on first access rather than up front.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 9 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 8th Edition" on virtual memory. It discusses demand paging, where pages are brought into memory only when needed; copy-on-write, which allows processes to initially share pages; page replacement algorithms like FIFO and LRU that select pages to swap out when new pages are needed; and the risks of thrashing when processes do not have enough allocated memory. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate these virtual memory techniques.
advanced operating systems chapter 9 virtual memoryhozaifafadl
This document summarizes key concepts in virtual memory and demand paging from the 9th edition of Operating System Concepts by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It discusses how virtual memory allows programs to have a logical address space larger than physical memory by mapping logical addresses to physical page frames on demand. When a process attempts to access a page not currently in memory, a page fault occurs, triggering the operating system to load the page from disk or swap space. The performance costs of demand paging come primarily from the disk access time to load faulted pages.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 9 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts with Java – 8th Edition" on the topic of virtual memory. It discusses demand paging, where pages are only brought into memory when needed; page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU and optimal that are used when a new page needs to be brought in but no free frame exists; and the risks of thrashing when processes do not have enough allocated pages. The goal of virtual memory is to allow for logical address spaces larger than physical memory through the separation of logical and physical addresses.
Virtual memory allows a process to have a logical address space that is larger than physical memory by paging portions of memory to disk as needed. When a process accesses a page that is not in memory, a page fault occurs which brings the needed page into memory from disk. If no free frames are available, a page replacement algorithm must select a page to remove from memory and write to disk to make space for the new page. Common page replacement algorithms aim to minimize page faults by selecting pages that are least recently used.
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems. It covers topics like swapping, contiguous memory allocation, paging, segmentation, and page tables. Paging divides memory into fixed-size blocks called frames and logical memory into blocks called pages. It uses a page table to map logical page numbers to physical frame numbers. Hierarchical and hashed page tables are discussed as structures to organize large page tables. Segmentation and paging can both be used to map logical to physical addresses.
This document discusses virtual memory management. It begins with background on virtual memory and how it allows logical address spaces to be larger than physical memory. It describes demand paging, where pages are only loaded into memory when needed rather than all at once. Copy-on-write is explained as a way to share pages between processes initially. When memory runs out, page replacement algorithms are used to select pages to remove from memory. Optimizations like faster swap space I/O and demand paging from files rather than swapping are also covered.
This document provides an overview of memory management techniques in operating systems, including paging and segmentation. It describes how programs are loaded into memory to be executed, and the need for logical and physical address spaces. Paging is explained as a method of dividing memory into fixed-sized frames and logical addresses into pages, with a page table mapping pages to frames. Segmentation uses base and limit registers to define memory segments. The Intel Pentium supports both segmentation and paging.
Virtual memory separates a program's logical address space from physical memory. It allows the logical address space to be larger than physical memory by only loading parts of the program into RAM as needed. Virtual memory is implemented using demand paging, which loads pages into memory on demand, or demand segmentation. This allows processes to share memory and improves efficiency of process creation through techniques like copy-on-write.
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems. It covers background topics on memory hierarchies and protection. It then describes various allocation techniques like fixed and dynamic partitioning, and placement algorithms like first fit, best fit, next fit and worst fit. It also discusses internal and external fragmentation. Base and limit registers are used to define the logical address space of a process and enforce protection. Paging and segmentation are also covered.
This document discusses virtual memory concepts including demand paging, page replacement algorithms, and process creation techniques. Demand paging brings pages into memory only when needed, reducing I/O and memory usage. When a page fault occurs and no frame is available, page replacement selects a victim frame using algorithms like FIFO, optimal, or LRU. Process creation is more efficient through copy-on-write and memory-mapped files.
This document summarizes key aspects of virtual memory discussed in Chapter 7, including:
- Virtual memory allows processes to execute partially in memory by mapping virtual to physical addresses.
- During a page fault, the OS finds a free frame, swaps the page in, and updates tables to indicate the page is now in memory.
- Common page replacement algorithms discussed include FIFO, optimal, LRU, and counting based approaches.
This document discusses virtual memory and demand paging concepts from the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It covers key topics such as virtual address spaces, demand paging, page faults, free frame allocation, and performance considerations of demand paging. The goal of demand paging is to only load pages into memory when they are needed, reducing I/O compared to loading the entire process at start up.
This document provides an overview of memory management techniques in operating systems, including segmentation and paging. It discusses segmentation, where memory is divided into logical segments of variable sizes. Paging is also covered, where memory is divided into fixed-size pages that can be placed non-contiguously in physical memory frames. The document describes segmentation and paging hardware, address translation, and protection mechanisms. It provides examples of memory management on Intel and ARM architectures.
This document provides an overview of memory management techniques in operating systems, including swapping, contiguous allocation, segmentation, and paging. It discusses how logical and physical addresses are mapped and protected through the use of base and limit registers, and how context switch time can be impacted by swapping processes in and out of memory. Modern operating systems commonly use paging instead of swapping to manage memory.
Managerial economics provides tools and techniques to help managers make effective decisions. It bridges traditional economics and business practices. Managerial economics analyzes issues like supply, price, production, and profit to seek solutions to managerial problems. It aims to maximize returns and minimize costs. While macroeconomics looks at overall economic conditions, managerial economics focuses on decisions at the individual firm level.
This document describes how to solve the traveling salesperson problem (TSP) using dynamic programming. It defines g(i,S) as the length of the shortest path from vertex i through vertices in S to vertex 1. It shows that g(1,V-{1}) gives the optimal tour length, and that g(i,S) can be calculated using equation (2) by considering neighboring vertices. This runs in O(n2^n) time but requires O(n2^n) space, which is infeasible for large n.
This document provides an overview of virtual memory concepts including demand paging, page replacement algorithms, and managing memory in an operating system. It describes how virtual memory allows programs to have logical address spaces larger than physical memory by paging portions of programs in and out of RAM. When a page is accessed that is not in memory, a page fault occurs which is resolved by finding a free frame and paging the requested page in from disk. Common page replacement algorithms like FIFO, optimal, and LRU are also discussed.
The document discusses virtual memory concepts including demand paging, copy-on-write, and page replacement. Demand paging loads pages into memory only when they are accessed, reducing I/O compared to loading the entire process at once. A page fault occurs when a non-resident page is accessed, triggering the operating system to load it from disk. Copy-on-write allows processes to initially share pages, copying only those that are modified.
The document discusses virtual memory concepts including demand paging, page replacement algorithms, and allocation of memory frames. Demand paging brings pages into memory only when needed, reducing I/O and memory usage. When a page fault occurs and there is no free frame, page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU, and second chance are used to select a page to remove from memory. Frames can be allocated to processes using fixed or priority schemes.
The document summarizes key concepts about virtual memory from the 10th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts". It discusses how virtual memory allows processes to have a logical address space larger than physical memory by swapping pages between main memory and secondary storage as needed. When a process attempts to access a memory page not currently in RAM, a page fault occurs which is handled by the operating system by finding a free frame, loading the requested page, and resuming execution. Page replacement algorithms like FIFO are used when free frames are unavailable. Demand paging loads pages lazily on first access rather than up front.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 9 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 8th Edition" on virtual memory. It discusses demand paging, where pages are brought into memory only when needed; copy-on-write, which allows processes to initially share pages; page replacement algorithms like FIFO and LRU that select pages to swap out when new pages are needed; and the risks of thrashing when processes do not have enough allocated memory. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate these virtual memory techniques.
advanced operating systems chapter 9 virtual memoryhozaifafadl
This document summarizes key concepts in virtual memory and demand paging from the 9th edition of Operating System Concepts by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It discusses how virtual memory allows programs to have a logical address space larger than physical memory by mapping logical addresses to physical page frames on demand. When a process attempts to access a page not currently in memory, a page fault occurs, triggering the operating system to load the page from disk or swap space. The performance costs of demand paging come primarily from the disk access time to load faulted pages.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 9 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts with Java – 8th Edition" on the topic of virtual memory. It discusses demand paging, where pages are only brought into memory when needed; page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU and optimal that are used when a new page needs to be brought in but no free frame exists; and the risks of thrashing when processes do not have enough allocated pages. The goal of virtual memory is to allow for logical address spaces larger than physical memory through the separation of logical and physical addresses.
Virtual memory allows a process to have a logical address space that is larger than physical memory by paging portions of memory to disk as needed. When a process accesses a page that is not in memory, a page fault occurs which brings the needed page into memory from disk. If no free frames are available, a page replacement algorithm must select a page to remove from memory and write to disk to make space for the new page. Common page replacement algorithms aim to minimize page faults by selecting pages that are least recently used.
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems. It covers topics like swapping, contiguous memory allocation, paging, segmentation, and page tables. Paging divides memory into fixed-size blocks called frames and logical memory into blocks called pages. It uses a page table to map logical page numbers to physical frame numbers. Hierarchical and hashed page tables are discussed as structures to organize large page tables. Segmentation and paging can both be used to map logical to physical addresses.
This document discusses virtual memory management. It begins with background on virtual memory and how it allows logical address spaces to be larger than physical memory. It describes demand paging, where pages are only loaded into memory when needed rather than all at once. Copy-on-write is explained as a way to share pages between processes initially. When memory runs out, page replacement algorithms are used to select pages to remove from memory. Optimizations like faster swap space I/O and demand paging from files rather than swapping are also covered.
This document provides an overview of memory management techniques in operating systems, including paging and segmentation. It describes how programs are loaded into memory to be executed, and the need for logical and physical address spaces. Paging is explained as a method of dividing memory into fixed-sized frames and logical addresses into pages, with a page table mapping pages to frames. Segmentation uses base and limit registers to define memory segments. The Intel Pentium supports both segmentation and paging.
Virtual memory separates a program's logical address space from physical memory. It allows the logical address space to be larger than physical memory by only loading parts of the program into RAM as needed. Virtual memory is implemented using demand paging, which loads pages into memory on demand, or demand segmentation. This allows processes to share memory and improves efficiency of process creation through techniques like copy-on-write.
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems. It covers background topics on memory hierarchies and protection. It then describes various allocation techniques like fixed and dynamic partitioning, and placement algorithms like first fit, best fit, next fit and worst fit. It also discusses internal and external fragmentation. Base and limit registers are used to define the logical address space of a process and enforce protection. Paging and segmentation are also covered.
This document discusses virtual memory concepts including demand paging, page replacement algorithms, and process creation techniques. Demand paging brings pages into memory only when needed, reducing I/O and memory usage. When a page fault occurs and no frame is available, page replacement selects a victim frame using algorithms like FIFO, optimal, or LRU. Process creation is more efficient through copy-on-write and memory-mapped files.
This document summarizes key aspects of virtual memory discussed in Chapter 7, including:
- Virtual memory allows processes to execute partially in memory by mapping virtual to physical addresses.
- During a page fault, the OS finds a free frame, swaps the page in, and updates tables to indicate the page is now in memory.
- Common page replacement algorithms discussed include FIFO, optimal, LRU, and counting based approaches.
This document discusses virtual memory and demand paging concepts from the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It covers key topics such as virtual address spaces, demand paging, page faults, free frame allocation, and performance considerations of demand paging. The goal of demand paging is to only load pages into memory when they are needed, reducing I/O compared to loading the entire process at start up.
This document provides an overview of memory management techniques in operating systems, including segmentation and paging. It discusses segmentation, where memory is divided into logical segments of variable sizes. Paging is also covered, where memory is divided into fixed-size pages that can be placed non-contiguously in physical memory frames. The document describes segmentation and paging hardware, address translation, and protection mechanisms. It provides examples of memory management on Intel and ARM architectures.
This document provides an overview of memory management techniques in operating systems, including swapping, contiguous allocation, segmentation, and paging. It discusses how logical and physical addresses are mapped and protected through the use of base and limit registers, and how context switch time can be impacted by swapping processes in and out of memory. Modern operating systems commonly use paging instead of swapping to manage memory.
Managerial economics provides tools and techniques to help managers make effective decisions. It bridges traditional economics and business practices. Managerial economics analyzes issues like supply, price, production, and profit to seek solutions to managerial problems. It aims to maximize returns and minimize costs. While macroeconomics looks at overall economic conditions, managerial economics focuses on decisions at the individual firm level.
This document describes how to solve the traveling salesperson problem (TSP) using dynamic programming. It defines g(i,S) as the length of the shortest path from vertex i through vertices in S to vertex 1. It shows that g(1,V-{1}) gives the optimal tour length, and that g(i,S) can be calculated using equation (2) by considering neighboring vertices. This runs in O(n2^n) time but requires O(n2^n) space, which is infeasible for large n.
The document describes the travelling salesperson problem (TSP) and different approaches to solve it, including linear programming (LP) and dynamic programming (DP). It presents two LP formulations - one using a boolean decision variable matrix and constraints, and another using decision variables to represent the tour order. It also provides a DP formulation that recursively calculates the shortest tour length between subsets of remaining cities. An example problem is worked through step-by-step to demonstrate the DP approach.
Huffman coding is a method of compressing data by assigning variable-length codes to characters based on their frequency of occurrence. It creates a binary tree structure where the characters with the lowest frequencies are assigned the longest binary codes. This allows data to be compressed more efficiently compared to a fixed-length coding scheme. Huffman coding is proven to be an optimal prefix code, meaning no other prefix coding method can compress the data more than Huffman coding for a given frequency distribution.
The document discusses the technique of dynamic programming, including its use of storing solutions to subproblems to avoid redundant computations. Several examples are provided to illustrate dynamic programming, including matrix multiplication, Fibonacci numbers, and the traveling salesman problem. The principle of optimality is explained as the idea that optimal solutions to subproblems must be contained within an optimal solution to the overall problem.
Branch and Bound is a state space search algorithm that involves generating all children of a node before exploring any children. It uses lower bounds to prune parts of the search tree that cannot produce better solutions than what has already been found. The algorithm is demonstrated on problems like the 8-puzzle and Travelling Salesman Problem. For TSP, it works by reducing the cost matrix at each node to calculate lower bounds, and exploring the child with the lowest estimated total cost.
The branch and bound method searches a tree model of the solution space for discrete optimization problems. It generates nodes that define problem states, with solution states satisfying the problem constraints. Bounding functions are used to prune subtrees without optimal solutions to avoid full exploration. The method searches the state space tree using techniques like first-in-first-out (FIFO) or least cost search, which selects the next node to expand based on estimated distance to an optimal solution.
This document discusses backtracking as an algorithm design technique. It provides examples of problems that can be solved using backtracking, including the 8 queens problem, sum of subsets, graph coloring, Hamiltonian cycles, and the knapsack problem. It also provides pseudocode for general backtracking algorithms and algorithms for specific problems solved through backtracking.
This document discusses dynamic programming and algorithms for solving all-pair shortest path problems. It begins by explaining dynamic programming as an optimization technique that works bottom-up by solving subproblems once and storing their solutions, rather than recomputing them. It then presents Floyd's algorithm for finding shortest paths between all pairs of nodes in a graph. The algorithm iterates through nodes, updating the shortest path lengths between all pairs that include that node by exploring paths through it. Finally, it discusses solving multistage graph problems using forward and backward methods that work through the graph stages in different orders.
1) The document describes the divide-and-conquer algorithm design paradigm. It can be applied to problems where the input can be divided into smaller subproblems, the subproblems can be solved independently, and the solutions combined to solve the original problem.
2) Binary search is provided as an example divide-and-conquer algorithm. It works by recursively dividing the search space in half and only searching the subspace containing the target value.
3) Finding the maximum and minimum elements in an array is also solved using divide-and-conquer. The array is divided into two halves, the max/min found for each subarray, and the overall max/min determined by comparing the subsolutions.
This document discusses the design and components of a solar tracking system. It describes how single-axis and dual-axis trackers work to follow the sun's movement and maximize solar panel efficiency. The system uses light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position and a microcontroller to command stepper motors that adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It aims to automatically point the solar panel towards the sun to produce the most electricity from sunlight.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.