ungus, plural fungi, any of about 144,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. There are also many funguslike organisms, including slime molds and oomycetes (water molds), that do not belong to kingdom Fungi but are often called fungi.
ungus, plural fungi, any of about 144,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. There are also many funguslike organisms, including slime molds and oomycetes (water molds), that do not belong to kingdom Fungi but are often called fungi.
Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
5. Fungal Form and Function
Anatomy
Hyphae and mycelium
Mycelium – interwoven mass of hyphae
Hyphae- thread-like
filaments, one cell thick
Reproductive
structure or
fruiting body
6. Fungal Form and Function
Anatomy
Hyphae and mycelium
Hyphae
Mycelium
7. Fungal Form and Function
Anatomy
Septate hypha
Aseptate hypha,
a.k.a. coenocytic
See Fig. 31.3
10. Fungal Form and Function
Unlike plants
and animals,
no distinct
embryo is
formed
during early
development
11. Fungal Form and Function
Nutrition
Chemoheterotrophic
Fungi exude exoenzymes that break down
organic molecules that the fungi can absorb
and use as a supply of both energy and
carbon
12. Fungal Form and Function
Nutrition
Chemoheterotrophic
Saprobic – if they digest dead organisms and
waste products
Parasitic – if they digest live organisms
Mutualistically symbiotic – form associations
with other organisms for mutual benefit
13. Fungal Life Cycles
Three ploidy types
Haploid – most fungal hyphae and all spores
have haploid nuclei
Diploid – diploid nuclei are found transiently
during the sexual phase (if present)
Heterokaryon – unfused nuclei from different
parents occupying the same unit of hypha
15. Fungal Life Cycles
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Heterokaryotic
stage
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Zygote
Mycelium
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
MEIOSIS
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
Haploid (1n) spores
are produced by
mitosis
Spores are genetically
identical to original
mycelium
Spores disperse and
germinate to
produce new
myceliun
See Fig. 31.5
16. Fungal Form and Function
Reproduction
Asexual – default mode under stable
conditions; spores are produced
Sexual – usually only under stressful
conditions; spores are produced;
many mating types possible
(essentially like having many different
sexes or genders)
17. Sexual reproduction in fungi
zygotes (2n)
fusion of compatible hyphae
(plasmogamy)
+
–
hyphae (n)
fused hyphae (n + n)
fusion of nuclei
(karyogamy)
meiosis of
“zygote-like”
structures
dispersal of spores
zygote (2n)
sexual spores (n)
+
–
+
–
18. Sexual reproduction in fungi
Haploid spores may disperse long distances
away from the fruiting body
19. Fungal Life Cycles
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Heterokaryotic
stage
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Zygote
Mycelium
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
MEIOSIS
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
See Fig. 31.5
Fusion of
compatible
hyphae
(plasmogamy)
20. Fungal Life Cycles
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Heterokaryotic
stage
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Zygote
Mycelium
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
MEIOSIS
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
See Fig. 31.5
Fusion of
compatible
hyphae
(plasmogamy)
…initiates a
heterokaryotic
phase
21. Fungal Life Cycles
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Heterokaryotic
stage
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Zygote
Mycelium
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
MEIOSIS
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
See Fig. 31.5
Fusion of
nuclei
(karyogamy)
22. Fungal Life Cycles
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Heterokaryotic
stage
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Zygote
Mycelium
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
MEIOSIS
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
See Fig. 31.5
Fusion of
nuclei
(karyogamy)
…initiates a
zygotic phase
23. Fungal Life Cycles
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Heterokaryotic
stage
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Zygote
Mycelium
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
MEIOSIS
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
See Fig. 31.5
Fusion of
nuclei
(karyogamy)
…initiates a
zygotic phase
…which is
perhaps best
described as
“zygote like”
24. Fungal Life Cycles
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Heterokaryotic
stage
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Zygote
Mycelium
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
MEIOSIS
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
See Fig. 31.5
Meiosis in
“zygote-like”
cells produces
spores or cells
that will
produce spores
25. Fungal Life Cycles
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Heterokaryotic
stage
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Zygote
Mycelium
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
MEIOSIS
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
Both asexual & sexual
reproduction produce
haploid spores
See Fig. 31.5
26. Over 1000 additional
species described
each year
5 phyla
Fugal
Diversity
Over 100,000 species
described
Chytrids
Zygote
fungi
Arbuscular
mycorrhizal
fungi
Sac
fungi
Club
fungi
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Loss of flagella*
*Flagella may have been lost multiple
times in the fist two lineages
See Fig. 31.9
28. Classification of Fungi
Phylum: Chytrids
Ancient group – diverged earliest from the
other fungi
Aquatic –
the only fungi with flagellated spores
(zoospores)
30. Classification of Fungi
Phylum: Chytrids
Ancient group – diverged earliest from the
other fungi
Aquatic –
the only fungi with flagellated spores
(zoospores)
Saprobic – majority
Parasitic – some
31. Classification of Fungi
Phylum: Zygomycetes = Zygote fungi
Sexual reproduction via zygosporangia
(resistant heterokaryons) that produce
genetically variable spores
33. Classification of Fungi
Phylum: Zygomycetes = Zygote fungi
Sexual reproduction via zygosporangia
(resistant heterokaryons) that produce
genetically variable spores
Asexual reproduction via sporangia that
produce spores
35. Classification of Fungi
Phylum: Zygomycetes = Zygote fungi
Sexual reproduction via zygosporangia
(resistant heterokaryons) that produce
genetically variable spores
Asexual reproduction via sporangia that
produce spores
Mostly saprobic decayers of organic matter,
e.g., soft fruit rot fungi and black bread
mold
36. Classification of Fungi
Phylum: Zygomycetes = Zygote fungi
Sexual reproduction via zygosporangia
(resistant heterokaryons) that produce
genetically variable spores
Asexual reproduction via sporangia that
produce spores
Mostly saprobic decayers of organic matter,
e.g., soft fruit rot fungi and black bread mold
Some parasites, e.g., single-celled
microsporidia
40. Classification of Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi
Sexual reproduction via spores produced in
asci (sac-like cases)
Asexual reproduction via naked spores
(conidia)
41. See
Fig. 31.17
Key
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis
Neurospora: an ascomycete Haploid (1n)
Heterokaryotic (1n + 1n)
Diploid (2n)
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual
Reproduction
Hyphae of mating type (+)
Conidia of mating type (-)
Ascocarp, ascus,
and ascospores
62. Classification of Fungi
Deuteromycetes - Imperfect Fungi
Eclectic group of unclassified species
Sexual structures unknown (i.e., no
flagellated spores, zygosporangia,
asci, or basidia), so these haven’t been
classified
63. Classification of Fungi
Deuteromycetes - Imperfect Fungi
Eclectic group of currently unclassified species
Sexual structures unknown (i.e., no
flagellated spores, zygosporangia,
asci, or basidia), so these haven’t been
classified
Includes many molds and mildews
(which demonstrates that
certain commonly recognized “groups”
are not good phylogenetic groups)
64. Functional Biology of Fungi
Molds
Many rapidly growing, asexually reproducing
fungi (mostly ascomycetes and basidiomycetes)
Ecosystems on Earth would collapse without the
molds and mildews (plus many bacteria) that
break down organic matter into inorganic nutrients
65. Yeasts
Many unicellular fungi that inhabit liquid or
moist surfaces and reproduce asexually
Functional Biology of Fungi
Occur in the Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes &
Zygomycetes
Free-living, parasitic, and mutualistic symbiotic
forms exist
66. Functional Biology of Fungi
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic associations with plants
(representatives known from all fungal phyla, not
just Glomeromycetes)
67. Functional Biology of Fungi
Lichens
Obligate symbiotic associations with algae or
cyanobacteria
70. Functional Biology of Fungi
Biotic control agents
The first antibiotic used by humans
Staphylococcus
Penicillium
Zone of
inhibited
growth
71. Functional Biology of Fungi
Biotic control agents
Used against termites, rice weevils, etc.
72. Functional Biology of Fungi
Interesting example…
of agriculture in insects
Leaf-cutter ants cut
and carry leaf fragments
to their nests where the
fragments are used to
farm fungi
73. Functional Biology of Fungi
Interesting example… of fungal cowboys
Some soil fungi
snare nematode
worms in hyphal
nooses and then
digest them
unlucky nematode
fungal hypha
74. Functional Biology of Fungi
Interesting example… of fungi & conservation
The golden toad became
extinct within the past 20
years, owing to anthropogenic
environmental deterioration,
which also facilitated
pathogenic chytrid fungi