This document discusses biotechnology and its regulation. It defines biotechnology as techniques involving recombinant DNA and cell fusion beyond taxonomic families. The document outlines some benefits of biotechnology like increased efficiency and improved healthcare, but also potential dangers like invasive genetically modified organisms and impacts on non-target species. It describes key international agreements that regulate biotechnology - the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing. These agreements aim to ensure safe use of biotechnology and fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
description on convention on biological diversity, different articles, conference of parties, global environment facility, cartagena protocol, CBD Act 2002, National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAP)
Access and Benefit sharing from Genetic ResourcesKaran Veer Singh
Millions of people depend on biological (genetic) resources and traditional knowledge for their livelihoods. While the concept of an access and benefit sharing (ABS) regime is new, access to biological resources and transfer of associated traditional knowledge is centuries old.
description on convention on biological diversity, different articles, conference of parties, global environment facility, cartagena protocol, CBD Act 2002, National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAP)
Access and Benefit sharing from Genetic ResourcesKaran Veer Singh
Millions of people depend on biological (genetic) resources and traditional knowledge for their livelihoods. While the concept of an access and benefit sharing (ABS) regime is new, access to biological resources and transfer of associated traditional knowledge is centuries old.
Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), Conference of the Parties (COP), COP 13 (Theme- Fisheries), Nagoya Protocol, Cartagena, Aichi Target, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), International Conventions (Biodiversity Related Conventions)
explains about access to AnGR to benefits should be shared among users and providers and different national and international protocols governing them.
Protecting plant biodiversity: The ITPGRFA, genome sequencing and the relevan...FAO
The presentation includes information on the ITPGRFA's objectives, the Nagoya Protcol and its comparison with the treaty. Further information on connecting Genomics and other type of information with the Global Information System are also available in the presentation.
http://tiny.cc/FAO-COAG-GS
http;//www.fao.org
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable...Bioversity International
Presentation by Kathryn Garforth, Secretariat of the CBD, at the Mutual Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol and Plant Treaty workshop, Addis Ababa, November 16th 2015.
The Nagoya Protocol, Poverty Alleviation and Climate Change: Conceptual LinkagesBioversity International
Presentation given by Andreas Drews and Lena Fey, ABS Capacity Development Initiative at the Mutual Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol and Plant Treaty Workshop, November 16th 2015, Addis Ababa
Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), Conference of the Parties (COP), COP 13 (Theme- Fisheries), Nagoya Protocol, Cartagena, Aichi Target, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), International Conventions (Biodiversity Related Conventions)
explains about access to AnGR to benefits should be shared among users and providers and different national and international protocols governing them.
Protecting plant biodiversity: The ITPGRFA, genome sequencing and the relevan...FAO
The presentation includes information on the ITPGRFA's objectives, the Nagoya Protcol and its comparison with the treaty. Further information on connecting Genomics and other type of information with the Global Information System are also available in the presentation.
http://tiny.cc/FAO-COAG-GS
http;//www.fao.org
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable...Bioversity International
Presentation by Kathryn Garforth, Secretariat of the CBD, at the Mutual Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol and Plant Treaty workshop, Addis Ababa, November 16th 2015.
The Nagoya Protocol, Poverty Alleviation and Climate Change: Conceptual LinkagesBioversity International
Presentation given by Andreas Drews and Lena Fey, ABS Capacity Development Initiative at the Mutual Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol and Plant Treaty Workshop, November 16th 2015, Addis Ababa
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. Biotechnology
• In vitro nucleic acid techniques,
including recombinant
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and direct
injection of nucleic acid into cells or
organelles, or
• Fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic
family, that overcome natural
physiological reproductive or
recombination barriers and that are
not techniques used in traditional
breeding and selection
2. Some benefits of Biotechnology
• Increased agricultural efficiency, reducing the need for more
land, hence conservation of biodiversity
• Use of plants engineered to produce pesticides internally could
lead to reduced application of chemical pesticides
• Availability of products in bulk, such as hormones and
enzymes, that would have been so difficult to mass produce
• Improved health care, such as the application of gene therapy
• Resolution of genetic defects, such as infertility
• https://www.surrogatefinder.com/surrogate_registration/
3.
4. Potential dangers of Biotechnology
• Potential dispersal of genetically modified organisms in the
environment which may become invasive due enhanced
competitiveness
• Potential transfer of inserted genetic material (and related
characteristics) to other organisms, for example, through
cross-pollination
• Potential impacts on non-target species –crops modified to be
resistant to insect pests may also have adverse effects on
beneficial insects and birds
• Moral and ethical issues
5. Regulation of Biotechnology
• Potential hazards necessitates the need for biosafety measures
to protect human and ecosystem health
• The relevant regulatory frameworks in place consist of binding
instruments and non-binding policy documents
• The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
• The Cartagena Protocol, 2003
• The Nagoya Protocol, 2010
6. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• Main objectives are the
• Conservation of biodiversity
• Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity
• Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the
utilization of genetic resources
• Signed by 150 governments in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit
7. CBD cont’d
• The Convention establishes the standard institutional elements
of a modern environmental treaty: a governing body, the
Conference of the Parties (COP) a Secretariat; a scientific
advisory body; a clearing-house mechanism and a financial
mechanism
• Collectively, these translate the general commitments of the
Convention into binding norms or guidelines, and assist Parties
with implementation
• The principal function of the COP is to regularly review
implementation of the Convention and to steer its
development, including establishing subsidiary bodies as may
be required
8. CBD cont’d
• The principal functions of the Secretariat are to prepare for
and service meetings of the COP and other subsidiary bodies of
the Convention, and to coordinate with other relevant
international bodies
• The Secretariat is provided by UNEP and is located in
Montreal, Canada
• A clearing-house mechanism to promote and facilitate
technical and scientific cooperation
9. CBD cont’d
• A financial mechanism for the provision of resources to developing
countries for the purposes of the Convention
• The financial mechanism is operated by the Global Environment
Facility (GEF) and functions under the authority and guidance of,
and is accountable to, the COP
• GEF activities are implemented by the United Nations Development
Program (UNDP), UNEP and the World Bank
• Under the provisions of the Convention, developed country Parties
undertake to provide new and additional financial resources to
enable developing country Parties to meet the agreed full
incremental cost of implementing the obligations of the Convention
• Parties may also provide financial resources through bilateral and
multilateral channels
10. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
• An international agreement whose objective is to ensure the safe
handling, transport and use of living modified organisms (LMOs)
resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects
on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human
health
• Each Party shall take necessary and appropriate legal,
administrative and other measures to implement its obligations
under the Protocol
• Parties shall ensure that the development, handling, transport,
use, transfer and release of any living modified organisms are
undertaken in a manner that prevents or reduces the risks to
biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health
11. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
cont’d
• Protocol shall not affect the sovereignty of States over their territorial
sea established under international law, and the sovereign rights and the
jurisdiction which States have in their economic zones and continental
shelves, and the exercise by ships and aircraft of all States of
navigational rights and freedoms
• Protocol shall not be interpreted as restricting the right of a Party to
take action that is more protective of the conservation and sustainable
use of biological diversity than that called for in this Protocol, provided
that such action is consistent with the objective and the provisions of
this Protocol and is in accordance with that Party's other obligations
• The Parties are encouraged to take into account, as appropriate,
available expertise, instruments and work undertaken in international
forums with competence in the area of risks to human health
12. The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-
sharing
• A supplementary agreement to the CBD
• Provides a transparent legal framework for the effective
implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair
and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of
genetic resources
• An international agreement which aims at sharing the benefits
arising from the utilization of genetic resources in a fair and
equitable way
• Applies to genetic resources that are covered by the CBD, and to
the benefits arising from their utilization
• Also applies to traditional knowledge (TK) associated with genetic
resources that are covered by the CBD and the benefits arising
from its utilization