- Instrumental music during the Classical period imitated elements of vocal music and was written and performed by both amateur and professional musicians. - New instruments like the piano were invented during this time, expanding the types of ensembles and music that could be played. Forms like sonata form and binary forms became popular for instrumental works. - Orchestral music like symphonies and concertos flourished during the Classical period, with composers like Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven expanding the genres. Keyboard music was also very popular, with composers like Scarlatti, CPE Bach, and Galuppi writing sonatas and other works.

1. CHAPTER 22
Lecture Slides
A History of
Western Music
TENTH EDITION
by
J. PETER BURKHOLDER
DONALD JAY GROUT
CLAUDE V. PALISCA

2. CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
The Singing Instrument - Instrumental music imitated
elements of vocal music
• operatic styles blended with existing traditions
• music appealed to wide audience
Instruments and Ensembles
• music written, purchased, performed for enjoyment of
players (usually middle, upper class amateurs)
• musicians played at parties, dinners
• private and public concerts by amateur and professional
groups
• all levels of society enjoyed music for dancing

3. Invention of the piano by Bartolomeo Cristofori
(1655–1732), Florence 1700
• pianoforte (Italian for “soft-loud”)
• allowed changes in dynamics, expression through
touch
• 1760s on, increasing quantity of pianos produced:
Austria, Germany, France, England
• grand piano
• shaped like a harpsichord
• relatively expensive
• used in public performances, aristocratic homes
• square piano
• domestic instrument
• shape of a clavichord
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

4. Ensemble music
• written for numerous combinations
• melody instruments with keyboard, harp, or guitar
• 1770s and 1780s keyboard part dominates
• middle- and upper-class families, daughter skilled
the keyboard
String quartets: two violins, viola, cello
• intended for enjoyment of the performers, social
activity
• first violin carries most melodic substance
• cello provides bass and inner voices
• composers wrote concertante quartets: parts of
equal importance
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

5. Wind instruments and ensembles
• standard instruments: oboe, bassoon, flute
• clarinet invented ca. 1710, standard use by
1780s
• all made of wood, one or more keys aid in fingering
• amateurs tended not to play wind
instruments other than flute
• too difficult; in general wind instruments
considered inappropriate for women
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

6. CHAPTER 22
Lecture Slides
A History of
Western Music
TENTH EDITION
by
J. PETER BURKHOLDER
DONALD JAY GROUT
CLAUDE V. PALISCA

7. The Classical Period Orchestra
• Haydn’s orchestra 1760 to 1785
• twenty-five players
• flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 12–16 strings,
harpsichord
• trumpets and timpani occasionally added
• Viennese orchestra 1790s
• fewer than thirty-five players
• often included 2 clarinets
• basso continuo gradually abandoned
• leader of the violins directed the group
• mid-18th-century orchestration
• essential music given to strings
• winds and horns for doubling, reinforcing, filling in
harmonies
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

8. Binary forms
• most forms modulate from tonic to dominant (or relative
back to tonic
• simple binary form (dual reprise form) - two sections, each
repeated, 1st section moves from 1-V (or vi), 2nd section returns
to I
• originated as dance form
• balanced binary form - emphasis of arrival on V and return to I
new material in the dominant first section
• rounded binary form - highlights return to I in second section
• double return: opening key, opening material
• form for minuets
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

9. CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

10. Sonata form
• most common form for first movements of sonata, chamber work, or
• 18th century: two-part form organized by phrase structure and harmony
• 19th century: three-part structure
• combines aspects of rounded and balanced binary form
• 1830s view of sonata form - three sections defined thematically
• exposition
• first theme in tonic
• transition to the dominant (or relative major)
• second theme in new key, more lyrical
• development
• motives presented in new aspects, combinations
• modulates through variety of keys
• recapitulation
• material of exposition, restated in original order, all in tonic
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

11. CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

12. Classical Period Orchestral Music
• Symphony - major orchestral genre mid- to late-18th
century
• three or four movements, homophonic style
• Italian origins, 1730
• Italian sinfonia, opera overture
• orchestral concertos, Torelli
• church sonatas in northern Italy
• orchestral suites: source for binary forms
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

13. Giovanni Battista Sammartini (ca. 1700–
1775)
• Milan, first concert symphonies ever
written
• Symphony in F Major, No. 32 (ca. 1740,
NAWM 118)
• scored for strings in four parts
• three movements: fast–slow–fast
• whole piece lasts ten minutes
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

14. Johann Stamitz (1717–1757) - composer for
Mannheim orchestra (Germany)
• internationally famous orchestra
• discipline and impeccable technique
• unprecedented dynamic range; thrilled audiences
• Stamitz was the first symphonist consistently
following 4-movement structure
• Sinfonia in E-flat Major (NAWM 119), mid-1750s
• larger scale than Sammartini
• added 2 oboes and 2 horns
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

15. Concerto – soloist with orchestra, vehicle
for virtuosos, composed to play
themselves
• Johann Christian Bach (1735–1782)
(youngest son of JS Bach)
• first to compose keyboard concertos
• mostly galant style
• performed all over Europe; major
on Mozart
• Concerto for Harpsichord or Piano and
Strings in E-flat Major, Op. 7, No. 5, by
C. Bach (ca. 1770, NAWM 120), first
movement
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

16. CHAPTER 22
Lecture Slides
A History of
Western Music
TENTH EDITION
by
J. PETER BURKHOLDER
DONALD JAY GROUT
CLAUDE V. PALISCA

17. Classical Period Keyboard Music
• Growing demand by amateurs for music
• sonatas regarded as most challenging
Domenico Scarlatti (1685–1757)
• original and creative keyboard composer
• virtually unknown during his lifetime
• 1719, service of king of Portugal
• 1729, Spanish court in Madrid
• composed 555 sonatas
• Essercizi (Exercises) (1738), 30 harpsichord
sonatas
• Sonata in D Major, K. 119 (1740s, NAWM 115)
• evocations of Spanish music
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

18. Domenico Alberti (ca. 1710–1746)
• 40 keyboard sonatas in galant style
• Alberti bass: accompanimental device
• repeating pattern, rapidly pulsating chordal background
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

19. Baldassare Galuppi - Venetian
composer, virtuoso harpsichordist
• 130 keyboard sonatas, one, two, or
three movements; galant style
• Sonata in D Major, Op. 2 No. 1
(NAWM 116)
• three movements, contrasts reinforce
melodic, harmonic structure
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

20. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788) (J.S. Bach‘s
son)
• one of the most influential composers of his
generation
• keyboard works: numerous, strong influence on
later composers
• Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard
Instruments (1753–62)
• established 3-movement pattern for the sonata
(fast–slow–fast)
• fast movements, galant style
• slow movements, empfindsam style
• demonstrated possibility of expressive keyboard
music
• Sonata in A Major Wq. 55/4 from Sechs Clavier-
Sonaten für Kenner und Liebhaber (Six Clavier
Sonatas for Connoisseurs and Amateurs, 1765)
• applied expressive tools of opera
• sudden dynamic changes, unexpected harmonic
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC