1. Chapter 1
Problem Solutions
1.1
β E / 2 kT
ni = BT 3 / 2 e g
(a) Silicon
β‘ β1.1 β€
ni = ( 5.23 Γ 1015 ) ( 250 )
3/ 2
(i) exp β’ β₯
β’ 2 ( 86 Γ 10β6 ) ( 250 ) β₯
β£ β¦
= 2.067 Γ 1019 exp [ β25.58]
ni = 1.61Γ 108 cm β3
β‘ β1.1 β€
ni = ( 5.23 Γ 1015 ) ( 350 )
3/ 2
(ii) exp β’ β₯
β’ 2 ( 86 Γ 10β6 ) ( 350 ) β₯
β£ β¦
= 3.425 Γ 1019 exp [ β18.27 ]
ni = 3.97 Γ1011 cm β3
(b) GaAs
β‘ β1.4 β€
ni = ( 2.10 Γ 1014 ) ( 250 )
3/ 2
(i) exp β’ β₯
β’ 2 ( 86 Γ 10 ) ( 250 ) β₯
β£
β6
β¦
= ( 8.301Γ 1017 ) exp [ β32.56]
ni = 6.02 Γ 103 cm β3
β‘ β1.4 β€
ni = ( 2.10 Γ 1014 ) ( 350 )
3/ 2
(ii) exp β’ β₯
β’ 2 ( 86 Γ 10β6 ) ( 350 ) β₯
β£ β¦
= (1.375 Γ 1018 ) exp [ β23.26]
ni = 1.09 Γ 108 cm β3
1.2
β β Eg β
a. ni = BT 3 / 2 exp β β
β 2kT β
β β1.1 β
1012 = 5.23 Γ 1015 T 3 / 2 exp β β
β 2(86 Γ 10β6 )(T ) β
β 6.40 Γ 103 β
1.91Γ 10β4 = T 3 / 2 exp β β β
β T β
By trial and error, T β 368 K
b. ni = 109 cm β3
β β1.1 β
109 = 5.23 Γ 1015 T 3 / 2 exp β β
β 2 ( 86 Γ 10β6 ) (T ) β
β β
β 6.40 Γ 103 β
1.91Γ 10β7 = T 3 / 2 exp β β β
β T β
By trial and error, T β 268Β° K
1.3
Silicon
2. β‘ β1.1 β€
ni = ( 5.23 Γ 1015 ) (100 )
3/ 2
(a) exp β’ β₯
β’ 2 ( 86 Γ 10 ) (100 ) β₯
β£
β6
β¦
= ( 5.23 Γ 1018 ) exp [ β63.95]
ni = 8.79 Γ10β10 cm β3
β‘ β1.1 β€
ni = ( 5.23 Γ 1015 ) ( 300 )
3/ 2
(b) exp β’ β₯
β’ 2 ( 86 Γ 10β6 ) ( 300 ) β₯
β£ β¦
= ( 2.718 Γ 1019 ) exp [ β21.32]
ni = 1.5 Γ 1010 cm β3
β‘ β1.1 β€
ni = ( 5.23 Γ 1015 ) ( 500 )
3/ 2
(c) exp β’ β₯
β’ 2 ( 86 Γ 10 ) ( 500 ) β₯
β£
β6
β¦
= ( 5.847 Γ 1019 ) exp [ β12.79]
ni = 1.63 Γ 1014 cm β3
Germanium.
β‘ β0.66 β€
ni = (1.66 Γ 1015 ) (100 ) β₯ = (1.66 Γ 1018 ) exp [ β38.37 ]
3/ 2
(a) exp β’
β’ 2 ( 86 Γ 10β6 ) (100 ) β₯
β£ β¦
ni = 35.9 cm β3
β‘ β0.66 β€
ni = (1.66 Γ 1015 ) ( 300 ) β₯ = ( 8.626 Γ 1018 ) exp [ β12.79]
3/ 2
(b) exp β’
β’ 2 ( 86 Γ 10β6 ) ( 300 ) β₯
β£ β¦
ni = 2.40 Γ 1013 cm β3
β‘ β0.66 β€
ni = (1.66 Γ 1015 ) ( 500 ) β₯ = (1.856 Γ 1019 ) exp [ β7.674]
3/ 2
(c) exp β’
β’ 2 ( 86 Γ 10β6 ) ( 500 ) β₯
β£ β¦
ni = 8.62 Γ1015 cm β3
1.4
a. N d = 5 Γ 1015 cm β3 β n β type
n0 = N d = 5 Γ 1015 cm β3
n 2 (1.5 Γ 10 )
10 2
p0 = i = β p0 = 4.5 Γ 10 4 cm β3
n0 5 Γ 1015
b. N d = 5 Γ 1015 cm β3 β n β type
no = N d = 5 Γ 1015 cm β3
β β1.4 β
ni = ( 2.10 Γ 1014 ) ( 300 )
3/ 2
exp β β6 β
β 2(86 Γ 10 )(300) β
= ( 2.10 Γ 1014 ) ( 300 ) (1.65 Γ10 )
3/ 2 β12
= 1.80 Γ 106 cm β3
ni2 (1.8 Γ 10 )
6 2
p0 = = β p0 = 6.48 Γ 10 β4 cm β3
n0 5 Γ 1015
1.5
3. (a) n-type
(b) no = N d = 5 Γ 1016 cm β3
n 2 (1.5 Γ 10 )
10 2
po = i = = 4.5 Γ 103 cm β3
no 5 Γ 1016
(c) no = N d = 5 Γ 1016 cm β3
From Problem 1.1(a)(ii) ni = 3.97 Γ 1011 cm β3
po =
( 3.97 Γ 10 ) 11 2
= 3.15 Γ 106 cm β3
5 Γ 1016
1.6
a. N a = 1016 cm β3 β p β type
p0 = N a = 1016 cm β3
n 2 (1.5 Γ 10 )
10 2
n0 = i = β n0 = 2.25 Γ 10 4 cm β3
p0 1016
b. Germanium
N a = 1016 cm β3 β p β type
p0 = N a = 1016 cm β3
β β0.66 β
ni = (1.66 Γ 1015 ) ( 300 )
3/ 2
exp β β
β 2 ( 86 Γ 10β6 ) ( 300 ) β
β β
= (1.66 Γ 1015 ) ( 300 ) ( 2.79 Γ 10 )
3/ 2 β6
= 2.4 Γ 1013 cm β3
n 2 ( 2.4 Γ 10 )
13 2
n0 = i = β n0 = 5.76 Γ 1010 cm β3
p0 1016
1.7
(a) p-type
(b) po = N a = 2 Γ 1017 cm β3
ni2 (1.5 Γ 10 )
10 2
no = = = 1.125 Γ 103 cm β3
po 2 Γ 1017
(c) po = 2 Γ 1017 cm β3
From Problem 1.1(a)(i) ni = 1.61 Γ 108 cm β3
no =
(1.61Γ10 ) 8 2
= 0.130 cm β3
2 Γ 1017
1.8
(a) no = 5 Γ 1015 cm β3
ni2 (1.5 Γ 10 )
10 2
po = = β po = 4.5 Γ 104 cm β3
no 5 Γ 1015
(b) no po β n-type
(c) no β N d = 5 Γ 1015 cm β3
1.9
a. Add Donors
N d = 7 Γ 1015 cm β3
5. dp
J p = βeD p
dx
β β1 β β βx β
= βeD p (10 15 ) β β exp β β
β Lp β β Lp β
β β β β
Jp =
(1.6 Γ10 ) (15) (10 ) exp β β x β
β19 15
β β
βL β
10 Γ 10 β4 β pβ
β x / Lp
J p = 2.4 e
(a) x=0 J p = 2.4 A/cm2
(b) x = 10 ΞΌ m J p = 2.4 eβ1 = 0.883 A/cm 2
(c) x = 30 ΞΌ m J p = 2.4 eβ3 = 0.119 A/cm 2
1.17
a. N a = 1017 cm β3 β po = 1017 cm β3
ni2 (1.8 Γ 10 )
6 2
no = = β no = 3.24 Γ 10β5 cm β3
po 1017
b. n = no + Ξ΄ n = 3.24 Γ 10 β5 + 1015 β n = 1015 cm β3
p = po + Ξ΄ p = 1017 + 1015 β p = 1.01Γ 1017 cm β3
1.18
βN N β
(a) Vbi = VT ln β a 2 d β
β ni β
β‘ (10 16 )(10 16 ) β€
= ( 0.026 ) ln β’ β₯ = 0.697 V
β’ (1.5 Γ 10 10 )2 β₯
β£ β¦
β‘ (10 18 )(10 16 ) β€
(b) Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln β’ β₯ = 0.817 V
β’ (1.5 Γ 10 10 )2 β₯
β£ β¦
β‘ (10 18 )(10 18 ) β€
(c) Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln β’ β₯ = 0.937 V
β’ (1.5 Γ 10 10 )2 β₯
β£ β¦
1.19
βN N β
Vbi = VT ln β a 2 d β
β ni β
β‘ (1016 )(1016 ) β€
a. Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln β’ β₯ β Vbi = 1.17 V
β’ (1.8 Γ 10 ) β₯
6 2
β£ β¦
β‘ (1018 )(1016 ) β€
b. Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln β’ β₯ β Vbi = 1.29 V
β’ (1.8 Γ 10 ) β₯
6 2
β£ β¦
β‘ (1018 )(1018 ) β€
c. Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln β’ β₯ β Vbi = 1.41 V
β’ (1.8 Γ 10 ) β₯
6 2
β£ β¦
1.20
β Na Nd β β‘ N a (1016 ) β€
Vbi = VT ln β 2 β = ( 0.026 ) ln β’ β₯
β’ (1.5 Γ 10 ) β₯
10 2
β ni β β£ β¦
6. For N a = 1015 cm β3 , Vbi = 0.637 V
For N a = 1018 cm β3 , Vbi = 0.817 V
Vbi (V)
0.817
0.637
1015 1016 1017 1018 Na(cmΟͺ3)
1.21
β T β
kT = (0.026) β β
β 300 β
T kT (T)3/2
200 0.01733 2828.4
250 0.02167 3952.8
300 0.026 5196.2
350 0.03033 6547.9
400 0.03467 8000.0
450 0.0390 9545.9
500 0.04333 11,180.3
β β1.4 β
ni = ( 2.1Γ 1014 )(T 3 / 2 ) exp β β
β 2 ( 86 Γ 10 ) (T ) β
β6
β β
βN N β
Vbi = VT ln β a 2 d β
β ni β
T ni Vbi
200 1.256 1.405
250 6.02 Γ 103 1.389
300 1.80 Γ 106 1.370
350 1.09 Γ 108 1.349
400 2.44 Γ 109 1.327
450 2.80 Γ 1010 1.302
500 2.00 Γ 1011 1.277
Vbi (V)
1.45
1.35
1.25
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 T(ΠC)
1.22
β1/ 2
β V β
C j = C jo β 1 + R β
β Vbi β
7. β‘ (1.5 Γ 10 16 )( 4 Γ 10 15 ) β€
Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln β’ β₯ = 0.684 V
β’
β£ (1.5 Γ10 10 ) 2 β₯ β¦
β1/ 2
β 1 β
(a) C j = ( 0.4 ) β 1 + β = 0.255 pF
β 0.684 β
β1/ 2
β 3 β
(b) C j = ( 0.4 ) β 1 + β = 0.172 pF
β 0.684 β
β1/ 2
β 5 β
(c) C j = ( 0.4 ) β 1 + β = 0.139 pF
β 0.684 β
1.23
β1 / 2
β V β
(a) C j = C jo β1 + R β
β Vbi β
β1 / 2
β 5 β
For VR = 5 V, C j = (0.02) β 1 + β = 0.00743 pF
β 0. 8 β
β1 / 2
β 1. 5 β
For VR = 1.5 V, C j = (0.02) β1 + β = 0.0118 pF
β 0. 8 β
0.00743 + 0.0118
C j (avg ) = = 0.00962 pF
2
vC ( t ) = vC ( final ) + ( vC ( initial ) β vC ( final ) ) e β t / Ο
where
Ο = RC = RC j (avg ) = (47 Γ 103 )(0.00962 Γ 10β12 )
or
Ο = 4.52 Γ10β10 s
Then vC ( t ) = 1.5 = 0 + ( 5 β 0 ) e β ti / Ο
5 + r /Ο β 5 β
= e 1 β t1 = Ο ln β β
1.5 β 1.5 β
β10
t1 = 5.44 Γ 10 s
(b) For VR = 0 V, Cj = Cjo = 0.02 pF
β1/ 2
β 3.5 β
For VR = 3.5 V, C j = ( 0.02 ) β 1 + β = 0.00863 pF
β 0.8 β
0.02 + 0.00863
C j (avg ) = = 0.0143 pF
2
Ο = RC j ( avg ) = 6.72 Γ10β10 s
vC ( t ) = vC ( final ) + ( vC ( initial ) β vC ( final ) ) e β t / Ο
(
3.5 = 5 + (0 β 5)e β t2 /Ο = 5 1 β e β t2 /Ο )
β10
so that t2 = 8.09 Γ 10 s
1.24
β‘ (1018 )(1015 ) β€
Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln β’ β₯ = 0.757 V
β’ (1.5 Γ 1010 )2 β₯
β£ β¦
a. VR = 1 V
β1/ 2
β 1 β
C j = (0.25) β 1 + β = 0.164 pF
β 0.757 β
8. 1 1
f0 = =
2Ο LC 2Ο ( 2.2 Γ10 )( 0.164 Γ10 )
β3 β12
f 0 = 8.38 MHz
b. VR = 10 V
β1/ 2
β 10 β
C j = (0.25) β 1 + β = 0.0663 pF
β 0.757 β
1
f0 =
2Ο ( 2.2 Γ 10 )( 0.0663 Γ 10β12 )
β3
f 0 = 13.2 MHz
1.25
β‘ βV β β€ β VD β
a. I = I S β’ exp β D β β 1β₯ β 0.90 = exp β β β1
β£ β VT β β¦ β VT β
βV β
exp β D β = 1 β 0.90 = 0.10
β VT β
VD = VT ln ( 0.10 ) β VD = β0.0599 V
b.
β‘ β VF β β€ β 0.2 β
β’ exp β β β 1β₯ exp β β β1
β VT β β¦
= S β β£ β 0.026 β
IF I
=
IR IS β‘ β VR β β€ β β0.2 β
β’exp β β β 1β₯ exp β 0.026 β β 1
β β
β£ β VT β β¦
2190
=
β1
IF
= 2190
IR
1.26
a.
β 0.5 β
I β (10β11 ) exp β β β I = 2.25 mA
β 0.026 β
β 0.6 β
I = (10β11 ) exp β β β I = 0.105 A
β 0.026 β
β 0.7 β
I = (10β11 ) exp β β β I = 4.93 A
β 0.026 β
b.
β 0.5 β
I β (10β13 ) exp β β β I = 22.5 ΞΌ A
β 0.026 β
β 0.6 β
I = (10β13 ) exp β β β I = 1.05 mA
β 0.026 β
β 0.7 β
I = (10β13 ) exp β β β I = 49.3 mA
β 0.026 β
1.27
(a) (
I = I S eVD / VT β 1 )
150 Γ 10 β6
= 10 β11
(e VD / VT
)
β 1 β 10β11 eVD / VT
9. β 150 Γ 10β6 β β 150 Γ 10β6 β
Then VD = VT ln β β11 β = (0.026) ln β β11 β
β 10 β β 10 β
Or VD = 0.430 V
(b)
β 150 Γ 10β6 β
VD = VT ln β β13 β
β 10 β
Or VD = 0.549 V
1.28
β 0.7 β
(a) 10β3 = I S exp β β
β 0.026 β
I S = 2.03 Γ 10 β15 A
(b)
VD I D ( A ) ( n = 1) I D ( A )( n = 2 )
0.1 9.50 Γ10 β14 1.39 Γ10 β14
0.2 4.45 Γ10 β12 9.50 Γ10 β14
0.3 2.08 Γ10 β10 6.50 Γ10 β13
0.4 9.75 Γ10 β9 4.45 Γ10 β12
0.5 4.56 Γ10 β7 3.04 Γ10 β11
0.6 2.14 Γ10 β5 2.08 Γ10 β10
0.7 10 β3 1.42 Γ10 β9
1.29
(a)
I S = 10 β12 A
VD(v) ID(A) log10ID
0.10 4.68 Γ10β11 β10.3
0.20 2.19 Γ10β9 β8.66
0.30 1.03 Γ10β7 β6.99
0.40 4.80 Γ10β6 β5.32
0.50 2.25 Γ10β4 β3.65
0.60 1.05 Γ10β2 β1.98
0.70 4.93 Γ10β1 β0.307
(b)
I S = 10 β14 A
VD(v) ID(A) log10ID
0.10 4.68 Γ10β13 β12.3
0.20 2.19 Γ10β11 β10.66
0.30 1.03 Γ10β9 β8.99
0.40 4.80 Γ10β8 β7.32
0.50 2.25 Γ10β6 β5.65
0.60 1.05 Γ10β4 β3.98
0.70 4.93 Γ10β3 β2.31
1.30
a.
ID2 β V β VD1 β
= 10 = exp β D 2 β
I D1 β VT β
ΞVD = VT ln (10) β ΞVD = 59.9 mV β 60 mV
10. b. ΞVD = VT ln (100 ) β ΞVD = 119.7 mV β 120 mV
1.31
βI β β 150 Γ 10β6 β
(a) (i) VD = Vt ln β D β = ( 0.026 ) ln β β15 β
β IS β β 10 β
VD = 0.669 V
β 25 Γ 10β6 β
(ii) VD = ( 0.026)ln β β15 β
β 10 β
VD = 0.622 V
β 0.2 β
(b) (i) I D = (10β15 )exp β β12
β = 2.19 Γ 10 A
β 0.026 β
(ii) ID = 0
(iii) I D = β10 β15 A
(iv) I D = β10 β15 A
1.32
βI β β 2 Γ 10β3 β
VD = Vt ln β D β = (0.026) ln β β14 β
= 0.6347 V
β IS β β 5 Γ 10 β
β 2 Γ 10β3 β
VD = (0.026) ln β β12 β
= 0.5150 V
β 5 Γ 10 β
0.5150 β€ VD β€ 0.6347 V
1.33
βV β
(a) I D = I S exp β D β
β Vt β
β 1.10 β
12 Γ10β3 = I S exp β β21
β β I S = 5.07 Γ 10 A
β 0.026 β
β 1.0 β
I D = ( 5.07 Γ 10β21 ) exp β β
(b) β 0.026 β
I D = 2.56 Γ 10β4 A = 0.256 mA
1.34
β 1.0 β
(a) I D = 10β23 exp β β7
β = 5.05 Γ 10 A
β 0.026 β
β 1.1 β
(b) I D = 10β23 exp β β5
β = 2.37 Γ 10 A
β 0.026 β
β 1.2 β
(c) I D = 10β23 exp β β3
β = 1.11Γ 10 A
β 0.026 β
1.35
IS doubles for every 5C increase in temperature.
I S = 10 β12 A at T = 300K
For I S = 0.5 Γ 10 β12 A β T = 295 K
For I S = 50 Γ 10 β12 A, (2) n = 50 β n = 5.64
Where n equals number of 5C increases.
Then ΞT = ( 5.64 )( 5 ) = 28.2 K
So 295 β€ T β€ 328.2 K
11. 1.36
I S (T )
= 2ΞT / 5 , ΞT = 155Β° C
I S (β55)
I S (100)
= 2155 / 5 = 2.147 Γ 109
I S (β55)
VT @100Β°C β 373Β°K β VT = 0.03220
VT @β 55Β°C β 216Β°K β VT = 0.01865
β 0.6 β
exp β β
I D (100) β 0.0322 β
= (2.147 Γ 109 ) Γ
I D (β55) β 0.6 β
exp β β
β 0.01865 β
=
( 2.147 Γ10 )(1.237 Γ10 )
9 8
( 9.374 Γ10 ) 13
I D (100)
= 2.83 Γ 103
I D (β55)
1.37
3.5 = ID (105) + VD
β V β β ID β
(a) I D = 5 Γ10β9 exp β D β β VD = 0.026 ln β β9 β
β 0.026 β β 5 Γ 10 β
Trial and error.
VD ID VD
0.50 3 Γ10 β5 0.226
0.40 3.1Γ10β5 0.227
0.250 3.25 Γ10 β5 0.228
0.229 3.271Γ10 β5 0.2284
0.2285 3.2715 Γ10 β5 0.2284
So VD β 0.2285 V
I D β 3.272 Γ 10β5 A
(b) I D = I S = 5 Γ 10β9 A
VR = ( 5 Γ 10β9 )(105 ) = 5 Γ 10β4 V
VD = 3.4995 V
1.38
β I β
10 = I D ( 2 Γ 10 4 ) + VD and VD = ( 0.026 ) ln β D12 β
β
β 10 β
Trial and error.
VD(v) ID(A) VD(v)
0.50 4.75 Γ10β4 0.5194
0.517 4.7415 Γ10 β4 0.5194
0.5194 4.740 Γ10β4 0.5194
VD = 0.5194 V
I D = 0.4740 mA
1.39