First session of Constitution class, "We The People." September-November 2013. Class title "Rights of Englishmen." This class begins with Magna Carta and concludes with the Revolutionary War and the writing of state constitutions. A provocative section quotes from material in Stephen Webb, "1676;The End of American Independence."Class outlines and suggested viewing and reading are posted in my documents section.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Magna Carta signed in 1215 in England. It notes that King John, who was a poor ruler, imposed heavy taxes which led barons to force him to sign the Magna Carta to curb his power. The Magna Carta established individual rights and limited the arbitrary power of the king. It influenced the development of constitutional government and trial by jury. Clause 39 protected personal liberty, a right that influenced later legal documents like the Italian Constitution.
The document summarizes the revolution in England that established parliamentary rule over absolute monarchy. It began when King John faced a rebellion from nobles in 1215, forcing him to agree to the Magna Carta which established basic legal rights and limited royal power. This led to the development of institutions like common law, due process, habeas corpus and an increasingly powerful Parliament that sought to restrict monarchs' authority. This conflict continued until the Glorious Revolution of 1688 established England as a constitutional monarchy with Parliament drafting the Bill of Rights to define the powers of monarch and parliament. A cabinet system developed where government ministers answered to Parliament rather than the monarch, establishing the prime minister as head of the ruling party.
Modern democracy has its origins in England, where the Anglo-Saxon system of government worked from the bottom up, with freeholders participating in local assemblies that elected representatives all the way up to the king. This system ensured that no person could be imprisoned, taxed, or have their property taken without the consent of their peers or due process of law. Over centuries, the English struggled to preserve these rights and customs against foreign ideas and armies trying to impose absolute rule, culminating in landmarks like the Magna Carta, Petition of Right, and Glorious Revolution. In contrast, continental European democracies evolved from a rejection of tradition and an elevation of reason as king, seeking to design new social orders without constraints on the
Points of commonality in the English Bill of Rights (1689), US Declaration of Independence (1776), and French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (1789). Also a few differences. This is based on an assignment I used in my 2012 World History survey.
Various acts strengthen the role of british parliamentMuhammad Amir Raza
The various acts strengthened the role of the British Parliament in 3 ways:
1) Magna Carta in 1215 established limitations on the power of kings and affirmed rights and liberties.
2) The Petition of Rights in 1628 and Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 further protected individual liberties and limited imprisonment without cause.
3) The Glorious Revolution of 1688 and subsequent Bill of Rights affirmed Parliament's power over taxation and raised armies, limiting the monarch's authority.
This document summarizes the British Bill of Rights of 1689. It discusses the roots of the Bill of Rights in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when William and Mary replaced James II on the throne. The Bill of Rights laid out limits on royal power, rights for Parliament, and rights for individuals. It established principles like regular Parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. The Bill of Rights influenced later statements of rights like the US Bill of Rights and UDHR. It continues to be referenced in contemporary legal cases like one in 1976 in New Zealand.
British extraterritorial jurisdiction in siam british extraterritorial jurisd...Kanaphon Chanhom
This document discusses British extraterritorial jurisdiction in Siam. It provides historical context on how Britain came to exercise jurisdiction over British subjects in Siam through treaties in 1826, 1855, and 1883. These treaties granted Britain authority over legal cases involving British subjects, with oversight by British consuls. The document notes that extraterritorial jurisdiction is intended as a temporary measure until countries can provide adequate legal protections to foreign citizens. It discusses how a 1909 treaty signals Britain is prepared to relinquish these special legal privileges in Siam as its courts and laws continue to modernize. The US also exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction in Siam through treaties in 1833 and 1856.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Magna Carta signed in 1215 in England. It notes that King John, who was a poor ruler, imposed heavy taxes which led barons to force him to sign the Magna Carta to curb his power. The Magna Carta established individual rights and limited the arbitrary power of the king. It influenced the development of constitutional government and trial by jury. Clause 39 protected personal liberty, a right that influenced later legal documents like the Italian Constitution.
The document summarizes the revolution in England that established parliamentary rule over absolute monarchy. It began when King John faced a rebellion from nobles in 1215, forcing him to agree to the Magna Carta which established basic legal rights and limited royal power. This led to the development of institutions like common law, due process, habeas corpus and an increasingly powerful Parliament that sought to restrict monarchs' authority. This conflict continued until the Glorious Revolution of 1688 established England as a constitutional monarchy with Parliament drafting the Bill of Rights to define the powers of monarch and parliament. A cabinet system developed where government ministers answered to Parliament rather than the monarch, establishing the prime minister as head of the ruling party.
Modern democracy has its origins in England, where the Anglo-Saxon system of government worked from the bottom up, with freeholders participating in local assemblies that elected representatives all the way up to the king. This system ensured that no person could be imprisoned, taxed, or have their property taken without the consent of their peers or due process of law. Over centuries, the English struggled to preserve these rights and customs against foreign ideas and armies trying to impose absolute rule, culminating in landmarks like the Magna Carta, Petition of Right, and Glorious Revolution. In contrast, continental European democracies evolved from a rejection of tradition and an elevation of reason as king, seeking to design new social orders without constraints on the
Points of commonality in the English Bill of Rights (1689), US Declaration of Independence (1776), and French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (1789). Also a few differences. This is based on an assignment I used in my 2012 World History survey.
Various acts strengthen the role of british parliamentMuhammad Amir Raza
The various acts strengthened the role of the British Parliament in 3 ways:
1) Magna Carta in 1215 established limitations on the power of kings and affirmed rights and liberties.
2) The Petition of Rights in 1628 and Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 further protected individual liberties and limited imprisonment without cause.
3) The Glorious Revolution of 1688 and subsequent Bill of Rights affirmed Parliament's power over taxation and raised armies, limiting the monarch's authority.
This document summarizes the British Bill of Rights of 1689. It discusses the roots of the Bill of Rights in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when William and Mary replaced James II on the throne. The Bill of Rights laid out limits on royal power, rights for Parliament, and rights for individuals. It established principles like regular Parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. The Bill of Rights influenced later statements of rights like the US Bill of Rights and UDHR. It continues to be referenced in contemporary legal cases like one in 1976 in New Zealand.
British extraterritorial jurisdiction in siam british extraterritorial jurisd...Kanaphon Chanhom
This document discusses British extraterritorial jurisdiction in Siam. It provides historical context on how Britain came to exercise jurisdiction over British subjects in Siam through treaties in 1826, 1855, and 1883. These treaties granted Britain authority over legal cases involving British subjects, with oversight by British consuls. The document notes that extraterritorial jurisdiction is intended as a temporary measure until countries can provide adequate legal protections to foreign citizens. It discusses how a 1909 treaty signals Britain is prepared to relinquish these special legal privileges in Siam as its courts and laws continue to modernize. The US also exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction in Siam through treaties in 1833 and 1856.
The War of Spanish Succession was an international conflict from 1701 to 1713 caused by the death of the King of Spain without descendants. Initially, Charles III was set to be king, but some European powers disagreed and proposed Philip d'Anjou instead, starting the war which ended in victory for Charles III.
The document discusses the transition from absolutism to constitutionalism in England. It describes how James I and Charles I ruled as absolute monarchs and clashed with Parliament over money and religion. This led to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell emerged victorious and established a Puritan republic. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored but tensions remained over succession and religion. This ultimately led to the Glorious Revolution and the arrival of the Protestant William and Mary, who agreed to a constitutional monarchy that limited royal power and affirmed rights like habeas corpus.
1) The Chief Justice discusses the importance of judicial independence by comparing the American and French experiences after adopting declarations of rights. While the language was similar, France lacked an independent judiciary and descended into the Reign of Terror without enforcing individual rights.
2) He outlines two significant early challenges to the independence of the US judiciary - the impeachment of Judge John Pickering for political reasons along party lines, and the impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase in an attempt to exert political control over the Supreme Court.
3) The impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase in 1805 for his partisan actions from the bench became a major test of judicial independence, with his trial before the Senate gaining significant public interest.
The document contains a list of 54 multiple choice questions about important people, documents, events, and concepts from early American history. The questions cover topics like the colonial governments and economies, causes of the American Revolution, key figures of the founding era, compromises reached at the Constitutional Convention, and components of the U.S. system of government like the branches of power and Bill of Rights.
After the Revolutionary War, there was disagreement over how to govern the new nation. Some wanted more state power while others wanted a stronger national government. This led to the Articles of Confederation, but it gave most power to the states. In 1787, representatives met at the Constitutional Convention and drafted a new Constitution with a stronger federal government. However, there was still concern over individual liberties, so James Madison introduced the Bill of Rights which enumerated specific freedoms and limits on government power. It was ratified in 1791 as the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution.
The document outlines several key events and documents that influenced the development of rights and democracy in America, including the Magna Carta which established rights against unlawful seizure of property and taxation without representation. It also discusses how the English parliamentary system was modeled by colonial assemblies and how the English Bill of Rights after the Glorious Revolution established limits on monarchal power and guaranteed free elections and frequent parliamentary meetings. Finally, it describes how colonists began claiming these same rights of Englishmen which led to a period of less interference from England known as salutary neglect and the establishment of freedom of the press.
The document summarizes the 27 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. It outlines the key rights and freedoms protected by the first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, including freedoms of speech, religion, press, and the rights to bear arms, fair trial, and privacy. It also describes amendments that ended slavery, guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or ability to pay taxes, established income tax, popular election of Senators, ended Prohibition, granted women's suffrage, and more.
The document traces the historical development of important documents establishing rights and liberties from individuals from rulers, including:
- Magna Carta (1215) which limited the power of English kings and affirmed certain rights of free men.
- The English Bill of Rights (1689) which established rights like freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarchy.
- The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) which established rights during liberal revolutions.
- Ultimately, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) signed by nations after World War II which established fundamental rights for all people.
This document discusses the history of forms of government from absolute monarchies to constitutional governments. It covers several examples:
- King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, establishing the idea of limited government and individual rights.
- King Louis XIV of France banned meetings of the Estates-General and ruled with absolute power, leaving France in debt.
- Peter the Great of Russia followed the French model of absolute rule and expanded his power.
- The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England established a constitutional monarchy with the English Bill of Rights limiting royal power and affirming parliamentary and citizen rights.
The House of Lords is the upper house of the UK Parliament. It meets in the Palace of Westminster like the House of Commons. The House of Lords Act of 1999 reduced the membership of the Lords from 1,330 to 669 members, primarily life peers rather than the previous hereditary peers. There has been debate about reforming the House of Lords to be partially or fully elected but no agreement has been reached between the two houses of Parliament. The Parliament Act of 1949, which allowed the government to pass bills without the consent of the Lords, was challenged but upheld as valid by the Law Lords in 2005.
Athens established the first democracy in ancient Greece, where citizens could participate directly in the government through public assemblies. Representative democracies like the United States developed as populations grew too large for direct democracies. The Roman Republic was ruled by elected officials like consuls and eventually granted political equality to common citizens. After the fall of Rome, kings ruled Europe until the Magna Carta limited royal power in England in 1215. Subsequent documents like the Petition of Rights and English Bill of Rights further curtailed monarch authority and established parliament's lawmaking role, institutionalizing a system of limited government power.
The document is a contract signed in 1783 between King Louis XVI of France and the United States to provide a new loan of 6 million livres to the newly independent nation. It outlines the terms of repayment, including reimbursing the loan in six equal installments starting in 1797 with 5% annual interest paid starting in 1785. It also summarizes previous loans provided by France to a total of 38 million livres, stipulating their repayment terms. The contract aims to establish orderly financing between the two parties in support of the new independence of the United States.
The document provides details about the House of Lords, including its history dating back to the 11th century. It discusses the roles and functions of the House of Lords such as scrutinizing legislation and serving as the final court of appeal. The document also outlines the membership and leadership structure including the Lord Speaker, as well as daily business proceedings and select committees.
The document summarizes the secret Treaty of Verona signed in 1822 between Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia. The key points are:
1) The treaty aimed to suppress representative governments and prevent their establishment in Europe, seeing them as incompatible with monarchical rule.
2) It also sought to suppress freedom of the press and promote religious principles that encouraged obedience to rulers.
3) France was given funds by the other nations to help suppress the recent liberal constitution in Spain and prevent self-government in Spain and Portugal.
4) This treaty provided the basis for the Monroe Doctrine, which opposed European interference in the Americas.
This document summarizes key events and developments during the French Revolution:
1. Public debt and government expenses precipitated the revolution. The Estates General deadlocked with the Three Estates voting separately instead of collectively.
2. The Great Fear and peasant uprisings spread across France. The Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly after being locked out of their meeting hall.
3. The National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen establishing principles of rule of law, equal citizenship, and collective sovereignty of the people.
Charles I faced growing distrust from Parliament due to religious differences. He needed money from Parliament to fund wars but took unpopular actions like forced loans, imprisonment without cause, and quartering of soldiers. This led to conflicts, including with Scotland over a new Anglican prayer book. It resulted in an English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell, who defeated Charles I. The Rump Parliament then condemned Charles to death for treason, declaring England a Commonwealth under Cromwell's rule.
The French Revolution lasted from 1789 to 1799, transforming France from a monarchy ruled by King Louis XVI to a republic. This period saw the establishment of a constitutional monarchy followed by increasingly radical governments under Robespierre and the Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power as a military leader, becoming the emperor of France, though the nations he conquered resented French rule and rebelled.
The Bill of Rights was passed by the English Parliament in 1689. It affirmed certain civil liberties that could not be taken away, including freedom of speech, freedom from cruel punishment, and freedom to elect members of Parliament. It also declared that William and Mary were the rightful monarchs in place of James II, and that no Catholic monarch would rule England in the future. The Bill of Rights helped establish constitutional limits on royal power and influenced the future constitution of the United States.
The document lists and compares principles from several important democratic documents:
- The Magna Carta (1215) limited the power of the English king and established due process rights.
- The English Bill of Rights (1689) guaranteed free elections, frequent parliamentary meetings, prohibitions on excessive fines and cruel punishments, and representative government.
- The American Declaration of Independence (1776) declared the natural rights of all men to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and the concept of popular sovereignty.
- The U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) guaranteed freedoms of speech, religion, press and protections from unfair imprisonment through due process and trial by jury.
- The French
Chapter 14 b enlgish civil war and american religious freedomdcyw1112
The document discusses the causes and events of the Glorious Revolution in England in the late 1600s. It summarizes that religious and political tensions built up under the Stuart monarchs James I and Charles I, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell and his Puritan supporters defeated the Royalists and executed Charles I, establishing the Commonwealth before Cromwell's death. This instability led to the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II in 1660 and further reforms establishing constitutional monarchy and protecting civil liberties and religious freedom after the 1688 Glorious Revolution.
This document summarizes several ancient and historical documents related to human rights:
- The Code of Ur-Nammu (2100-2050 BC) was one of the earliest known law codes, establishing capital punishment and proportional consequences. It showed a stratified Sumerian society.
- Hammurabi's Code (c. 1750 BC) contained 282 laws with specific punishments and established the accused's right to prove innocence.
- Religious texts like the Vedas, Bible and Quran outlined early human rights concepts like duties and responsibilities.
- The Magna Carta (1215) limited kingly power and influenced constitutional law in English-speaking countries. Later documents like the English Bill
The War of Spanish Succession was an international conflict from 1701 to 1713 caused by the death of the King of Spain without descendants. Initially, Charles III was set to be king, but some European powers disagreed and proposed Philip d'Anjou instead, starting the war which ended in victory for Charles III.
The document discusses the transition from absolutism to constitutionalism in England. It describes how James I and Charles I ruled as absolute monarchs and clashed with Parliament over money and religion. This led to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell emerged victorious and established a Puritan republic. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored but tensions remained over succession and religion. This ultimately led to the Glorious Revolution and the arrival of the Protestant William and Mary, who agreed to a constitutional monarchy that limited royal power and affirmed rights like habeas corpus.
1) The Chief Justice discusses the importance of judicial independence by comparing the American and French experiences after adopting declarations of rights. While the language was similar, France lacked an independent judiciary and descended into the Reign of Terror without enforcing individual rights.
2) He outlines two significant early challenges to the independence of the US judiciary - the impeachment of Judge John Pickering for political reasons along party lines, and the impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase in an attempt to exert political control over the Supreme Court.
3) The impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase in 1805 for his partisan actions from the bench became a major test of judicial independence, with his trial before the Senate gaining significant public interest.
The document contains a list of 54 multiple choice questions about important people, documents, events, and concepts from early American history. The questions cover topics like the colonial governments and economies, causes of the American Revolution, key figures of the founding era, compromises reached at the Constitutional Convention, and components of the U.S. system of government like the branches of power and Bill of Rights.
After the Revolutionary War, there was disagreement over how to govern the new nation. Some wanted more state power while others wanted a stronger national government. This led to the Articles of Confederation, but it gave most power to the states. In 1787, representatives met at the Constitutional Convention and drafted a new Constitution with a stronger federal government. However, there was still concern over individual liberties, so James Madison introduced the Bill of Rights which enumerated specific freedoms and limits on government power. It was ratified in 1791 as the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution.
The document outlines several key events and documents that influenced the development of rights and democracy in America, including the Magna Carta which established rights against unlawful seizure of property and taxation without representation. It also discusses how the English parliamentary system was modeled by colonial assemblies and how the English Bill of Rights after the Glorious Revolution established limits on monarchal power and guaranteed free elections and frequent parliamentary meetings. Finally, it describes how colonists began claiming these same rights of Englishmen which led to a period of less interference from England known as salutary neglect and the establishment of freedom of the press.
The document summarizes the 27 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. It outlines the key rights and freedoms protected by the first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, including freedoms of speech, religion, press, and the rights to bear arms, fair trial, and privacy. It also describes amendments that ended slavery, guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or ability to pay taxes, established income tax, popular election of Senators, ended Prohibition, granted women's suffrage, and more.
The document traces the historical development of important documents establishing rights and liberties from individuals from rulers, including:
- Magna Carta (1215) which limited the power of English kings and affirmed certain rights of free men.
- The English Bill of Rights (1689) which established rights like freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarchy.
- The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) which established rights during liberal revolutions.
- Ultimately, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) signed by nations after World War II which established fundamental rights for all people.
This document discusses the history of forms of government from absolute monarchies to constitutional governments. It covers several examples:
- King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, establishing the idea of limited government and individual rights.
- King Louis XIV of France banned meetings of the Estates-General and ruled with absolute power, leaving France in debt.
- Peter the Great of Russia followed the French model of absolute rule and expanded his power.
- The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England established a constitutional monarchy with the English Bill of Rights limiting royal power and affirming parliamentary and citizen rights.
The House of Lords is the upper house of the UK Parliament. It meets in the Palace of Westminster like the House of Commons. The House of Lords Act of 1999 reduced the membership of the Lords from 1,330 to 669 members, primarily life peers rather than the previous hereditary peers. There has been debate about reforming the House of Lords to be partially or fully elected but no agreement has been reached between the two houses of Parliament. The Parliament Act of 1949, which allowed the government to pass bills without the consent of the Lords, was challenged but upheld as valid by the Law Lords in 2005.
Athens established the first democracy in ancient Greece, where citizens could participate directly in the government through public assemblies. Representative democracies like the United States developed as populations grew too large for direct democracies. The Roman Republic was ruled by elected officials like consuls and eventually granted political equality to common citizens. After the fall of Rome, kings ruled Europe until the Magna Carta limited royal power in England in 1215. Subsequent documents like the Petition of Rights and English Bill of Rights further curtailed monarch authority and established parliament's lawmaking role, institutionalizing a system of limited government power.
The document is a contract signed in 1783 between King Louis XVI of France and the United States to provide a new loan of 6 million livres to the newly independent nation. It outlines the terms of repayment, including reimbursing the loan in six equal installments starting in 1797 with 5% annual interest paid starting in 1785. It also summarizes previous loans provided by France to a total of 38 million livres, stipulating their repayment terms. The contract aims to establish orderly financing between the two parties in support of the new independence of the United States.
The document provides details about the House of Lords, including its history dating back to the 11th century. It discusses the roles and functions of the House of Lords such as scrutinizing legislation and serving as the final court of appeal. The document also outlines the membership and leadership structure including the Lord Speaker, as well as daily business proceedings and select committees.
The document summarizes the secret Treaty of Verona signed in 1822 between Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia. The key points are:
1) The treaty aimed to suppress representative governments and prevent their establishment in Europe, seeing them as incompatible with monarchical rule.
2) It also sought to suppress freedom of the press and promote religious principles that encouraged obedience to rulers.
3) France was given funds by the other nations to help suppress the recent liberal constitution in Spain and prevent self-government in Spain and Portugal.
4) This treaty provided the basis for the Monroe Doctrine, which opposed European interference in the Americas.
This document summarizes key events and developments during the French Revolution:
1. Public debt and government expenses precipitated the revolution. The Estates General deadlocked with the Three Estates voting separately instead of collectively.
2. The Great Fear and peasant uprisings spread across France. The Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly after being locked out of their meeting hall.
3. The National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen establishing principles of rule of law, equal citizenship, and collective sovereignty of the people.
Charles I faced growing distrust from Parliament due to religious differences. He needed money from Parliament to fund wars but took unpopular actions like forced loans, imprisonment without cause, and quartering of soldiers. This led to conflicts, including with Scotland over a new Anglican prayer book. It resulted in an English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell, who defeated Charles I. The Rump Parliament then condemned Charles to death for treason, declaring England a Commonwealth under Cromwell's rule.
The French Revolution lasted from 1789 to 1799, transforming France from a monarchy ruled by King Louis XVI to a republic. This period saw the establishment of a constitutional monarchy followed by increasingly radical governments under Robespierre and the Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power as a military leader, becoming the emperor of France, though the nations he conquered resented French rule and rebelled.
The Bill of Rights was passed by the English Parliament in 1689. It affirmed certain civil liberties that could not be taken away, including freedom of speech, freedom from cruel punishment, and freedom to elect members of Parliament. It also declared that William and Mary were the rightful monarchs in place of James II, and that no Catholic monarch would rule England in the future. The Bill of Rights helped establish constitutional limits on royal power and influenced the future constitution of the United States.
The document lists and compares principles from several important democratic documents:
- The Magna Carta (1215) limited the power of the English king and established due process rights.
- The English Bill of Rights (1689) guaranteed free elections, frequent parliamentary meetings, prohibitions on excessive fines and cruel punishments, and representative government.
- The American Declaration of Independence (1776) declared the natural rights of all men to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and the concept of popular sovereignty.
- The U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) guaranteed freedoms of speech, religion, press and protections from unfair imprisonment through due process and trial by jury.
- The French
Chapter 14 b enlgish civil war and american religious freedomdcyw1112
The document discusses the causes and events of the Glorious Revolution in England in the late 1600s. It summarizes that religious and political tensions built up under the Stuart monarchs James I and Charles I, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell and his Puritan supporters defeated the Royalists and executed Charles I, establishing the Commonwealth before Cromwell's death. This instability led to the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II in 1660 and further reforms establishing constitutional monarchy and protecting civil liberties and religious freedom after the 1688 Glorious Revolution.
This document summarizes several ancient and historical documents related to human rights:
- The Code of Ur-Nammu (2100-2050 BC) was one of the earliest known law codes, establishing capital punishment and proportional consequences. It showed a stratified Sumerian society.
- Hammurabi's Code (c. 1750 BC) contained 282 laws with specific punishments and established the accused's right to prove innocence.
- Religious texts like the Vedas, Bible and Quran outlined early human rights concepts like duties and responsibilities.
- The Magna Carta (1215) limited kingly power and influenced constitutional law in English-speaking countries. Later documents like the English Bill
This document provides a historical overview of the development of human rights from ancient civilizations to the modern era. It discusses early codes of law from Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome that established some basic rights but excluded many groups. Key documents that outlined fundamental rights include the English Bill of Rights of 1689, the US Declaration of Independence of 1776, and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789. The aftermath of World War 2 led to the founding of the United Nations in 1945 to promote and protect human rights globally.
The document summarizes events in 17th century English history related to the constitutional monarchy. It discusses the Magna Carta limiting royal power, conflicts between King James I and Parliament over taxation and divine right of kings. The Gunpowder Plot attempted to blow up Parliament. King Charles I repeatedly clashed with Parliament over funds and dissolved it, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell emerged as the leader of the Parliamentary army and ruled as Lord Protector during the Interregnum period until the Restoration of the monarchy under King Charles II.
The document summarizes events in 17th century English history related to the constitutional monarchy. It discusses the Magna Carta limiting royal power, conflicts between King James I and Parliament over taxation and divine right of kings. The Gunpowder Plot attempted to blow up Parliament. King Charles I repeatedly clashed with Parliament over funds and dissolved it, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell emerged as the leader of the Parliamentary army and ruled as Lord Protector during the Interregnum period until the Restoration of the monarchy under King Charles II.
The document summarizes events in 17th century English history related to the constitutional monarchy. It discusses the Magna Carta limiting royal power, conflicts between King James I and Parliament over taxation and divine right of kings. The Gunpowder Plot attempted to blow up Parliament. King Charles I repeatedly clashed with Parliament over funds and dissolved it, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell emerged as the leader of the Parliamentary army and ruled as Lord Protector during the Interregnum period until the Restoration of the monarchy under King Charles II.
The document discusses the influence of British rule on the creation of American democracy. It mentions key documents like the Magna Carta and Glorious Revolution that established limits on monarchal power in Britain and influenced the colonists. The 13 English colonies were established between 1687-1776 for reasons like religious persecution or as trading posts. Grievances with British rule and taxes without representation led to the American Revolution. The Constitution was influenced by Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, Hobbes, and Rousseau.
The document discusses the origins and development of limited government in England and its influence on the early colonial governments in America. It describes how the Magna Carta protected nobles' rights and established that no one was above the law, including the king. Over time, Parliament emerged as a legislature with representatives of the common people. After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament gained power over the monarch. Early colonial governments in America were modeled after the English system, though the colonies grew accustomed to self-governance. Disagreements over taxation and representation led to increased tensions and eventually the American Revolution and independence.
This document provides background on the development of constitutional monarchy in England from 1215 to 1688. Key events include the Magna Carta in 1215, which established limits on royal power; the Model Parliament of 1295, which gave parliament power over taxation; and the Elizabethan period, which established a balance of power between the monarch and parliament. Tensions increased under the Stuart kings James I and Charles I, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians from 1642-1649 and the establishment of the Commonwealth and Protectorate. The Restoration in 1660 saw the return of the monarchy under Charles II, but religious conflicts increased under James II, culminating in the Glorious Revolution of 1
This document discusses the rise of absolutism in 17th century Europe. It began with political disintegration across Europe due to religious wars and conflict between aristocracy and monarchy in countries like France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire. Two alternatives emerged to reunite states - constitutionalism and absolutism. Absolutist rulers claimed the divine right of kings, which said their power came directly from God and they were not accountable to citizens. This doctrine took hold in countries like France under Louis XIV, England initially under the Stuarts, and Brandenburg-Prussia. However, events like the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution curbed monarchical power in England. The document also discusses the development of absolut
Parliament has evolved over centuries from advisory bodies to the King to the modern legislature. Key developments include the rise of the House of Commons' power over taxes, the English Civil War which established Parliament's supremacy, and reform acts in the 19th century which expanded the voting franchise. Today Parliament provides legitimacy, scrutiny of the executive, lawmaking, and representation of the population, though some argue EU membership reduces British sovereignty.
The document discusses the origins and significance of Magna Carta, which was sealed in 1215 and recognized foundational principles of liberty including prohibiting taxation without consent, prohibiting imprisonment without a fair trial, and requiring just compensation for property. It describes how Magna Carta influenced later documents like the English Bill of Rights, the US Bill of Rights, and helped establish concepts like habeas corpus, trial by jury, and limited government. The document argues the principles of Magna Carta were inspired by Christianity and the Bible.
Human Rights Education for Criminology StudentsJepDV
The document provides definitions of key terms related to human rights such as "human", "rights", and "human rights". It then discusses the history and development of concepts of human rights from ancient documents like the Cyrus Cylinder to modern declarations like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Key milestones discussed include the Magna Carta, the US Bill of Rights, and the four Geneva Conventions protecting victims of war.
Britain developed many common legal protections over time through disputes between kings and parliaments. Key events included the Magna Carta in 1215 guaranteeing political rights, the introduction of jury trials and habeas corpus, and the English Civil War, which established Parliament's authority and led to a constitutional monarchy with William and Mary in 1689. This limited the powers of rulers and planted the seeds for democracy in England.
The British legal system has evolved over many centuries, incorporating influences from the Romans, Normans, and other groups. Key developments include the Magna Carta in 1215 establishing due process rights, the English Civil War in 1651 increasing Parliament's power over the monarchy, and the formation of the Supreme Court in 2009 replacing the House of Lords as the highest court. The legal profession also took shape between the 17th-18th centuries, adopting traditions like powdered wigs that remain part of formal court attire today. Over time, the British legal system has adapted while retaining influences from its long history.
The French Revolution began in 1789 as the poor economic conditions and unfair taxation led the commoners to rise up against King Louis XVI and the aristocracy. The National Assembly was formed and demanded equal rights for all citizens. This led to unrest across France as peasants attacked noble estates. By 1791 some reforms were achieved, like the abolition of feudalism, but the king still maintained significant power and the aristocracy kept most of their wealth, laying the groundwork for further revolution.
This document provides an overview of several revolutions:
- The English Civil War of 1642, American Revolution of 1776, French Revolution of 1789, Russian Revolution of 1917, and Chinese Civil War of 1911 are highlighted.
- Key concepts of nation-state, personal vs national identity, and what constitutes a revolution are introduced.
- The English Civil War is examined in more detail, outlining the reasons for conflict between King Charles I and Parliament, as well as the outcomes of the war and subsequent Restoration and Glorious Revolution periods.
The document traces the development of legal and democratic practices from medieval England through the early modern period. In medieval England, common law varied locally and kings appointed royal judges to standardize legal decisions. King John's signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 established protections under law. The English parliament emerged in the late 13th century as a representative body that came to limit the power of the monarchy by controlling taxes and laws. Key modern legal concepts like habeas corpus and independent judiciaries have roots in these medieval and early modern English developments.
Similar to We The People i-Rights of Englishmen (20)
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General ObservationsJim Powers
The introduction to this twenty-two part series on nineteenth century Europe, 1815-1914. It also describes the college textbook which I have chosen to illustrate and annotate.
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848Jim Powers
Beginning with the Vienna settlement, 1814-15, we follow the efforts of the Concert of Europe to preserve the peace and prevent revolutionary disturbances.
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...Jim Powers
This document summarizes political developments in Eastern Europe from 1815-1848, focusing on Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It describes how absolutism dominated these states and led to repression of revolutionary and liberal ideas. In Russia, Tsar Alexander I initially promised reforms but failed to deliver, and repression increased under Nicholas I and his minister Arakcheyev. Serfdom remained the dominant economic system, stifling development and leading to peasant revolts. Absolutism sought to maintain control and resist new ideas, as philosophers like de Maistre argued, but change was occurring beneath the surface that would challenge this control.
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July MonarchyJim Powers
This document provides an overview of the economic and social organization of France following the Napoleonic era. It discusses how the French Revolution permanently changed France by abolishing the feudal system and creating a more centralized state. Economically, France modernized its agriculture and industries like textiles expanded, while socially the nobility's power declined and the middle class rose politically. The majority of French people remained rural farmers or urban workers who faced difficult living and working conditions.
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromiseJim Powers
This document provides an overview of economic and social conditions in Great Britain following the Napoleonic Wars from 1815 to 1848. It describes the postwar economic depression, the enclosure movement that displaced many rural workers, rising social unrest and violence between 1815-1819 due to high unemployment and poverty. It also discusses the conservative government under Lord Liverpool that took a repressive approach to dealing with unrest rather than reform, and moderate reformers like William Cobbett who advocated for making parliament more representative through legal means.
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871; General ObservationsJim Powers
Between 1850-1871, industrial production in Europe saw unprecedented growth. The application of machinery to coal mining doubled French coal production and tripled Germany's in ten years. This drove growth in metallurgy, with the introduction of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes doubling European iron and steel production by 1860. Transportation was also revolutionized through new technologies like screw propellers and compound engines, as well as infrastructure projects like the Suez Canal. Overall, this period saw Europe in the midst of the Industrial Revolution and rapid economic expansion.
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert and the crimean warJim Powers
The document summarizes the breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the causes of the Crimean War in the 19th century. It discusses how the revolutions of 1848 weakened the Concert by introducing a new generation of statesmen who were less inclined to restraint and compromise in diplomacy. The Crimean War was briefly fought from 1853 to 1856 between Russia on one side, and an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia on the other. The war resulted from Russia's ambitions to gain territories from the declining Ottoman Empire, and was one of the final conflicts of the Concert system of international relations established after the Napoleonic Wars.
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66Jim Powers
Now we look at the question which had faced Germans since the great upheaval of 1848, should Germany be unified with or without the Austrian Empire. It will be decided in the Seven Weeks War.
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871Jim Powers
We conclude Part Two of this mid-century survey with Great Britain from Palmerston to Gladstone, Russia under Alexander II, and the showdown between France and Germany.
19 c Europe, Part 3; General ObservationsJim Powers
The document discusses several key developments in 19th century Europe from 1871-1914. It notes that liberalism, which was ascendant in the 1870s, was in retreat by the end of the period as new intellectual tendencies emphasized irrational factors in human behavior. Economic trends also weakened liberal parties and philosophy. New problems from population growth, urbanization, and unemployment crises emerged without a shared faith that reason could solve them, increasing the potential for domestic conflict and international insecurity during this era.
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic Jim Powers
The French Republic from humiliating defeat, the Paris Commune, and the end of royalism to republican success and three crises, to the coming of the Great War.
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second ReichJim Powers
The document discusses the political structure and development of Germany from 1871 to 1914. It describes how Germany under Bismarck and Wilhelm II had a pseudo-constitutional system where parliamentary processes existed but real power was held by unelected authorities. Under Bismarck from 1871-1890, political parties emerged but had limited power. Wilhelm II's rule from 1890-1914 saw economic growth but a turn toward absolutism that failed to adapt to rising democratic ideals in Europe. This pseudo-constitutional system ultimately contributed to Germany's defeat in World War I.
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and TurkeyJim Powers
The document discusses political and social developments in Central and Southeast Europe from 1871-1914. It focuses on the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, describing the rise of nationalist parties in both the Austrian and Hungarian parts. It also examines the Balkan states of Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and the declining Ottoman Empire's role in the Balkans. Key figures and events discussed include the Christian Social Party in Austria, Zionism founder Theodor Herzl, and tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Balkan states that contributed to World War I.
The document discusses economic conditions in Imperial Russia between 1871-1914. It notes that while industry grew during this period, led by the textile and metallurgical industries supporting railway expansion, it did not grow enough to relieve pressure from agricultural overpopulation. Agriculture continued to struggle with low yields due to outdated practices, lack of credit, and the continuation of the commune system. Efforts at reform were sporadic and aimed more at relieving misery temporarily rather than enacting fundamental change, for fear of alienating the landed classes. The condition of the peasantry continued to be one of deepening poverty.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
4. major points of this session
the “uncollected” English constitution
“Before the white man came…”
the colonial experience
1676; the end of American independence
the road to 1776
the state constitutions
6. “You will observe that from Magna Charta [sic] to the Declaration
of Right, it has been the uniform policy of our constitution to claim
and assert our liberties, as an entailed inheritance derived to us
from our forefathers, and to be transmitted to our posterity; as an
estate specially belonging to the people of this kingdom, without
any reference whatever to any other more general or prior right.”
Edmund Burke (1729-1797), Reflections on the Present Revolution in France, 1790
7. The British have an “unwritten constitution.” Rather, it is
better thought of as an “uncollected constitution.” A series
of historical legal landmarks define the shape of the British
government.
jbp
8. Magna Carta, 1215
1209-1213--Richard the Lionhearted’s
“wicked brother,” John (Robin Hood’s
arch enemy) fell afoul of his nobles and
Pope Innocent III
the perennial enemy France also
threatened invasion
January 1215-the barons made an oath
that they “would stand fast for the
liberty of the church and the realm”
10 June-with the support of Alexander II
king of the Scots and the City of
London, King John was brought to terms
ARTICLES
OF THE
BARONS
THE
GREAT
SEAL
RUNNYMEDE
15 JUNE 1215
9.
10. The 1215 charter required King John of England to proclaim
certain liberties and accept that his will was not arbitrary
clauses still in force:
I -We have granted to God, and by this our present Charter have confirmed, for Us and our Heirs for ever,
that the Church of England shall be free, and shall have all her whole Rights and Liberties inviolable. We have
granted also, and given to all the Freemen of our Realm, for Us and our Heirs for ever, these Liberties under-
written, to have and to hold to them and their Heirs, of Us and our Heirs for ever.
XIII -the City of London shall have all the old Liberties and Customs which it hath been used to have.
Moreover We will and grant, that all other Cities, Boroughs, Towns, and the Barons of the Five Ports, as with
all other Ports, shall have all their Liberties and free Customs.
XXXIX -NO Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free
Customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will We not pass upon him, nor
condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the land. We will sell to no man, we will not
deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right. [due process]
11.
12. It was Magna Carta, over other early concessions by the monarch, which
survived to become a "sacred text"….by the time of the English Civil War
[1640s] it had become an important symbol for those who wished to show
that the King was bound by the law. It influenced the early settlers in New
England and inspired later constitutional documents, including the United
States Constitution.
Wikipedia
13.
14. Petition of Right, 1628
1603-25--James I Stuart had angered Parliament by his absolutist pretensions
1625-28--his successor, Charles I, was, if anything, even more tactless
Parliament refused to pass taxes to support the Thirty Years War. So Charles
used martial law, quartering troops and imprisonments to exact “forced loans”
both Lords and Commons united in their opposition to this highhandedness
the upshot was the second major limitation on royal prerogative, “no taxation
without representation” (Parliament’s approval)
Charles indignantly accepted the Petition, got his taxes, dismissed Parliament,
and began the eleven year Personal Rule refusing to summon another
Parliament ...
1640-...until another war forced him to. This confrontation led to the eight-
year English Civil War
15. The Petition profoundly influenced the rights contained by the
Constitution of the United States. The clauses relating to the billeting of
troops later helped form the Third Amendment to the United States
Constitution, which states that "No soldier shall, in time of peace be
quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of
war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law". Steve Bachmann, writing in
the Quinnipiac Law Review, goes further; he says that the Criminal Trials
Clause of the Sixth Amendment, the Due Process Clause of the Fifth
Amendment and the Civil Jury Trial Clause of the Seventh Amendment all
draw influence from the Petition of Right,
Wikipedia
16. Habeas Corpus Act, 1679
Charles II, the “Merrie Monarch,”
continued his father’s absolutist
ways but with more political savvy
1678-81--The Earl of Shaftesbury
led a Whig opposition in Parliament
during the tumult known as the
Popish Plot
1679-this reassertion of restraint on
imprisonment without due process
was a major limitation on royal
power
it has its echo in our Constitution,
Article I, Section 9, Clause 2 (cited as I.
9.2)
17. The Habeas Corpus Parliament, 1679--Wikipedia
Elections were held for a new parliament
on various dates in February 1679, after
which the Earl of Shaftesbury•
estimated that of the members of the
new House of Commons one third were
friends of the court [Tories], three fifths
favoring the Opposition [Whigs], and
the rest capable of going either way
[fence sitters]. On Thursday, 6 March,
the Parliament first met, and the King
[Charles II] opened the Session with a
Speech to both Houses, in which he
said:
Anthony Ashley Cooper,
1st Earl of Shaftesbury
1621 –1683
18. The Habeas Corpus Parliament, 1679--Wikipedia
Elections were held for a new parliament
on various dates in February 1679, after
which the Earl of Shaftesbury•estimated
that of the members of the new House of
Commons one third were friends of the
court [Tories], three fifths favoring the
Opposition [Whigs], and the rest
capable of going either way [fence
sitters]. On Thursday, 6 March, the
Parliament first met, and the King
[Charles II] opened the Session with a
Speech to both Houses, in which he
said: Charles II
1630 -- 1660 –1683
19. I have done many great Things already...as the Exclusion
of the Popish Lords from their Seats in Parliament; the
Execution of several Men...upon the score of the
[Popish]Plot....Above all, I have commanded my Brother
[James, Duke of York] to absent himself from me,
because I would not leave malicious Men room to say, I
had not removed all Causes which could be pretended to
influence me towards Popish Counsels... I have not been
wanting in giving Orders for putting all the present Laws
in Execution against Papists; and I am ready to join in the
making such farther Laws, as may be necessary for
securing the Kingdom against Popery…. I will conclude
as I begun, with my earnest Desires to have this a
Healing Parliament; and I do give you this Assurance that
I will with my Life defend both the Protestant Religion,
and the Laws of this Kingdom, and I do expect from you
to be defended from the Calumny, as well as the Danger
of those worst of Men, who endeavour to render me,
and my Government, odious to my People.
20. “No Popery! No wooden shoes!”
Although the Wars of Religion, c. 1524-1648, were over, their
afterglow lingered for many years--in Ireland to this present day.
Militant expansionism by France, England’s ancient enemy, under
Louis XIV (1638-1643-1661-1715)• had a strong element of religious
war. Louis’ chief enemy was William of Orange•, Stadtholder of
the Netherlands, and Protestant son-in-law to Catholic James II
of England. Louis had begun harassing his own Huguenots
(Protestants) in 1681• and revoked their last legal protection in
1685. That same year, James succeeded his brother. When a
Catholic male heir, the “Warming Pan Baby,” was born in 1688, the
Whig Protestant opposition spurred the Glorious Revolution.
jbp
Louis XIVWilliam
of
Orange
24. Bill of Rights, 1689
March, 1689--in the Declaration of Right the
Whig Parliament declared that James II had
abdicated when he fled to France
it pronounced his Protestant daughter Mary
and her husband William joint monarchs
it listed limits on royal power, rights of
Parliament and English citizens very similar to
John Locke’s (Shaftesbury’s secretary) ideas
December, 1689--in a statutory Act, known as
the Bill of Rights, the same rights were made
part of the British (unwritten) Constitution
it has its echo in our Constitution’s first ten
amendments, known as our Bill of Rights (cited
as AMs I-X)
25. The [English] Bill of Rights
no royal interference with the law. Though the sovereign remains the fount of
justice, he or she cannot unilaterally establish new courts or act as a judge
no taxation by Royal Prerogative. The agreement of the parliament became
necessary for the implementation of any new taxes
freedom to petition the monarch without fear of retribution
no standing army may be maintained during a time of peace without the
consent of parliament
no royal interference in the freedom of the people to have arms for their own
defence as suitable to their class and as allowed by law (simultaneously
restoring rights previously taken from Protestants by James II)
no royal interference in the election of members of parliament
the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to
be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament
no excessive bail or "cruel and unusual" punishments may be imposed
I.8.1
AM I
I.8.12 & I.8.14
AM II
I.4.1 & AM X
AM I
AM VIII
I.8.9
42. ...there were Ongweoweh
Jan Verelst (1648-1734), Four Mohawk Kings (1710)
Allies against the French, they came to Queen Anne’s court. These
Christianized Kanien'kehá:ka (people of the flint) so impressed her
that she had these portraits painted by a Dutch Golden Age painter
who worked in London.
jbp
Believed to be the first oil portraits of American Indians painted from life.
43. The origins of America’s indigenous peoples are lost to history
Hypothetical migration from Siberia, after 16,500 BC
44. The origins of America’s indigenous peoples are lost to history
Amerindian culture groups
45. “Contact”
1500‘s-setting aside pre-Columbian encounters, the huge First
Nations (Canadian preferred term) population (1-18 million) began
to be decimated by “guns, germs and steel”
avarice on both sides fueled the conflicts
Europeans: gold & silver, sugar, chocolate, tobacco, coffee, land
Amerindians: hatchets, kettles, fish hooks, firearms, gun flints, powder, “fire water”
territorial wars were not introduced by the Europeans
but New World colonial trade wars between the Spanish, English,
French, and Dutch had a ripple effect on the already existing tribal
rivalries
jbp
46. The Five Nations, Iroquois Confederacy, Haudenosaunee
(people of the longhouse)
47. The Five Nations, Iroquois Confederacy, Haudenosaunee
(people of the longhouse)
48. The Five Nations, Iroquois Confederacy, Haudenosaunee
the modern flag of the Iroquois Nation
49. The Five Nations, Iroquois Confederacy, Haudenosaunee
It’s symbolism
50. The Five Nations, Iroquois Confederacy, Haudenosaunee
A wampum belt with the symbolism
52. The Five Nations, Iroquois Confederacy, Haudenosaunee
a modern representation of the Gayanashagowa
53. “Gayanashagowa” or Great Law of Peace
is the oral constitution of the Haudenosaunee preserved on
wampum belts
their tradition says it was conceived by Deganwidah, known as the
Great Peacemaker, and his spokesman Hiawatha
jbp
54. “Gayanashagowa” or Great Law of Peace
is the oral constitution of the Haudenosaunee preserved on
wampum belts
their tradition says it was conceived by Deganwidah, known as the
Great Peacemaker, and his spokesman Hiawatha
historians originally dated the start of the confederacy to the 16th
century. Now some date it to 1090-1150 A.D.
an “outlying” opinion suggests that it was an influence on the
Founders as they framed our Constitution. This was immediately
seized upon by the PC crowd and declared Truth in several high
school textbooks
jbp
61. Beginning in 1609, the League engaged in the Beaver Wars against the
French, their Huron allies, and other neighboring tribes, including the Petun,
Erie, and Susquehannock. They also put great pressure on the Algonquian
peoples of the Atlantic coast...and not infrequently fought the English
colonies as well. During the Beaver Wars, they were said to have defeated
and assimilated the Huron (1649), Petun (1650) the Neutral Nation (1651),
Erie Tribe(1657), and Susquehannock (1680).
The traditional view is that these wars were a way to control the lucrative fur
trade in order to access European goods on which they had become
dependent. Recent scholarship has elaborated on this view, arguing that the
Beaver Wars were an escalation of the "Mourning Wars" that were an
integral part of Iroquois culture.
This view suggests that the Iroquois launched large scale attacks against
neighboring tribes in order to avenge or replace the massive number of
casualties resulting from smallpox epidemics or other battles.
Wikipedia
65. The Fall Line Cities (selected)
Lowell, MA
Hartford, CT
Bangor, ME
Augusta, ME
Albany, NY
Washington, DC
Richmond, VA
Raleigh, NC
Columbia,SC
Augusta, GA
Macon, GA
Montgomery, AL
Tuscaloosa, AL
66. The Fall Line
The Piedmont plateau served as
the western limit of colonial
expansion until the decade
between the French and Indian
Wa r a n d t h e A m e r i c a n
Revolution. The colonial “back
country” frontiersmen needed a
century and a half to perfect the
skills necessary to push over the
Appalachians into the country of
the Eastern Woodlands Indians.
jbpThe Piedmont Plateau
69. VIRGINIA BEACH, Va. (April 26, 2007) - John Smith, played by Dennis Farmer, claims the beach for England during a re-
enactment ceremony on the 400th anniversary of the First Landing in the, "New World." Settlers from the ships the Godspeed,
Discovery and the Susan Constant landed in Virginia Beach and stayed four days before transiting to Jamestown. U.S. Navy
photo by Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Matthew Bookwalter (RELEASED)
70. “And God Gave a Fourth [Kingdom]”
(the first three being England, Ireland and Scotland)
early Virginia motto reflecting the colony’s significance
England had come late to the colonial settlement of the New World.
First permanent settlement in North America came in 1607, the
Jamestown of the Virginia Company under James I Stuart.
Early disasters, the “starving times,” 1609-10, the first American
Indian,* or Powhatan, uprising, 1622, led to a change from a private
company charter to Royal Colony status in 1624. Nevertheless, because
of the turbulent domestic challenges to James and his successor,
Charles I, little supervision was exercised from London for the next half
century.
jbp
* the majority of American Indians/Native Americans believe it is acceptable to use either term, or both. Many
have also suggested leaving such general terms behind in favor of specific tribal designations.--Infoplease
71. 1619-The Three ‘B’s
20 Black men were purchased from a Dutch privateer
sailing from Angola to Vera Cruz, Mexico. Their legal
status was ‘indentured servants.’ Slavery would develop
later
Burgesses, the first elected representatives met in the
Jamestown church
jbp
72. 1619-The Three ‘B’s
20 Black men were purchased from a Dutch privateer
sailing from Angola to Vera Cruz, Mexico. Their legal
status was ‘indentured servants.’ Slavery would develop
later
Burgesses, the first elected representatives met in the
Jamestown church
Brown “gold,” tobacco, replaced the original commercial
object of the Virginia Company investors. This new
addictive substance joined sugar, chocolate and coffee
as the commercial cornerstones of colonialism jbp
75. “Tobacco was the first of the major American staples to
emerge. Imports into England rose dramatically from…”
Horn, p. 283
1630 300,000 lbs.
1640 more than 1 million
1670 15 million
1700 28 million
76. 1500s-The Three ‘G’s
1493-God-the pious purpose proclaimed by the Spanish
wave of Conquistadors. Reflected in the division of the
New World by that least pious of popes, Alexander VI
jbp
77. 1500s-The Three ‘G’s
1493-God-the pious purpose proclaimed by the Spanish
wave of Conquistadors. Reflected in the division of the
New World by that least pious of popes, Alexander VI
Gold-the scramble to displace Spain became serious
when regular “plate fleets” began bringing the loot of New
Spain to the Mother Country and Spain became the
dominant power of the 16th century
jbp
78.
79. 1500s-The Three ‘G’s
1493-God-the pious purpose proclaimed by the Spanish
wave of Conquistadors. Reflected in the division of the
New World by that least pious of popes, Alexander VI
Gold-the scramble to displace Spain became serious
when regular “plate fleets” began bringing the loot of New
Spain to the Mother Country and Spain became the
dominant power of the 16th century
Glory-such men as Cortez, Pizarro, Coronado, de Soto,
jbp
80. 1500s-The Three ‘G’s
1493-God-the pious purpose proclaimed by the Spanish
wave of Conquistadors. Reflected in the division of the
New World by that least pious of popes, Alexander VI
Gold-the scramble to displace Spain became serious
when regular “plate fleets” began bringing the loot of New
Spain to the Mother Country and Spain became the
dominant power of the 16th century
Glory-such men as Cortez, Pizarro, Coronado, de Soto,
Sir Francis Drake and John Smith exemplify the third
motivation jbp
81. New England began as the second British beachhead in 1620. There
is no doubt whatsoever about the role of God in the minds of its
colonists, or the role of high Anglican churchmen in “harrying the
Separatists out of the Land.”
The nucleus of Plimoth Plantation left Scrooby, England for the more
tolerant Netherlands in 1609. When Anglican authorities followed them
there to silence William Brewster in 1618 the Separatists became
Pilgrims who founded the New England permanent settlements.
As Spaniards, French and Virginians before them, the Puritans
intended to convert the “Savages.”
jbp
82. New England began as the second British beachhead in 1620. There
is no doubt whatsoever about the role of God in the minds of its
colonists, or the role of high Anglican churchmen in “harrying the
Separatists out of the Land.”
The nucleus of Plimoth Plantation left Scrooby, England for the more
tolerant Netherlands in 1609. When Anglican authorities followed them
there to silence William Brewster in 1618 the Separatists became
Pilgrims who founded the New England permanent settlements.
As Spaniards, French and Virginians before them, the Puritans
intended to convert the “Savages.”
jbp
96. Charter Colonies
1639-The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut-a compact or
covenant between three Massachussetts-settled towns: Hartford,
Windsor, and Wethersfield
It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by
some as the first written Constitution in the Western tradition--
Wikipedia
1662-Charles II granted Connecticut a Royal Charter granting
self-government in domestic affairs
1688-after the Glorious Revolution Rhode Island was detached
from the Dominion of New England and also given a similar Royal
Charter
98. Proprietary Colonies--Maryland
1629-George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore in the Irish House of Lords, fresh
from his failure further north with Newfoundland's Avalon colony, applied to
Charles I for a royal charter for what was to become the Province of
Maryland
April 1632- George Calvert died in April 1632, but a charter for "Maryland
Colony" (in Latin, "Terra Maria") was granted to his son, Cæcilius Calvert•,
2nd Lord Baltimore, in June, 1632. The new colony may have been named in
honor of Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I of England
99. Proprietary Colonies--Maryland
1629-George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore in the Irish House of Lords, fresh
from his failure further north with Newfoundland's Avalon colony, applied to
Charles I for a royal charter for what was to become the Province of
Maryland
April 1632- George Calvert died in April 1632, but a charter for "Maryland
Colony" (in Latin, "Terra Maria") was granted to his son, Cæcilius Calvert•,
2nd Lord Baltimore, in June, 1632. The new colony may have been named in
honor of Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I of England
1649-The Calvert family, who founded Maryland partly as a refuge for
English Catholics, sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers
and those of other religions that did not conform to the dominant
Anglicanism of Britain and her colonies. This led to the Maryland Toleration
Act in 1649. It was the first law ever to guarantee the right to worship
regardless of denomination.--Wikipedia
100.
101. Proprietary Colonies--Carolina (Lat. Land of Charles)
1663-”Eight Noble Lords Proprietor” were given the lands between Virginia
and Spanish Florida by Charles II. He named it in honor of his father
102. Proprietary Colonies--Carolina (Lat. Land of Charles)
1663-”Eight Noble Lords Proprietor” were given the lands between Virginia
and Spanish Florida by Charles II. He named it in honor of his father
1669-Lord Ashley (better known by his later title, Shaftesbury) was one of
the favorites, so honored . His secretary, John Locke, drew up the
constitution for this vast domain. He called it The Fundamental Constitutions of
Carolina •
103. Proprietary Colonies--Carolina (Lat. Land of Charles)
1663-”Eight Noble Lords Proprietor” were given the lands between Virginia
and Spanish Florida by Charles II. He named it in honor of his father
1669-Lord Ashley• (better known by his later title, Shaftesbury) was one of
the favorites, so honored . His secretary, John Locke•, drew up the
constitution for this vast domain. He called it The Fundamental Constitutions of
Carolina •
like so many of the colonies, Carolina experienced political upheavals. It was
divided into two Royal colonies in the early 18th century and the heirs of the
Lords Proprietor lost its revenues to the Crown.
104. Proprietary Colonies--Carolina (Lat. Land of Charles)
1663-”Eight Noble Lords Proprietor” were given the lands between Virginia
and Spanish Florida by Charles II. He named it in honor of his father
1669-Lord Ashley• (better known by his later title, Shaftesbury) was one of
the favorites, so honored . His secretary, John Locke•, drew up the
constitution for this vast domain. He called it The Fundamental Constitutions of
Carolina •
like so many of the colonies, Carolina experienced political upheavals. It was
divided into two Royal colonies in the early 18th century and the heirs of the
Lords Proprietor lost its revenues to the Crown.
105. Proprietary Colonies--Pennsylvania
1681-William Penn, the son of Admiral William Penn, received proprietorship of
over 45,000 mi2 , making him the world’s largest landowner. Both Charles II
and his brother owed financial and personal debts to Penn’s father
Penn (1644-1718) had grown up during the religious turmoil of the
Commonwealth. He was persuaded to the new Separatist faith of George Fox.
Its members called one another Friends; their critics called them Quakers
The colony was to be a haven for religious minorities, much as Maryland had
served for Catholics. Penn wrote its Frame of Government•. It included many
enlightened innovations such as a procedure for amendment to allow for
peaceful adjustment
Penn is also remarkable for his treatment of the American Indians, especially
the Lenape•. In a series of purchases•, he recognized their property rights.
This contrasts most favorably with the genocidal policies of other colonies,
especially the “Saints” of Massachussetts Bay Colony
106. Proprietary Colonies--Pennsylvania
1681-William Penn, the son of Admiral William Penn, received proprietorship of
over 45,000 mi2 , making him the world’s largest landowner. Both Charles II
and his brother owed financial and personal debts to Penn’s father
Penn (1644-1718) had grown up during the religious turmoil of the
Commonwealth. He was persuaded to the new Separatist faith of George Fox.
Its members called one another Friends; their critics called them Quakers
The colony was to be a haven for religious minorities, much as Maryland had
served for Catholics. Penn wrote its Frame of Government•. It included many
enlightened innovations such as a procedure for amendment to allow for
peaceful adjustment
Penn is also remarkable for his treatment of the American Indians, especially
the Lenape•. In a series of purchases•, he recognized their property rights.
This contrasts most favorably with the genocidal policies of other colonies,
especially the “Saints” of Massachussetts Bay Colony
107.
108. Three Types of Colonies in 1675
By the end of the third quarter of the seventeenth century, England had
created several types of North American colonial administration. All of
them, by later standards, were “hands off.”
Attention of the Lords of Trade and Plantations* focused on the Sugar
Islands of the Caribbean, vastly more profitable.
There were the Royal Colonies, the Proprietary Colonies, and the
Charter Colonies. These three forms would persist for the next century.
But the atmosphere of laissez-faire was about to end.
jbp
* founded in 1621, it was named "The Lords of the Committee of Privy Council appointed for the
consideration of all matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations".
111. “[James II]appears in Lely’s
unfinished… study of his
character as the forceful and
determined, haughty and
stubborn, even stupid man
that he was. Yet James Stuart
was perhaps the bravest of
English kings, certainly the
best administrator, for a
sovereign, since Elizabeth.
Webb, p. 179
112.
113. The Anglo-Dutch Wars
First War, 1652-54-Cromwell’s Commonwealth enacted the first Navigation
Act, 1651, to deny its colonies trade with any other country, here the Dutch.
England narrowly prevailed but both signed a peace of exhaustion
Second War, 1664-67-Charles II promoted more anti-Dutch mercantilist
policies which produced another contest. This one went to the Dutch--de
Ruyter’s broom--Dutch naval zenith. But New York changed hands
Third War, 1672-75-Charles, forced by the secret Treaty of Dover,
reluctantly led his country back to war. Just as before, privateers inflicted
commercial pain on both sides. When Admiral de Ruyter foiled the Anglo-French
invasion, peace was restored
The most purely commercial wars in history--R R Palmer, A History of the Modern World
114. 1644-(age 11) created Duke of York (Eng.)and Albany
(Scotland) by his father, Charles I, who was fighting
for his kingdom
1649-(16)James Stuart was a refugee in the French
court when his father was beheaded
1660-(27)after the Restoration, made Lord High
Admiral and head of the Royal African Company. He
hoped to seize possessions of the Dutch West India
Company
June, 1664-personally fought in the Second Anglo-
Dutch War, invaded New Netherlands, gaining control
by October
March, 1665-(35)Charles made his brother proprietor.
“New York” and “Albany” replace New Amsterdam and
Fort Nassau
James II and VII
1633-1644-1685-1688-1701
115. “...the instrument required to curb the
independence of New England….”--Webb, p. 182
Province of New York in 1665
116. “The protagonists of 1676---Daniel Garacontié, the Onondaga
sachem; Edmund Andros, the governor of New York; and James Stuart
the duke of York and Albany and proprietor of the province---allied
themselves through the agency of the Covenant Chain, thus making
their linked dominions the center of empire in America. So doing, [they]
[1]broke the preeminence in English America of puritan
Massachussetts and planter Virginia. They [2] began to shift the focus
of European attention to North America from the Caribbean. Their
immediate successors opened the hundred years war with France for
America, and the decisive outcomes of that enormous war made North
America the lasting domain of English language and institutions. Such
was the abiding strength of the Longhouse League, however, that, to
this day, the Grand Council of the Iroquois still meets at Onondaga.”
Steven Saunders Webb, 1676; The End of American Independence. (1995) p. xv
117. born in London to a Royalist family with court
connections. Military experience abroad with the
Stuart refugees
1664-(age 27)served in the English army against the
Dutch. Posted to Barbados in 1666
1674-(37)appointed provincial governor of New York,
recently retaken in the Third Anglo-Dutch War by the
Dutch and then re-retaken by England!
1675-Indian war in Massachussetts initiated by
Wampanoag “King Philip” (Metacom)
Andros invokes the long-standing alliance of the
Covenant Chain (1613-present) which the English had
renewed in 1664
Edmund Andros
1637 – 1714
118. Haudenosaunee tradition also records the specific meaning of the belt as follows, in the
form of a Haudenosaunee reply to the initial [1613] Dutch treaty proposal:
You say that you are our Father and I am your Son We will not be like Father and Son,
but like Brothers. This wampum belt confirms our words. '. Neither of us will make
compulsory laws or interfere in the internal affairs of the other. Neither of us will try to
steer the other's vessel. The agreement has been kept by the Iroquois to this date.
The treaty is considered by Haudenosaunee people to still be in effect. Further
Haudenosaunee tradition states the duration of the Two Row Wampum agreement:
As long as the Sun shines upon this Earth, that is how long OUR Agreement will stand;
Second, as long as the Water still flows; and Third, as long as the Grass Grows Green
at a certain time of the year. Now we have Symbolized this Agreement and it shall be
binding forever as long as Mother Earth is still in motion.
Wikipedia
The Guswhenta two-row wampum treaty belt
119. “...Andros was assigned to direct traffic at the crossroads of 1676, the
strategically located string of territories in which English imperialism and
Iroquoian ambition became symbiotic partners.” --Webb, p. 304
121. The Iroquois Strike South
Like the opening break shot in pool,
when the Iroquois attacked the Susquehannoks in
what was soon to be Pennsylvania
the Susquehannocks were driven south, and
122. The Iroquois Strike South
Like the opening break shot in pool,
when the Iroquois attacked the Susquehannoks in
what was soon to be Pennsylvania
the Susquehannocks were driven south, and
the smaller tribes were scattered into the Maryland
and Virginia back country
123. These attacks by displaced Indians, on the small proprietors of
Virginia’s “back country,” were the immediate cause of what
governor William Lord Berkeley called “Bacon’s Rebellion.”
jbp
125. Nathaniel Bacon (29)
1647 – 26 October 1676
Cambridge, arrived VA, 1674
Sir William Berkeley (70)
1605 – 9 July 1677
Oxford, fought in the Bishops Wars
VA governor, 1641-52 and 1660-77
“...through the whole Country
and in every part the Rabble so
threatened the better sort of
people that they durst not step
out of their house.”
“...damne al [tax] leavies and
forts and Assembles not Chosen
by the People but by a few men.”
126. “If the first face [long term cause] of Virginia’s revolution was
a tax revolt, primarily a protest by coastal counties against a
gouging government, its other aspect [immediate cause] was a
military mutiny, the frontier counties’ response to antique and
inequitable defense policies. The government that cannot
protect its people cannot command their obedience.
Berkeley’s government could not protect Virginians in 1676 so
they overthrew it.”
Webb, p. 21
127. “Now mark the late tragedy:
Old Governor Barkly,
Altered by marrying a young
wyff, from his wanted
publicq good, to a covetous
fools-age, relished Indians
presents, with som that hath
a like feelinge, so wel, that
many Christians Blood is
pukkuted up, with other
mischievs, in so much that
his lady tould that it would
bee the overthrow of the
Country.”
Frances Culpeper Stephens
Berkeley (1634-1695)
quoted in Webb, p.71
130. A way of life, autonomous, colonial...traditional was
sacrificed in the fires of Jamestown. The town itself, the
assembly system...the capital of a colony dependent on
England only economically, a life redolent of the more
backward shires of England before the mother country’s own
civil war and revolution, all burned and passed away on 20
September 1676. Now the horrors of Leviathan’s century had
crossed the Atlantic to Virginia, destroying, transforming,
modernizing. (cont.)
Webb, op. cit. p. 65
131. modernizing. (cont.) The siege of the Old Dominion’s
capital---in which revolutionaries exposed gentlewomen and
threatened race war, in which reaction so overwhelmed Sir
William Berkeley, the personification of the old order, that he
killed prisoners of war for their political opinions and social
ambitions---had broken the bonds of wrath.”
Ibid.
132. As Bacon’s revolution seemed to be successful in Virginia, Protestant
frontiersmen in Maryland looked to join them. They too were
experiencing Indian attacks backed by Catholic France. They
blamed their Catholic Calvert proprietor’s regime for preferring the
fur trade to frontier defense, just as Bacon’s army had blamed
Berkeley and the tidewater oligarchs.
jbp
133. “It was to the governor-general of New York, therefore, that
the anti-proprietary Marylanders of 1676 looked for
protection….Commander of the one colony that bordered
both on the Iroquoian heartland and on the French province,
Edmund Andros provided...an attractive contrast….[He] was
a soldier of the king, not a trader in furs. Distinguished for his
Protestantism and his service with the Dutch army...Major
Andros was an established diplomatic and military
intermediary with the Iroquois….”
Webb, p. 78
134. “This state had not existed when, in 1641, on the eve of the
civil wars and revolution which cast the British kingdom into the
maw of the Leviathan, Berkeley had begun his first term in
command of Virginia. Out of the war and revolution first the
national state had emerged in England. Then the imperial state
had engorged all Britain, then Barbados, Jamaica, Tangier,
New York. It had at last arrived in Virginia, despite Sir Wm
Berkeley’s long resistance,…[his neglect of] the paperwork of
modern government pressed on his regime from England….
...These orders were inimical not only to Berkeleyan rule but
also to American independence.”
Webb, p. 129
The modernized English state
135. The final southern event which ended American “Independence”
in 1676 was the expeditionary force sent to both put down Bacon’s
rebellion and replace Berkeley’s unjust, inefficient, autonomous
regime. It included a naval squadron, a regiment of Scottish
regulars, and three Royal Commissioners “for settling the
Grievances and Other Affairs of Virginia.”
jbp
136. Puritan land grabs and genocides such as the Pequot War, 1634-38•,
jbp
King Philip’s War
“...the greatest Indian war in American history, the enormous Algonquin
uprising of 1675-76.”--Webb, p. 353
137.
138. Puritan land grabs and genocides such as the Pequot War, 1634-38•,
finally bore bitter fruit. The Wampanoag People•
jbp
King Philip’s War
“...the greatest Indian war in American history, the enormous Algonquin
uprising of 1675-76.”--Webb, p. 353
139.
140. Puritan land grabs and genocides such as the Pequot War, 1634-38•,
finally bore bitter fruit. The Wampanoag People• took a terrible revenge
which broke New England’s independence as effectively as Bacon’s
revolution had ended that of the Chesapeake Bay plantations.
jbp
King Philip’s War
“...the greatest Indian war in American history, the enormous Algonquin
uprising of 1675-76.”--Webb, p. 353
141. The New England lands were
finally successful in putting
down the Indian uprising. It
had required the diplomacy of
New York’s governor Andros
and military intervention by the
Mohawks,“keepers of the
eastern door” of the Iroquoian
“longhouse.” The devastation
invited “reconstruction” by the
imperial government of the
Mother Country.
jbp
142. “Per-capita incomes in New England did not recover their 1675
level until 1775….
...although the starving Algonquin were undoubtedly subdued
“& become more slaves yn formerly” to the New Englanders, “the
warr hath been very Bloudy, there having been 17 townes or
Villages destroyed by the Indians & as neare as they can
compute it about 2500 men women and children killed….”
The dead left a living legacy of hatred behind them. As the
descendants of the survivors of the Indian war of 1676 in
Massachussetts and Virginia became the leaders of American
opinion, the image of the Indian savage which this year’s conflict
confirmed became a racist stereotype.”
Webb, p. 243
The Cost of King Philip’s War
146. June, 1684-Massachussetts’ charter was revoked in punishment for trading
outside the empire. Both King Charles and his brother were determined to bring
the North American colonies under tighter control
1685-a centralized administration was created out of the colonies from the New
Jerseys to Maine (then a province of Mass.). It ran from the Delaware River to
the Bay of Fundy. The goal was to bring the rebellious divines of “Boston” to
heel, to end their discrimination against non-Puritans, but especially to enforce
the trade legislation
Dominion of New England-1686-1689
147. June, 1684-Massachussetts’ charter was revoked in punishment for trading
outside the empire. Both King Charles and his brother were determined to bring
the North American colonies under tighter control
1685-a centralized administration was created out of the colonies from the New
Jerseys to Maine (then a province of Mass.). It ran from the Delaware River to
the Bay of Fundy. The goal was to bring the rebellious divines of “Boston” to
heel, to end their discrimination against non-Puritans, but especially to enforce
the trade legislation
Dominion of New England-1686-1689
148. June, 1684-Massachussetts’ charter was revoked in punishment for trading
outside the empire. Both King Charles and his brother were determined to bring
the North American colonies under tighter control
1685-a centralized administration was created out of the colonies from the New
Jerseys to Maine (then a province of Mass.). It ran from the Delaware River to
the Bay of Fundy. The goal was to bring the rebellious divines of “Boston” to
heel, to end their discrimination against non-Puritans, but especially to enforce
the trade legislation
This far flung entity presented an impossible communications challenge. Roads
were primitive or non-existent.Coastal and riverine transportation was
dependent on weather in the age of sail
20 December 1686- New York governor Edmund Andros was made governor of
the Dominion and began a ruthless administration which provoked widespread
push back
Dominion of New England-1686-1689
149. Andros took a hard-line position to the effect that the
colonists had left behind all their rights as Englishmen
when they left England. When in 1687 the Reverend
John Wise rallied his parishioners to protest and
resistant taxes, Andros had him arrested, convicted
and fined. As an Andros official explained, "Mr. Wise,
you have no more privileges Left you than not to be
Sold for Slaves."
Wikipedia
150. 20 December 1686- New York governor
Edmund Andros was made governor
and began a ruthless administration
which provoked widespread push
back
1688-under French provocation “their”
Indians attacked pro-British Indians,
the Seneca, bound by the Covenant
Chain of 1677. Andros led the military
response
1689-when word of the Glorious
Revolution reached the Dominion
Andros was overthrown in Boston, his
lieutenant governor Leister in New
York
Dominion of New England-1686-1689
152. bullionism
wealth = power = a nation’s Au + Ag (precious metals, called
specie or “hard money”-- 16th century Spain, the “proof”
accumulation occurs when trade balance is favorable, i.e.,
exports > imports
colonialism
source of raw materials and markets for manufactures
trade restrictions
trade only with the Mother Country. Begun under Queen
Elizabeth, the first so-called Navigation Act under Cromwell,
1651
Mercantilism-- imperialism + capitalism = mercantilism--Webb
154. YEARS OF
WAR
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE TREATY
1688-1697 King William’s War
War of the Grand Alliance
War of the League of Augsburg
Ryswick
1702-1713 Queen Anne’s War War of the Spanish Succession Utrecht
1744-1748 King George’s War War of the Austrian Succession
Aix-la-
Chapelle
1754-1763
French and Indian
War (F & I)
Seven Years War Paris
The Great War for the Empire-Lawrence Henry Gipson
156. “Let sleeping dogs lie!”-Sir Robert Walpole
In 1733 the Opposition in the
House of Commons proposed
taxing the American colonies to
ease Britain’s war debt. The man
generally regarded as “the first
Prime Minister,” Sir Robert
Walpole opposed this.
Another of his reported
truisms was “Don’t kill the goose
which lays the golden eggs!” If
this wise advice had continued to
be followed things might have
turned out differently...
157. Britain Tightens Control of Her North American Colonies
In addition to the issue of “taxation without representation,”
Britain’s Royal Governors had unprecedented authority to
apply pressure to the colonists.
Most colonies had a two-chambered, or bicameral,
legislature. The upper chamber, the governor’s Council, was
appointive. So it, along with the veto power, served as a brake
on the lower house--House of Delegates, House of Burgesses,
Assembly of Freemen. These popular bodies were elected by
propertied citizens of the towns or counties, usually for one
year sessions.
The similarity to Britain’s Crown, Lords and Commons was
intentional. Just as in England, resistance to royal absolutism
was centered in the lower house.
jbp
158. Royal Governors vs Popular Assemblies
“The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of
repeated injuries and usurpations...
159. “He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing
importance...
“He has refused to pass other Laws...unless those people would relinquish the
right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and
formidable to tyrants only.
“He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable,
and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose
of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
“He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly
firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
“He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be
elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have
returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining for the
mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and
convulsions within.
“The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of
repeated injuries and usurpations...
161. The Great War Changed Everything
it laid the foundation for the British Raj in India
162. Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the
Battle of Plassey, oil on canvas (Francis
Hayman, c. 1762)
163. The Great War Changed Everything
it laid the foundation for the British Raj in India
it expelled the French from North America
164. The Death of General Wolfe is a well-known 1770 painting by
Anglo-American artist Benjamin West depicting the death of British
General James Wolfe during the 1759 Battle of Quebec of the
Seven Years' War.
165. The Great War Changed Everything
it laid the foundation for the British Raj in India
it expelled the French from North America
it created the largest Crown debt in history
166. The Great War Changed Everything
it laid the foundation for the British Raj in India
it expelled the French from North America
it created the largest Crown debt in history
American Indian unrest produced a new policy,
the Proclamation Line of 1763
167.
168. The Great War Changed Everything
it laid the foundation for the British Raj in India
it expelled the French from North America
it created the largest Crown debt in history
American Indian unrest produced a new policy,
the Proclamation Line of 1763
simultaneously
Britain embarked on the course of empire
and the path which would deprive her of what could
have been its crown jewel
169. 1763-1775-The Three ‘T’s
Taxes-beginning with the Sugar Act, 1764. Justified as
repayment to Britain for the cost (£ 146 million) of the
F & I War & Pontiac’s rebellion
1765-the Stamp Act produced such a tremendous negative reaction
that it was quickly withdrawn
jbp
170. 1763-1775-The Three ‘T’s
Taxes-beginning with the Sugar Act, 1764. Justified as
repayment to Britain for the cost (£ 146 million) of the
F & I War & Pontiac’s rebellion
1765-the Stamp Act produced such a tremendous negative reaction
that it was quickly withdrawn
1767-but the Townshend Acts, another tax, showed that the lesson
hadn’t been learned
jbp
171. 1763-1775-The Three ‘T’s
Taxes-beginning with the Sugar Act, 1764. Justified as
repayment to Britain for the cost (£ 146 million) of the
F & I War & Pontiac’s rebellion
1765-the Stamp Act produced such a tremendous negative reaction
that it was quickly withdrawn
1767-but the Townshend Acts, another tax, showed that the lesson
hadn’t been learned
Troops-sent not to the frontier but the colonial ports to
insure collection of the Townshend duties, 1767
jbp
174. “He has erected a multitude of New Offices and sent hither swarms of
Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance….”--
Action of the Second Continental Congress, July 4, 1776
1768-a new position was created, Colonial Secretary, to deal with the increasing
difficulties
more troops were sent to protect the governors, their councils and leading
Loyalists (“Tories”)
revenue collectors were increased to combat notorious smugglers like
Massachussetts’ John Hancock, the richest merchant in America
1772-the revenue schooner, HMS Gaspée, ran aground chasing a smuggler. She
was boarded, looted and torched
175.
176. “He has erected a multitude of New Offices and sent hither swarms of
Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance….”--
Action of the Second Continental Congress, July 4, 1776
1768-a new position was created, Colonial Secretary, to deal with the increasing
difficulties
more troops were sent to protect the governors, their councils and leading
Loyalists (“Tories”)
revenue collectors were increased to combat notorious smugglers like
Massachussetts’ John Hancock, the richest merchant in America
1772-the revenue schooner, HMS Gaspée, ran aground chasing a smuggler. She
was boarded, looted and torched
this was in part “payback” for the “Boston massacre”
177. 1763-1775-The Three ‘T’s
Taxes-beginning with the Sugar Act, 1764. Justified as
repayment to Britain for the cost (£ 146 million) of the
F & I War & Pontiac’s rebellion
Troops-sent not to the frontier but the colonial ports to
insure collection of the Townshend duties, 1767
Tea-1773, the Tea Act restated the most profitable of
the Townshend taxes. It led that December to the
Boston Tea Party•,
jbp
178. 1763-1775-The Three ‘T’s
Taxes-beginning with the Sugar Act, 1764. Justified as
repayment to Britain for the cost (£ 146 million) of the
F & I War & Pontiac’s rebellion
Troops-sent not to the frontier but the colonial ports to
insure collection of the Townshend duties, 1767
Tea-1773, the Tea Act restated the most profitable of
the Townshend taxes. It led that December to the
Boston Tea Party•, the Boston Port Bill (Intolerable
Acts)1774•, &c., &c.
jbp
179. 1763-1775-The Three ‘T’s
Taxes-beginning with the Sugar Act, 1764. Justified as
repayment to Britain for the cost (£ 146 million) of the
F & I War & Pontiac’s rebellion
Troops-sent not to the frontier but the colonial ports to
insure collection of the Townshend duties, 1767
Tea-1773, the Tea Act restated the most profitable of
the Townshend taxes. It led that December to the
Boston Tea Party•, the Boston Port Bill (Intolerable
Acts)1774•, &c., &c.
jbp
182. Listen, my children, and you shall hear
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere,
On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five:
Hardly a man is now alive
Who remembers that famous day and year.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, in The Atlantic, 1861
183.
184. By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood
And fired the shot heard round the world.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Concord Hymn, 4 July 1837
188. Give me liberty or give me death!
It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry,
Peace, Peace – but there is no peace. The war is actually begun!
The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears
the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the
field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish?
What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to
be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it,
Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as
for me, give me liberty or give me death!
Patrick Henry, 1775
189.
190. A National Park Service
Ranger describes
Independence Hall's
Assembly Room, in which
both the Declaration of
Independence and
Constitution were drafted
and signed.
193. 1736-(10)his planter father died. He grew
up, largely self-educated from his maternal
uncle’s library
1754-(28)justice of the Fairfax County court
194.
195. 1755-1759-Mason built this home, Gunston Hall, for his new family
overlooking the Potomac River, it was the center of his 5,500 acre plantation
196. 1736-(10)his planter father died. He grew
up, largely self-educated from his maternal
uncle’s library
1754-(28)justice of the Fairfax County court
1759-elected to the Virginia House of
Burgesses
1776-(50)served in the Virginia Convention,
a revolutionary provisional government
here he was prominent in drafting the state
constitution and bill of rights
197. preparation of the first Virginia Constitution began in early 1776, in the midst
of the initial events of the American Revolution. The final version was
adopted on the eve of the colony-wide declaration of independence
its principal authors were James Madison and George Mason. Jefferson was
away in Philadelphia and his draft arrived too late for consideration
like similar efforts in all the other colonies (now states), it began with
condemnation of royal government and emphasized legislative
(representative, popular) power over executive. The royal governors had
tainted executive power in the eyes of the Founders. They equated it with
tyranny
the Virginia Declaration of Rights, Mason’s special contribution, checked all
governmental power. It was another reflection on how the last century of
British “tyranny” had disposed the “Patriots” towards limited government
Virginia State Constitution
29 June 1776
198. preparation of the first Virginia Constitution began in early 1776...
its principal authors were ...
like similar efforts in all the other colonies ...
the Virginia Declaration of Rights …
it, in turn, served as a model for several other historic documents, especially
the U.S. Bill of Rights
critically, the 1776 Constitution limited the right to vote primarily to property
owners and men of wealth. This effectively concentrated power in the hands
of the landowners and aristocracy of Southeastern Virginia. Dissatisfaction
with this power structure would come to dominate Virginia's constitutional
debate for almost a century
Virginia State Constitution
29 June 1776
199. States as “laboratories of democracy”-
US Supreme Court Justice, Louis Brandeis
During that first discouraging year of war with the world’s
greatest military power, eleven of the colonies would try their
hand at framing new “social contracts.” The two charter
colonies, Connecticut and Rhode Island, felt no such need then.
This experience would prepare many of the men who would
meet a decade later to create the “Miracle at Philadelphia.”
200. States as “laboratories of democracy”-
US Supreme Court Justice, Louis Brandeis
During that first discouraging year of war with the world’s
greatest military power, eleven of the colonies would try their
hand at framing new “social contracts.” The two charter
colonies, Connecticut and Rhode Island, felt no such need then.
This experience would prepare many of the men who would
meet a decade later to create the “Miracle at Philadelphia.”
But that’s another story...