The document discusses various aspects of taxes in the United States including the constitutional basis for taxes, different types of taxes such as direct, indirect, and progressive taxes, and how tax revenue is spent by the government to fund programs and pay off debt. It also covers the public debt and how the government borrows money through issuing treasury securities to investors.

1. Vanessa Sandri, Dana Eisman, Michelle Lugo

3. Taxes are a sum of money demanded by the government in order to support federal spending, facilities, and other services. What gives congress the power to enforce taxes is in Article 1 Section 8 where “The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, imposts and excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all Duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.” No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State according to Article 1 Section 9 States have their own taxes and so can local level (Ex. the city).

4. Direct Taxes: direct taxes is a tax on land or buildings which has to be paid by the owner of the property . This stems from the three fifths compromise made by the framers . The states said that if slaves were to be counted in the population in the southern states then those states must pay for them. Therefore the direct tax must be supported by the person who is collecting the tax (levied) Indirect taxes: taxes that can be collected by another person who is not directly being affected for payment an example of this is the tax on liquor the person who makes the liquor is paid by the person who buys it.

5. Progressive Tax: A tax that varies to what you make (based on your income). Regressive Taxes: Money that is levied at a fix rate. It doesn’t matter whether the tax payer can pay it or not. Interestingly enough, regressive OASDI (The old age, survivor , and disability insurance programs) and Medicare taxes take more money out of paychecks of low and middle income workers than the progressive federal income tax. Payroll Taxes: Money that employers are suppose to attain but are withheld from their paychecks. Estate Tax:. Estate tax is a levy imposed on the assets of the estate or the one who dies congress used the estate tax in 1916 and used the gift tax in 1932 as a loophole it allows people to avoid estate tax by giving money or property before death. Anything a husband or wife leaves to the other is taxed only when the surviving spouse dies. A gift tax is when one is imposed by making a gift of a living person

6. In 1913 the income tax was given to the 16 th amendment Today it is the biggest source of funding for the government . 1918 was when it became one of the largest sources The income tax is flexible in which it can be adjusted to bring congress any amount of money that they need . It also can be fixed so the ability to pay it is easy . Custom Duties Customs duties: they are taxes brought on goods that are brought into the United States from other countries other names are tariffs and import duties. Congress decides the rates and duties.

7. What are taxes spent on? Controllable spending: the Congress and the President decide each year how much money is to be used to help the Federal Government function. For example, this would include civil service aids, national parks, and aid to education. Uncontrollable spending: spending that depends on the laws that created special programs. Only a law change can change the amount allotted to each part. The government cannot change the amount a received by certain programs without changing laws either! Uncontrollable spending is over 60% of our budget. They can change eligibility. Entitlements: Benefits that federal law says must be paid to all those who meet the eligibility requirements, e.g., Medicare, food stamps, and veterans’ pension. One-fourth of the debt is from interests. The biggest is Social Security

8. How much money have we accumulated and spent? Deficit: the yearly shortfall between revenue and spending Surplus: more income than outcome

10. Making the Budget for Spending

11. Public debt: the outstanding indebtedness of the Federal Government. It can include any unpaid debts and interest on the borrowed sums. ****There is not a limit on how much money the government can borrow! The Congress has a ceiling, or limit, for the amount that can be borrowed, but the Congress tends to move it to borrow more when necessary.**** The last time the debt ceiling was raised was in August 2011. Without it, the country would have defaulted on its loans. Consequently, the economy and loans to the US would plummet.

12. How is money borrowed? The Treasury Department issues securities to investors after Congress allows federal borrowing. Investors are usually individuals, banks, investment companies, and other financial businesses. The securities are known as notes or bills for short-term borrowing and bonds for long-term borrowing. The government promises to pay these back with interest by a certain date. Interest rates are lower for the government than the rates for other things. People trust the government to pay back loans because it is the only one able to do so. *People trust federal securities because they must be paid back and cannot be taxed by state or local governments.

14. Who we owe money to…

17. Current Bills Eating Disorders Awareness, Prevention, and Education Act of 2003 Impact Act, Obesity & Eating Disorder Prevention Higher Education Act of 1965 Public Health Initiative on Diabetes and Women's Health Right Start Act of 2003

18. Whether we realize it or not, eating disorder have a big impact on the economy. Eating disorder, such as obesity, withdrawals a lot of money. Obesity often leads to numerous of diseases, illness, and other fallback of health. The government then address the issue by creating something called the “fat” tax. The Fat tax is a tax on any kind of fatty food. One of the main goal is to discourage unhealthy diets, so obesity rates may go down.

19. A person who suffers from eating disorder often needs to be treated the right and appropriate way. The US have very few free treatment centers available for those who cannot afford these centers. The funding for these organization are often limited. A person who suffers from eating disorder often needs to be treated the right and appropriate way. The US have very few free treatment centers available for those who cannot afford these centers. The funding for these organization are often limited: Illness Prevalence NIH Research Funds (2005)

21. Current Legislation Historically, there was no legislation activity on eating disorder. It was up until 1987 where Congress introduced a bill in addressing the Eating Disorder Awareness Week. There has been around 17 bills introduced about the harm of eating disorder, however, it was until the summed up all previous bills into two smaller bills. Information and Education: An idea introduced by Representative Schroeder in 1993 that requires programs and facilities to provide information on the issue of eating disorder and its treatment. This bill was partially introduce within the following reports: The Department of Labor Health and Human Services Education Appropriation Bill Awareness Week/Day: This is the awareness of eating disorder legislative have done to address the issue.

22. Lack of Government Funding Today, eating disorder has a few resources to benefit the program, such as the National Institute for Health (NIH). The national government does not operate an organization specifically for eating disorder. For example: There are approximately 900,000 people living with HIV Infection, and 320,282 people who are tested positive for AIDS. In total, that’s going to be around 1.2 million people. The funding research is up to 1.3 billion dollars. Now let’s take a look at eating disorder. Today, there approximately 24 million people (and maybe more) suffering from eating disorder today. Yet, the NIH distributes very few funding in comparison. Why? Until recently, there were no central group surrounding this issue and no one really advocated it. No one was also educated in this disorder, so the level of funding eating disorder should receive lacked.

23. Why does the government borrow? to meet costs of crisis situations like wars pay for large-scale projects that are too expensive to pay for with the current income pay off budget deficits Demand-side Economics/ Keynesian Economics: the government must borrow to support increased spending that will encourage employment and eventually higher tax revenues. Supply-side Economics/ Reaganomics : tax cuts will increase supplies of money to private hands and stimulate the economy. Ideologies:

24. Sources “ Deficit tops $1 trillion again”. Sahadi, Jeanne. CNN Money . 17 October 2011. CNN . CNN Money. November 29, 2011. < http://money.cnn.com/2010/10/15/news/economy/treasury_fy2010_ deficit/index.htm?hpt=T2 > “ If a fat tax is coming, here’s how to make it efficient, effective: ISU economists”. Iowa State University News. 2 December 2011. Iowa State University of Science and Technology. 3 December 2011. < http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2011/dec/beghinjensen > McClenaghan, William A. Magruder’s American Government . New Jersey. Pearson Education, Inc.. 2006. McClenaghan, William A. Magruder’s American Government . New Jersey. Pearson Education, Inc.. 2006. “ Pie Chart of Who Holds US Debt — The Highest Isn’t China ”. 15 September 2011. Citizen CEO . Citizen CEO. 5 December 2011. < http://www.citizenceo.com/federal-budget/graph-of-who-holds-us-debt > “ Statistics:Eating Disorders and Their Precursors”. 2005. National Eating Disorders Association. 3 December 2011. < http://www.sc.edu/healthycarolina/pdf/facstaffstu/eatingdisorders/ EatingDisorderStatistics.pdf > United States. The Constitution of the United States. 30 November 2011. “ The US Debt Ceiling Crisis and Economic Impact”. Jeffries, Janelle. 22 July 2011. Gather politics . Gather, Inc. 5 December 2011. http://politics.gather.com/viewArticle.action? articleId=281474979701584 “ US nears debt ceiling deadline”. 10 June 2011. London Stock Exchange . London Stock Exchange. 5 December 2011. http://www.londonstockexchange.com/news/focus-on/039-us-nears-debt-ceiling-deadline.htm “ Eating Disorders 101 Guide: A Summary of Issues, Statistics and Resources”. The Eating Disorders Coalition for Research, Policy and Action. RENFREW. 2001. 5 December 2011. < http://www.renfrewcenter.com/uploads/ resources/1067338472_1.doc >