CGD Business in India: a report

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Report on CGD Business: in India
School of Petroleum Management, Gandhinagar,
Gujarat, India
www.spm.pdpu.ac.in

Prepared by Executive-MBA-2010 student:

Abhik Tushar Das (20104001)

Wednesday, 21 December 2011 Email: abhiktushardas@gmail.com

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Contents:
Contents:

S No. Topic Page Number

1 Natural Gas facts 3

2 Overview of CGD business in India 4

3 CGD Infrastructure 8

4 Natural Gas Transportation Network 11

5 Supply Chain in CGD 13

6 Project Management aspects 15

7 Market Development 17

8 Customer Service issues 18

9 Major Commercial Issues 19

10 QHSE in CGD 20

11 CGD Regulation 21


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Natural Gas facts:
Natural Gas facts:

Natural gas (also called Marsh Gas, Swamp Gas or Landfill Gas) is a naturally
occurring gas mixture as a result of the decay of plant/ animal remains,
consists primarily of methane, typically with 0–20% higher hydrocarbons
(primarily ethane). It is found associated with other hydrocarbon fuel, in coal
beds, as METHANE CLATHRATES, and is an important fuel source and a major
feedstock for fertilizers.

Most of the natural gas that is brought out from under the ground is millions
and millions of years old. Britain was the first country to commercialize the use
of natural gas. Around 1785, natural gas produced from coal was used to light
houses, as well as streetlights. The American natural gas industry got its
beginnings in this area in 1859, when Colonel Edwin Drake (a former railroad
conductor who adopted the title 'Colonel' to impress the townspeople) dug the
first well to hit oil and natural gas at 69 feet below the surface of the earth.
During most of the 19th century, natural gas was used almost exclusively as a
source of light as without a pipeline infrastructure, it was difficult to transport
the gas very far, or into homes to be used for heating or cooking. In 1885,
Robert Bunsen invented what is now known as the Bunsen burner. He
managed to create a device that mixed natural gas with air in the right
proportions, creating a flame that could be safely used for cooking and
heating. One of the first lengthy pipelines was constructed in 1891 which was
120 miles long, and carried natural gas from wells in central Indiana to the city
of Chicago.

Based on the type of source Natural gas is classified as associated and non-
associated gas and there is of no significance when end use is concerned.

1. Associated gas is natural gas found in crude oil reservoirs either
dissolved or in conjunction with crude oil deposits and it is also called as
Oil well gas
2. Non-associated gas is Natural gas found in reservoirs separate from
crude oil wells and it is also called as Dry gas

Based on the sulphur content the natural gas is classified as sour gas which
contains higher level of sulphur content in its composition and sweet gas has


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very little or nil sulphur. The thermal efficiency varies from 9000 k.cal to 13500
K.cal per Kg based on the composition of Gas.

Natural Gas Transportation modes:

 Through pipelines as gas
 Through tankers as liquid (LNG)

Natural Gas Distribution modes:

 For industrial/ house hold consumers (PNG)
 For transport vehicles (CNG)

Approximate Composition of NG:

Name Chemical Formula Composition (%)
Methane CH4 70-90%
Ethane C2H6 0-20%
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10
Carbon Dioxide CO2 0-8%
Oxygen O2 0-0.2%
Nitrogen N2 0-5%
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 0-5%
Rare gases A, He, Ne, Xe traces

Overview of CGD business in India:

Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas established the Petroleum and Natural
Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) with effect from 01.10.2007, under the
Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act 2006, to regulate the
refining, processing, storage, transportation, distribution, marketing and sale
of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas excluding production of
crude oil and natural gas. The Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act-
2006 provides the legal framework for the development of the natural gas
pipelines and city or local gas distribution networks. With the arrival of the


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PNGRB the implementation of PNG in various cities is being taken up in a
phased manner as and when the bids are called for by the Regulator.

Gas supply sources in India:

1. APM (Administered Pricing Mechanism) Gas from traditional fields of
State PSU (Public Sector Undertakings)
2. KG (Krishna Godavari) Basin gas from private players
3. CBM (Coal Bed Methane) gas
4. RLNG (Re-gasified Liquefied Natural Gas) imports

Largest Gas producing countries:

1. United States = 19.3%
2. Russia = 18.4%
3. Canada = 5.0%
4. Iran = 4.3%
5. Qatar = 3.6%
6. Norway = 3.3%
7. China = 3.0%
8. Saudi Arabia = 2.6%
9. Indonesia = 2.6%
10.Algeria = 2.5%
Source: www.bp.com/statisticalreview


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India is the 7th largest energy producer, the 4th largest primary energy
consumer and the 13th largest Natural Gas consumer in the world. Hence it is
evident that India lacks gas usage in its energy basket. According to the India
Hydrocarbon Vision 2025, the contribution of Natural Gas in the Indian energy
basket shall grow to a significant 25%.

Share of future energy supply in India (%)

YEAR COAL OIL GAS HYDEL NUCLEAR

1997-98 55 35 7 2 1

2001-02 50 32 15 2 1

2006-07 50 32 15 2 1

2010-11 53 30 14 2 1

2024-25 50 25 20 2 3

Source: India Hydrocarbon Vision 2025

SUPPLY/DEMAND-NATURAL GAS

MMSCMD (in million standard cubic meters per day)

YEARS DEMAND

1999-2000 110

2001-2002 151

2006-2007 231

2011-2012 313

2024-2025 391

Source: India Hydrocarbon Vision 2025


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Gas demand break-up:

As evident from the trend, City Gas has a huge upside potential based on
Government of India’s Hydrocarbon Vision-2025 and the existing fuel mix in
our energy basket. The infrastructure development for transporting the gas
from well head/ regassification terminals to the end user involves laying of Gas
Highways which are capital intensive and hence have long gestation periods.

Moreover, with Durban Climate Change talks moving towards a substantial
outcome, India being the fourth largest GHG emitter in absolute terms would
face emission cut targets by 2020. Switching over to cleaner fuel would help
India achieve reduction in Carbon footprints.

Subsidy on LPG (cooking fuel) is another contentious issue concerning the
national exchequer with subsidy bills denting the fiscal deficit targets.
Substituting LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) by PNG (Piped Natural Gas) would


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reduce the Governments subsidy burden and help market price realization for
cooking fuel. Natural Gas would also reduce dependence on Kerosene and
Firewood as source of cooking fuel which have high carbon emissions.

CGD Infrastructure:

CGD Value Chain:

CNG stations are of four major types depending upon the structure and
operations:

1. CNG Mother Stations: Mother Stations are connected to the pipeline
and have high compression capacity. These stations supply CNG to both
vehicles and daughter stations through mobile cascades 6 . The Mother
Station requires heavy investment towards compressor, dispensers,
cascades, pipelines etc.
2. CNG Online Station: CNG vehicle storage cylinders need to be fitted at a
pressure of 200 bars. Online stations are equipped with a compressor of
relatively small capacity, which compresses low-pressure pipeline gas to
the pressure of 250 bars for dispensing CNG to the vehicle cylinder.


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3. CNG Daughter Station: The Daughter Stations dispense CNG using
mobile cascades. These mobile cascades at daughter stations are
replaced when pressure falls and pressure depleted mobile cascade is
refilled at Mother Station. The investment is least among all types of
CNG stations.
4. CNG Daughter-Booster Station: Installing a booster compressor can
eliminate drawbacks of daughter stations. The mobile cascade can be
connected to the dispensing system through a booster. Daughter
booster is designed to take variable suction pressure and discharge at
constant pressure of 200 bars to the vehicle being filled with CNG.

Pipeline pressure Specifications
Main transmission grid line pressure (High Pressure System) = 14‐19 bar,
Steel
Distribution/Service line pressure (Medium Pressure System) = 4 to 1.5
bar, MDPE
Domestic connection pressure (Low Pressure System) = 21 mbar, GI
Supply pressure (large commercial consumer) 2 bar
Supply pressure (small commercial 300 mbar
consumer)


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LMC: Last Mile Connectivity

Gas Supply System Comprises of:

1. The Service Regulator: It is housed in a grey metal kiosk, which reduces
the gas pressure from 4 BAR to 110 mBAR and ensures the flow of gas at
constant pressure at all time.
2. Buried Polyethylene Pipes: The pipes are installed at a safe and secure
depth. It provides low-pressure gas (110 mBAR) to individual buildings.
3. The Riser Pipe (GI pipe): This is an external connection on the building to
each apartment. Each Riser Pipe (GI pipe) has a Riser Isolation Valve.
4. The Meter Control Valve: Fitted in the entrance of the house / flat, this
valve is between the riser pipe and your meter.
5. The Meter Regulator: Installed before the meter, the meter regulator
reduces the gas pressure from 110 mBAR to 21 mBAR
6. The Appliance Valve: This valve switches on/off the gas to burning
appliance.


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Natural Gas Transportation Network:

Natural Gas is transported in two ways;

 Through Pipelines (gaseous mode)
 Through compressed cylinders (liquid mode)

According to Oil and Gas Journal, India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet
(TCF) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2011. EIA estimates that
India produced approximately 1.8 TCF of natural gas in 2010, a 63 percent
increase over 2008 production levels. The bulk of India's natural gas production
comes from the western offshore regions, especially the Mumbai High
complex, though recent developments of fields in the Krishna-Godavari (KG)
basin. Currently trunk lines installed are around 11000 KM (300MMSCMD)
mainly in northern and western India by GAIL =67%, RGTIL =14% and
GSPL=11%, OIL/Gujarat gas =8%.

Major Gas Pipelines in India:

1. EAST WEST PIPELINE (EWPL): 1385 kilometers

2. HAZIRA-BIJAIPUR-JAGDISHPUR (HBJ): 3397 kilometers

3. DAHEJ-VIJAIPUR PIPELINE (DVPL): 770 kilometers

4. DAHEJ-HAZIRA-URAN PIPELINE (DUPL): 500 kilometers

5. Gujarat Gas Grid: 1550 kilometers

GAIL owns and operates over 8000 km of pipeline and has about 2/3rd market
share in the Natural Gas business in India. Other players include RGTIL and
GSPL with a combined pipeline network of 3000 kilometers. However there is
immense scope of growth in this sector with the ambitious Gas Highway
Project connecting the east coast and the west coast with the hinterland.


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Future expansion plans:

 Gas Authority of India Ltd (GAIL) plans to add 6,663 kilometers of
pipelines by FY13.
 RELIANCE GAS TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE (RGTIL) plans to add
2,875 kilometers of pipelines.
 GUJARAT STATE PETRONET (GSPL) aims to add around 800 kilometers of
pipelines to its existing capacity in Gujarat.


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Supply Chain in CGD:

CGD Companies in India:

1. MAHANAGAR GAS LIMITED (MGL): MGL is a joint venture between
GAIL (India) Ltd, the BG Group, (U.K.) and the Government of
Maharashtra.

2. SABARMATI GAS LIMITED (SGL): Sabarmati Gas, a retail joint venture
between Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL) and Gujarat State
Petroleum Corporation (GSPC).

3. INDRAPRASTHA GAS LIMITED (IGL): IGL is a joint venture between GAIL
and Bharat Petroleum.

4. AAVANTIKA GAS LIMITED (AGL): AGL is a Joint Venture company of
GAIL (India) Limited and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
(HPCL).

5. BHAGYANAGAR GAS LIMITED (BGL): BGL is promoted by GAIL (India)
Limited and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)

6. CENTRAL UTTAR PRADESH GAS LIMITED (CUGL): GUGL is a joint venture
between GAIL (India) Limited and Bharat Petroleum Corporation
Limited.

7. CHAROTAR GAS (Cooperative Company): CHAROTAR GAS SAHAKARI
MANDALI LTD is the first Co-Operative Sector in India in area of City Gas
Distribution.

8. GAIL GAS: It is a wholly owned subsidiary of GAIL (India) Limited.

9. ADANI GAS: ADANI GAS is a wholly owned subsidiary of the ADANI
ENTERPRISE LTD (AEL).

10. GUJARAT GAS COMPANY LIMITED (GGCL): GGCL was originally
promoted by the Gujarat government and the Mafatlal Group. BG


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Group acquired a majority stake (65.12%) in GGCL in 1997 and plan to
exit in 2011-12.

11. GUJARAT STATE PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED (GSPC GAS):
GSPC GAS is a wholly owned subsidiary of the GSPC Group.

12. GREEN GAS LIMITED: Green Gas is a joint venture between GAIL
(India) Limited and Indian Oil Corporation Limited.

13. HARYANA CITY GAS DISTRIBUTION LIMITED (HCG): HCG is a company
promoted by SKN- BENTEX group of Industries.

14. MAHARASHTRA NATURAL GAS LIMITED (MNGL): MNGL is a closely
held company promoted by BPCL and GAIL with Govt. of Maharashtra.

15. TRIPURA NATURAL GAS COMPANY LIMITED (TNGCL): TNGCL is a joint
venture of TIDC Ltd. [A Govt. of Tripura undertaking], AGCL [A Govt. of
Assam undertaking] and GAIL.

As is evident from the list, GAIL and BPCL/ HPCL/ IOCL are JV partners in all
CGD ventures till date. This is done to ensure supply security of Gas at
affordable rates as opposed to sourcing from spot LNG markets which could
jack up gas costs.


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Project Management aspects:

Project Management for City Gas networks would consist of setting up of;

1. Gas Transportation Network
2. Gas Distribution Network

Aspects of Project Management associated with;

a. Transportation:
 Planning of Integrated pipeline network development for connecting
major consumer centers such as Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s),
Industrial units, Power plants, Fertilizer units and commercial
establishments including related investigations.
 GIS/GPS/Remote Sensing based Feasibility studies for identification of
Route for laying cross country pipelines. GIS based Route optimization
studies considering factors such as Terrain, Land Development,
Environment clearance, Ease of Construction, Land cost, Accessibility for
O&M, pipeline Economics and other constraints.
 Preliminary 3D analysis of pipeline corridors using latest satellite stereo
images, generation of Alignment Sheets, Cadastral mapping including
generation & management of ownership details.
 Detailed Hydrological Studies for pipeline crossing locations of water
bodies including major rivers with firm recommendations regarding
depth of pipeline burial.
 Stability analysis including slope protection works on turnkey basis (EPC)
for laying pipeline in highly erosive type of soil, GHAT regions & hilly
terrains.
 Project Management Consultancy Services (PMC) for pipeline
construction involving Quality Monitoring, Progress Monitoring,
Certification of bills and close out reports.
 IT enabled project monitoring applications for Quality measures
including online/web progress reporting systems.


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 WEB based Asset Management - Design and development of web
application to support activities in the area of engineering, construction,
Health-Safety-Environment (HSE) and Operation and Maintenance
(O&M) of pipelines.

b. Distribution:
 Development of accurate Base maps and GIS database using high
resolution satellite imageries for showing present and future
development to facilitate prioritization of development of Gas
distribution network.
 Study of Demand and Supply by undertaking field survey and interaction
with all concerned statutory bodies including projection of future growth
to create a master database of Demand centers.
 Optimization & Planning of CGD network considering feasibility of laying
pipeline from the availability of corridor (by scanning for foreign utilities
using GPR/pipe locator), Ease of construction, O&M, Disaster
management and Environmental impact.
 Preparation of corridor mapping, Identification of various statutory
authorities and ownership along the identified pipeline corridor
including preparation of necessary proposals and obtaining necessary
clearance/approval (ROW: Right-of-Way and ROU: Right-of-Use).
 Design of CGD network including optimization, selection of suitable
material and finalization of thickness including preparation of Bill-of-
Quantity (BOQ) and Tender documents
 Floating of tenders, bid evaluation and appointment of contractors
 Trenchless technology for laying pipeline in Dense Urban area including
renovating old pipelines.
 Project Management Consultancy Services (PMC) for CGD network
construction involving Quality Monitoring, Progress Monitoring,
Certification of bills and close out reports.
 IT enabled project monitoring applications including for Quality
measures, online/web progress reporting systems.
 WEB GIS solution for City Gas Distribution operation & maintenance -
Design and development of web application to manage city gas


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distribution enterprise geo database with functions to support
Marketing, Engineering and O&M.

Market Development:

The CGD Market consists of gas consumers whose gas usage is less than 0.5
MMSCMD and hence can be classified as;

1. Automobile users refilling CNG in vehicles: Natural gas replaces
conventional fuels like Gasoline and Diesel which demand a modified
engine design for adapting to the change. The market development in
this segment would depend upon Government’s subsidy policies on
Diesel as well as international crude oil prices which would influence the
buyer sentiments. The cost of conversion (CNG kit installation) also plays
a major role in consumer demand for the fuel as is the availability of Gas
in remote destinations.
2. Domestic PNG User for cooking and heating purposes: Domestic LPG is
highly subsidized by the Government of India and is delivered to the
consumer in filled cylinders. As cylinders can be stored, LPG offers
reliability of supply as well as low cost of ownership. Natural Gas cannot
be stored in cylinders and hence is routed to the customer through a
network of Gas pipelines up to the point of usage. Since laying of gas
pipelines involve high fixed costs, the whole cost is unfeasible to be
borne by the Gas company. Hence the consumer needs to share the cost
burden which acts as a disincentive as against LPG ownership costs.
3. Commercial establishments like Hotels, garages, restaurants etc:
Commercial establishments are supplied with LPG at an unsubsidized
rate. These establishments use moderately higher volumes of gas as
compared to domestic users. Frequent changing of cylinders pose
logistical challenges to these establishments in terms of costs and
availability of gas. But India is dominated by unorganized retail wherein
supplying PNG to roadside food vendors is not feasible. Hence policies
framed by Government and local bodies (Municipalities) would help in
developing markets for CGD companies in this sector.


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4. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME): Small-scale factories offer the
most lucrative business opportunity for CGD companies. These
establishments thrive on Diesel/ Fuel Oil for heating their furnaces and
incur huge logistical cost of storage. Some processes which demand
clean fuel opt for commercial LPG which is costly. Use of FO can involve
high maintenance cost and poor burner-tip efficiency. CGD companies
can leverage the high calorific value aspect of gas and can promote near-
zero emissions for marketing their product.

Though gas can substitute existing fuels, affordability remains a key issue. With
spot-LNG rates peaking by the day, the cost of ownership for gas users
becomes high and hence unfeasible. Support from financial institutions and
CGD companies are required to incentivize businesses to switch over from
traditional fuels to a more efficient and clean fuel. Moreover international
regulations in the form of emission targets (KYOTO Protocol) can aid the gas
business.

Customer Service issues:

Customers are most valuable for any businesses, hence identifying and
addressing customer service issues is of paramount importance. The main
areas of concern for a CGD customer can be listed as;

1. Quality of Gas: The calorific value of Gas determines the quality of gas.
The lower the calorific value more volume of gas would be required to
get the desired amount of heat energy. The quality of gas in a CGD
network depends upon the HHV (High Heating Value), LHV (Low Heating
Value) and the WOBBE Index. The gas quality also depends upon the
share of non-combustibles (Nitrogen, CO2, H2S, and inert gas) in the gas.
The customer needs to be convinced that the gas quality at the burner-
tip is optimum to the price paid.
2. Safety of equipment: Natural Gas being highly combustible can be a
source of potential hazard if not handled adhering to safety precautions.
CNG is stored at high pressures and hence equipments need to be built


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conforming to safe design standards. Consumers need to be assured of
safe working of equipments and round-the-clock emergency support.
3. Reliability of supply: As Natural Gas cannot be stored, the supply
reliability has to be 100%. Any disruptions in supplies can result in direct
impact on business operations which could lead to losses. In case of
CNG, refilling time has to be minimized to attract potential customers.
Serpentine queue’s at refilling station is a common sight which dissuades
automobile users to switch over to Gas.
4. Billing issues: Erroneous metering can result in over/ under billing which
could be detrimental to customer sentiments. As gas cannot be easily
measures (against LPG/ Oil which can be weighed/ measured) the
consumer relies on the quality of meters supplied by the CGD Company.
Regular calibration of meters would reduce billing errors and installing
smart meters would help CGD companies avoid issues of meter
tampering.

Major Commercial Issues:

As demand for Natural Gas increases, CGD companies are faced with
commercial challenges such as;

1. Sourcing of cheap gas: Due to high price differential between APM/
non-APM/ RLNG, CGD companies need to fix long term purchase
contracts to ensure consistent prices of supplies as well as to avoid
frequent tariff revisions which dissuades consumer buying
attractiveness.
2. Delivery contracts: CGD companies need to ensure robust contracts to
avoid take-off failures which lead to under-utilization of its network
capacity. Take-or-pay contracts with accurate nomination are essential
to determine the consumer usage pattern which prevents supply/
delivery shocks.


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3. Capacity booking: Optimum capacity booking to minimize the
transportation charges of gas over long distances can help CGD
companies increase margins.
4. Gas pooling: The proposed concept of gas pooling by the Government
of India to reduce price volatility as it is extremely difficult for price
sensitive consuming industries to plan operations purely based on LNG
from future sources. A single benchmarked price of natural gas in India
would be in the larger interest of the consumers, and also benefit the
market development of natural gas in this country.

QHSE in CGD:

Natural Gas MSDS:

Natural Gas is a highly flammable gas and hence handling large volumes of
Natural Gas can be a challenging task. CGD network passes through densely
populated areas and hence the potential threat of any hazard is significantly
large. PNGRB regulations of T4S (Technical Standards and Specifications
including Safety Standards) include;

1. Schedule – 1A MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
2. Schedule - 1B WELDING
3. Schedule – 1C PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND FABRICATION
DETAILS
4. Schedule – 1D DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND TESTING
5. Schedule – 1E OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES


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6. Schedule – 1F CORROSION CONTROL
7. Schedule – 1G MISCELLANEOUS

QHSE issue in CGD business;

1. High transmission pressures
2. Remote location of transmission pipelines (high emergency response
time)
3. Distribution lines pass through thickly populated areas
4. No control of source of ignition near pipelines
5. Pipelines are buried; hence maintenance and leak detection is tedious
6. Consumers are not well equipped to deal with exigencies
7. Unplanned/ un-notified dredging by external agencies
8. Use of non-standard fittings by the customer (CNG kits)

Possible solutions;

1. Use of SCADA/ GIS to map remote pipeline networks
2. Automatic isolation valves
3. Customer education programs
4. Proper route mapping and marking as hazardous zone
5. Proper Leak Detection Equipments to prevent major disasters
6. Synchronization with local bodies/ agencies to avoid pipeline damage,
notifying fire brigade about new gas pipeline routes in a given area
7. Undertake Asset Integrity Management (AIM) of all equipments
8. Follow design/ operating standards as prescribed by OISD
9. Prepare robust Disaster Management Plan (DMP) to deal with disasters

CGD Regulation:

PNGRB objectives: To regulate the refining, processing, storage,
transportation, distribution, marketing and sale of petroleum, petroleum
products and natural gas excluding production of crude oil and natural gas
so as to protect the interest of consumers and entities engaged in specified


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activities and to ensure uninterrupted & adequate supply and to promote
competitive markets.

Why PNGRB:

1. It promotes market dynamics
2. Protects customer interest
3. Set up operating guidelines in business
4. To ensure benefits of Natural resources to all
5. Fixes network tariff and quality benchmarks

Post APM regime, the Government needed a regulator to oversee the market
for CGD which started to grow with the entry of private players in the erstwhile
PSU dominated market.

PNGRB regulations provide;


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Third-Party Access codes: This Access Code aims at establishing industry wide
transparent and uniform principles for allowing entities to gain/ allow access to
the pipeline systems and CGD networks. The present access code covers
providing access to both the natural gas transmission pipelines and CGD
Networks.

The objective of this access code is to;

1. Promote the development of a competitive gas market by establishing
uniform principles for owners and users of gas pipelines to allow
transparent and non-discriminatory access to the gas pipelines and CGD
networks.
2. Prevent abuse of monopoly power.
3. Ensure that a pipeline/CGD owner provides minimum service of access
to available capacity on a "firm service" basis and/or on "interruptible
service" basis.
4. Provide basis for resolution of disputes.


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Bibliography:

 http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/history.asp
 http://www.hindustanpetroleum.com/en/UI/CNG.aspx
 http://petroleum.nic.in/petstat.pdf
 http://www.pm-pipeliner.safan.com/mag/ppl1210/r22.pdf
 http://www.pngrb.gov.in/regulation_for_cgd.pdf
 http://www.crisil.com/pdf/infra-advisory/4-city-gas-distribution.pdf
 http://www.pngrb.gov.in/draft/ACFINAL.pdf
 http://petrofed.winwinhosting.net/upload/P_Dasgupta.pdf
 http://gail.nic.in/gailnewsite/aboutus/ataglance.html
 http://www.eai.in/ref/fe/nag/nag.html
 http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/natural-gas-
transmission-company
 http://cugl.co.in/t-corporateoverview.aspx
 http://www.bglgas.com/downloads/Envirornmental%20&%20Social
%20Review%20Summary.pdf
 http://petroleum.nic.in/gaspricepooling.pdf
 http://greatlakes.edu.in/gurgaon/pdf/Pricing_of_Natural_Gas_in_In
dia.pdf


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