The document discusses India's energy mix and the role of natural gas within it. It notes that natural gas currently accounts for around 10% of India's primary energy consumption but is expected to grow significantly. Several key points are made:
- India has significant natural gas reserves but also needs to increase imports to meet growing demand. Major reserves are located offshore.
- Natural gas is used across multiple sectors but especially in power generation, fertilizer production, and industrial applications. The government is taking steps to increase gas infrastructure and connectivity.
- India has established several LNG import terminals and is looking to expand pipeline networks and terminal capacity to facilitate greater natural gas use. International collaboration will be important for gas supply.
- The document discusses the role of hydrogen in enabling the global transition to a clean, low-carbon energy system. It outlines five major challenges for the energy transition: increasing renewable energy integration, ensuring security of energy supply, decarbonizing hard to electrify sectors, reusing carbon, and transforming energy infrastructure.
- Hydrogen can help overcome these challenges by storing and transporting renewable energy, decarbonizing sectors like long-haul transport, and providing a clean energy infrastructure to help secure supply and support the transformation needed. The Hydrogen Council was formed to promote the role of hydrogen technologies in accelerating the deployment of solutions to enable the energy transition.
The Malampaya Gas to Power Project is the most significant industrial investment in the Philippine natural gas industry. It paved the way for the birth of the country’s natural gas industry and provides a supply of clean and environmental friendly fuel. However, since this is the only operational source of natural gas in the country it’s not really enough to meet the demand of energy in the country. This type of energy is only available in Luzon hence significant development for the industry must be made.
The document lists 14 major city gas distribution companies in India and their joint venture partners. It mentions that GAIL and BPCL/HPCL/IOCL are joint venture partners in all existing city gas distribution ventures in India to date. The supply chain in city gas distribution involves gas transmission pipelines connecting sources to city gate stations, followed by distribution pipelines and last mile connectivity to consumers through metering stations.
This document contains news articles from the magazine "Pipeline Oil & Gas" about developments in the oil and gas industry in various Middle Eastern and North African countries. The articles discuss topics such as a pipeline explosion in Saudi Arabia, GE signing power generation deals in Algeria, an oil discovery by Kuwait Energy and Dragon Oil in Iraq, and Qatar Petroleum contracting Gulf Drilling International for four new drilling rigs in Qatar.
New base energy news 21 november 2020 issue no-1388 senior editor eng- kh...Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase Energy News 21 November 2020 - Issue No-1388 by Senior Editor Khaled Al Awadi _NewBase Energy News 21 November 2020 - Issue No-1388 by Senior Editor Khaled Al Awadi _
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) involves cooling natural gas to liquid form for efficient storage and transport. This allows the development of a global gas market through LNG shipments. The document discusses the LNG process, which includes liquefaction at production sites, transport via specialized LNG tankers, and regasification at destination sites. It also outlines the key components of the LNG supply chain and various business models for LNG plants and operations.
Gundih Carbon Capture and Storage Pilot Project: Current Status of the CCS Pr...CIFOR-ICRAF
The Gundih gas field in Indonesia contains high levels of CO2 in its natural gas. The Gundih Carbon Capture and Storage Pilot Project aims to separate and inject around 800 tons per day of CO2 from the gas stream. So far the CO2 has been flared. The project will inject 30 tons per day of CO2 over two years into the Ngrayong sandstone formation between 830-1100 meters below the surface. Funding from the Asian Development Bank will support surface facility construction, with injection targeted to begin by late 2019. The project is the first carbon capture and storage project in Southeast Asia.
- The document discusses the role of hydrogen in enabling the global transition to a clean, low-carbon energy system. It outlines five major challenges for the energy transition: increasing renewable energy integration, ensuring security of energy supply, decarbonizing hard to electrify sectors, reusing carbon, and transforming energy infrastructure.
- Hydrogen can help overcome these challenges by storing and transporting renewable energy, decarbonizing sectors like long-haul transport, and providing a clean energy infrastructure to help secure supply and support the transformation needed. The Hydrogen Council was formed to promote the role of hydrogen technologies in accelerating the deployment of solutions to enable the energy transition.
The Malampaya Gas to Power Project is the most significant industrial investment in the Philippine natural gas industry. It paved the way for the birth of the country’s natural gas industry and provides a supply of clean and environmental friendly fuel. However, since this is the only operational source of natural gas in the country it’s not really enough to meet the demand of energy in the country. This type of energy is only available in Luzon hence significant development for the industry must be made.
The document lists 14 major city gas distribution companies in India and their joint venture partners. It mentions that GAIL and BPCL/HPCL/IOCL are joint venture partners in all existing city gas distribution ventures in India to date. The supply chain in city gas distribution involves gas transmission pipelines connecting sources to city gate stations, followed by distribution pipelines and last mile connectivity to consumers through metering stations.
This document contains news articles from the magazine "Pipeline Oil & Gas" about developments in the oil and gas industry in various Middle Eastern and North African countries. The articles discuss topics such as a pipeline explosion in Saudi Arabia, GE signing power generation deals in Algeria, an oil discovery by Kuwait Energy and Dragon Oil in Iraq, and Qatar Petroleum contracting Gulf Drilling International for four new drilling rigs in Qatar.
New base energy news 21 november 2020 issue no-1388 senior editor eng- kh...Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase Energy News 21 November 2020 - Issue No-1388 by Senior Editor Khaled Al Awadi _NewBase Energy News 21 November 2020 - Issue No-1388 by Senior Editor Khaled Al Awadi _
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) involves cooling natural gas to liquid form for efficient storage and transport. This allows the development of a global gas market through LNG shipments. The document discusses the LNG process, which includes liquefaction at production sites, transport via specialized LNG tankers, and regasification at destination sites. It also outlines the key components of the LNG supply chain and various business models for LNG plants and operations.
Gundih Carbon Capture and Storage Pilot Project: Current Status of the CCS Pr...CIFOR-ICRAF
The Gundih gas field in Indonesia contains high levels of CO2 in its natural gas. The Gundih Carbon Capture and Storage Pilot Project aims to separate and inject around 800 tons per day of CO2 from the gas stream. So far the CO2 has been flared. The project will inject 30 tons per day of CO2 over two years into the Ngrayong sandstone formation between 830-1100 meters below the surface. Funding from the Asian Development Bank will support surface facility construction, with injection targeted to begin by late 2019. The project is the first carbon capture and storage project in Southeast Asia.
This document discusses a proposal for Pakistan to produce synthetic fuels from underground coal gasification of its large Thar coal reserves. It outlines Pakistan's growing oil consumption and limited domestic oil production, presenting underground coal gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis as a viable option. The process involves drilling, underground coal gasification to produce syngas, syngas cleaning and conditioning, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce synthetic fuels and olefins, and refining. Analysis shows the proposed 10,000 bpd plant could be economically viable and profitable, helping reduce Pakistan's oil dependence.
The document proposes a concept called Jidai for offshore production of renewable hydrogen in Japan. Jidai would involve installing a semi-submersible platform offshore that uses wind energy to power electrolysis of seawater to produce hydrogen. The hydrogen would be compressed and stored on the platform before being offloaded via shuttle tankers. Jidai aims to help Japan transition to renewable energy and hydrogen fuel while freeing up land space and reducing emissions. It could also be applied in other coastal regions to facilitate clean energy production and distribution.
The document introduces a proposed coal-to-liquids (CTL) plant project by Baganuur Energy Corporation, a 50-50 joint venture between MCS Group of Mongolia and POSCO of South Korea. The project aims to produce 456,000 tons per year of diesel, 90,000 tons of gasoline, and 100,000 tons of DME from local Mongolian coal to reduce import dependence and air pollution in Ulaanbaatar. The proposed plant location is in Baganuur district and would cost $2 billion with commissioning planned for 2020.
"You miss 100 percent of the shots you don't take."
- Wayne Gretzky, NHL Hall of Fame, “The Great One”
“If you can't fly then run, if you can't run then walk, if you can't walk then crawl, but whatever you do you have to keep moving forward.”
- Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Thar Coal, A Black Treasure OF Pakistan ( Series of Presentations, (No. 2/17)Malik Tariq Sarwar Awan
This is Series if Presentations, total 17 Presentations, this is No. 2, Next will be Hydel Power of Pakistan, Finally ending in last 4 presentations at Solutions to energy crises to Pakistan.
This presentation summarizes India's hydropower sector, including the status of development, private sector participation, policies and regulations, barriers to development, and an action plan to accelerate hydropower. India has significant untapped hydropower potential but has only harnessed 30% so far. Private sector participation remains low at 7% of capacity due to barriers like land acquisition issues, lack of market incentives, and financing challenges. The government recently proposed a plan to the EFC to revive the sector by addressing issues in project development, strengthening policies and markets, and improving financing.
The resilience, inclusion or life cycle costing issues for a combined cycle p...xianyulu
The document discusses a combined cycle power plant located in Iraq that was constructed in two stages - first a simple cycle plant and later an expansion that added heat recovery steam generators and a steam turbine to increase efficiency. The summary discusses:
1) How the combined cycle configuration improves fuel efficiency and reduces pollution compared to simple cycle.
2) How the combined cycle design considered sustainability, environmental, and social impacts through additions like wastewater treatment facilities.
3) How life-cycle cost approaches were considered during planning and construction, though some opportunities were missed, and how operations could be improved through better maintenance and asset management.
The document is a thesis submitted by Ubong S. Simon for a Master's degree that analyzes the natural gas potential of Nigeria and develops future energy supply plans for Ghana and Nigeria. It examines the current energy resources, supply, demand, and infrastructure of both countries. The thesis establishes energy demand scenarios through 2020 and proposes plans to increase Nigeria's domestic energy supply, particularly through developing its natural gas resources and constructing additional power generation capacity. The plans aim to meet Nigeria's growing energy needs in a sustainable manner while addressing related economic, environmental, and policy implications.
Making Sense of Cost and Performance Estimates for Thermochemical Biofuel PlantsIlkka Hannula
Achieving deep reductions in CO2 emissions from today’s transportation system presents major challenges, given the dominant role played by crude-oil derived fuels. Advanced biofuels, produced sustainably, provide one potential path for deep emissions reductions.
A clear understanding of the prospective economics of advanced biofuels is thus important to support analysis aimed at informing public- and private-sector decision making on biofuels.
Many techno-economic studies of advanced biofuels have been published, but individual studies are often difficult for decision makers to evaluate because of differences in analytical methodologies, input-data uncertainties, scope and battery limits of the analysis, and key assumptions.
Using both literature and data from demonstration projects, we address the following questions for advanced thermochemical cellulosic biofuels: What will first-of-a-kind (FOAK) cellulosic biofuels cost, and What cost levels can be expected in the near-term?
The document discusses options for transitioning away from oil through alternative energy sources like solar and nuclear. It proposes using high-temperature nuclear or solar power to produce hydrogen from water, then combining the hydrogen with carbon to make liquid transportation fuels as an oil replacement. This could allow countries like China to meet their energy needs domestically while transitioning away from coal. The approach aims to remain the dominant energy provider through 2080 and potentially enable space-based solar power and colonization thereafter.
The document summarizes hurdles and solutions for energy generation from Thar coal in Pakistan. It discusses that Thar coal reserves are the 6th largest in the world and could generate 100,000 MW of electricity for 30 years. However, Pakistan currently lacks infrastructure and technology to exploit Thar coal. Key challenges include developing transportation infrastructure to remote Thar, establishing coal gasification technologies, and constructing power transmission lines. Several projects have begun to address these challenges and utilize Thar coal for sustainable energy production.
The document provides an overview of the Kansas City Regional Clean Cities Coalition and its mission to reduce petroleum use in transportation through partnerships between government and businesses. It discusses the coalition's strategies of promoting alternative fuels like biodiesel, electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, and propane as well as improving fuel efficiency and reducing vehicle idling. Contact and resource information is also provided.
Coal to liquid (CTL) is a process that converts coal into synthetic fuels by liquefying it. It was not economically viable when oil prices were low but interest has grown with higher oil prices. CTL is best for countries with large coal reserves but high oil import dependence, like India and China. While it enhances energy security, CTL faces challenges from high costs and environmental concerns unless carbon capture technology is used. Several CTL plants have been proposed or announced internationally but many face technical, economic, and environmental barriers.
Séminaire: Wind energy | Technifutur - 22 juin 2017Cluster TWEED
de faire le point sur les technologies/tendances qui permettent d'améliorer la fiabilité des éoliennes avec un focus sur la maintenance des pâles éoliennes. Seront présentées des Ce Innovations au niveau de la maintenance prédictive, des matériaux composites ou encore du rôle important de la formation (inspection et réparation de pâles).
The document discusses various fossil fuel resources including oil, coal, natural gas, shale oil, and tar sands. It covers topics such as current reserves and production of each resource, technologies used for extraction and processing, environmental impacts and regulations, and potential future applications and innovations to improve sustainability.
The document discusses hydrogen production and its promises and challenges. It provides a history of hydrogen discovery and highlights key developments in electrolysis and fuel cells over the past two centuries. It also summarizes current hydrogen production methods, noting that most hydrogen currently comes from fossil fuels. The document calls for increased research into renewable hydrogen production and distribution to enable a low-carbon future.
Este documento describe varias enfermedades de la colágena. En primer lugar, explica las características generales del colágeno y sus tipos. Luego, clasifica las enfermedades congénitas del esqueleto en disostosis y displasias, que suelen tener una base genética. Finalmente, describe en detalle el síndrome de Stickler, cuya causa son mutaciones en los genes del colágeno tipo 2, 9 y 11, y se caracteriza por rasgos marfanoides, osteoartritis y afectación ocular y auditiva.
Equacionamento das ondas planas - Eletromag.william chagas
1) O documento discute a teoria da propagação de ondas eletromagnéticas planas, apresentando as equações de Maxwell que descrevem esses campos elétrico e magnético.
2) É explicado que as ondas eletromagnéticas são soluções das equações de ondas de Helmholtz no vácuo e que a constante de propagação depende das propriedades do meio.
3) O teorema de Poynting sobre o fluxo de potência associado às ondas eletromagnéticas é apresentado, relacionando os
Nicole Linden has worked in administration roles for various companies since 2012. She has a BA in Psychology and Criminology from Varsity College. Her current role is as an Admin Clerk at Wakefield's Real Estate Agency where she creates advertising materials and drafts legal documents. In her free time, she enjoys horse riding, dog training, hiking and volunteering for animal welfare causes. She has organized several fundraising events related to her interests.
This document discusses a proposal for Pakistan to produce synthetic fuels from underground coal gasification of its large Thar coal reserves. It outlines Pakistan's growing oil consumption and limited domestic oil production, presenting underground coal gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis as a viable option. The process involves drilling, underground coal gasification to produce syngas, syngas cleaning and conditioning, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to produce synthetic fuels and olefins, and refining. Analysis shows the proposed 10,000 bpd plant could be economically viable and profitable, helping reduce Pakistan's oil dependence.
The document proposes a concept called Jidai for offshore production of renewable hydrogen in Japan. Jidai would involve installing a semi-submersible platform offshore that uses wind energy to power electrolysis of seawater to produce hydrogen. The hydrogen would be compressed and stored on the platform before being offloaded via shuttle tankers. Jidai aims to help Japan transition to renewable energy and hydrogen fuel while freeing up land space and reducing emissions. It could also be applied in other coastal regions to facilitate clean energy production and distribution.
The document introduces a proposed coal-to-liquids (CTL) plant project by Baganuur Energy Corporation, a 50-50 joint venture between MCS Group of Mongolia and POSCO of South Korea. The project aims to produce 456,000 tons per year of diesel, 90,000 tons of gasoline, and 100,000 tons of DME from local Mongolian coal to reduce import dependence and air pollution in Ulaanbaatar. The proposed plant location is in Baganuur district and would cost $2 billion with commissioning planned for 2020.
"You miss 100 percent of the shots you don't take."
- Wayne Gretzky, NHL Hall of Fame, “The Great One”
“If you can't fly then run, if you can't run then walk, if you can't walk then crawl, but whatever you do you have to keep moving forward.”
- Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Thar Coal, A Black Treasure OF Pakistan ( Series of Presentations, (No. 2/17)Malik Tariq Sarwar Awan
This is Series if Presentations, total 17 Presentations, this is No. 2, Next will be Hydel Power of Pakistan, Finally ending in last 4 presentations at Solutions to energy crises to Pakistan.
This presentation summarizes India's hydropower sector, including the status of development, private sector participation, policies and regulations, barriers to development, and an action plan to accelerate hydropower. India has significant untapped hydropower potential but has only harnessed 30% so far. Private sector participation remains low at 7% of capacity due to barriers like land acquisition issues, lack of market incentives, and financing challenges. The government recently proposed a plan to the EFC to revive the sector by addressing issues in project development, strengthening policies and markets, and improving financing.
The resilience, inclusion or life cycle costing issues for a combined cycle p...xianyulu
The document discusses a combined cycle power plant located in Iraq that was constructed in two stages - first a simple cycle plant and later an expansion that added heat recovery steam generators and a steam turbine to increase efficiency. The summary discusses:
1) How the combined cycle configuration improves fuel efficiency and reduces pollution compared to simple cycle.
2) How the combined cycle design considered sustainability, environmental, and social impacts through additions like wastewater treatment facilities.
3) How life-cycle cost approaches were considered during planning and construction, though some opportunities were missed, and how operations could be improved through better maintenance and asset management.
The document is a thesis submitted by Ubong S. Simon for a Master's degree that analyzes the natural gas potential of Nigeria and develops future energy supply plans for Ghana and Nigeria. It examines the current energy resources, supply, demand, and infrastructure of both countries. The thesis establishes energy demand scenarios through 2020 and proposes plans to increase Nigeria's domestic energy supply, particularly through developing its natural gas resources and constructing additional power generation capacity. The plans aim to meet Nigeria's growing energy needs in a sustainable manner while addressing related economic, environmental, and policy implications.
Making Sense of Cost and Performance Estimates for Thermochemical Biofuel PlantsIlkka Hannula
Achieving deep reductions in CO2 emissions from today’s transportation system presents major challenges, given the dominant role played by crude-oil derived fuels. Advanced biofuels, produced sustainably, provide one potential path for deep emissions reductions.
A clear understanding of the prospective economics of advanced biofuels is thus important to support analysis aimed at informing public- and private-sector decision making on biofuels.
Many techno-economic studies of advanced biofuels have been published, but individual studies are often difficult for decision makers to evaluate because of differences in analytical methodologies, input-data uncertainties, scope and battery limits of the analysis, and key assumptions.
Using both literature and data from demonstration projects, we address the following questions for advanced thermochemical cellulosic biofuels: What will first-of-a-kind (FOAK) cellulosic biofuels cost, and What cost levels can be expected in the near-term?
The document discusses options for transitioning away from oil through alternative energy sources like solar and nuclear. It proposes using high-temperature nuclear or solar power to produce hydrogen from water, then combining the hydrogen with carbon to make liquid transportation fuels as an oil replacement. This could allow countries like China to meet their energy needs domestically while transitioning away from coal. The approach aims to remain the dominant energy provider through 2080 and potentially enable space-based solar power and colonization thereafter.
The document summarizes hurdles and solutions for energy generation from Thar coal in Pakistan. It discusses that Thar coal reserves are the 6th largest in the world and could generate 100,000 MW of electricity for 30 years. However, Pakistan currently lacks infrastructure and technology to exploit Thar coal. Key challenges include developing transportation infrastructure to remote Thar, establishing coal gasification technologies, and constructing power transmission lines. Several projects have begun to address these challenges and utilize Thar coal for sustainable energy production.
The document provides an overview of the Kansas City Regional Clean Cities Coalition and its mission to reduce petroleum use in transportation through partnerships between government and businesses. It discusses the coalition's strategies of promoting alternative fuels like biodiesel, electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, and propane as well as improving fuel efficiency and reducing vehicle idling. Contact and resource information is also provided.
Coal to liquid (CTL) is a process that converts coal into synthetic fuels by liquefying it. It was not economically viable when oil prices were low but interest has grown with higher oil prices. CTL is best for countries with large coal reserves but high oil import dependence, like India and China. While it enhances energy security, CTL faces challenges from high costs and environmental concerns unless carbon capture technology is used. Several CTL plants have been proposed or announced internationally but many face technical, economic, and environmental barriers.
Séminaire: Wind energy | Technifutur - 22 juin 2017Cluster TWEED
de faire le point sur les technologies/tendances qui permettent d'améliorer la fiabilité des éoliennes avec un focus sur la maintenance des pâles éoliennes. Seront présentées des Ce Innovations au niveau de la maintenance prédictive, des matériaux composites ou encore du rôle important de la formation (inspection et réparation de pâles).
The document discusses various fossil fuel resources including oil, coal, natural gas, shale oil, and tar sands. It covers topics such as current reserves and production of each resource, technologies used for extraction and processing, environmental impacts and regulations, and potential future applications and innovations to improve sustainability.
The document discusses hydrogen production and its promises and challenges. It provides a history of hydrogen discovery and highlights key developments in electrolysis and fuel cells over the past two centuries. It also summarizes current hydrogen production methods, noting that most hydrogen currently comes from fossil fuels. The document calls for increased research into renewable hydrogen production and distribution to enable a low-carbon future.
Este documento describe varias enfermedades de la colágena. En primer lugar, explica las características generales del colágeno y sus tipos. Luego, clasifica las enfermedades congénitas del esqueleto en disostosis y displasias, que suelen tener una base genética. Finalmente, describe en detalle el síndrome de Stickler, cuya causa son mutaciones en los genes del colágeno tipo 2, 9 y 11, y se caracteriza por rasgos marfanoides, osteoartritis y afectación ocular y auditiva.
Equacionamento das ondas planas - Eletromag.william chagas
1) O documento discute a teoria da propagação de ondas eletromagnéticas planas, apresentando as equações de Maxwell que descrevem esses campos elétrico e magnético.
2) É explicado que as ondas eletromagnéticas são soluções das equações de ondas de Helmholtz no vácuo e que a constante de propagação depende das propriedades do meio.
3) O teorema de Poynting sobre o fluxo de potência associado às ondas eletromagnéticas é apresentado, relacionando os
Nicole Linden has worked in administration roles for various companies since 2012. She has a BA in Psychology and Criminology from Varsity College. Her current role is as an Admin Clerk at Wakefield's Real Estate Agency where she creates advertising materials and drafts legal documents. In her free time, she enjoys horse riding, dog training, hiking and volunteering for animal welfare causes. She has organized several fundraising events related to her interests.
1) El documento habla sobre los equipos de trabajo y cómo se forman, organizan y desarrollan. 2) Explica que formar un equipo de alto desempeño requiere pasar por distintas etapas como la formación, tormenta, establecimiento de normas y desempeño. 3) También analiza cómo se trabaja en equipo a través de roles, por qué a veces se fracasa y las cualidades necesarias para ser un buen líder de equipo como la visión y la pasión.
Pallavi N seeks a position utilizing her skills and abilities allowing professional growth. She has a B.Sc in chemistry from Yuvaraja's College, Mysore with 80% and an M.Sc in General Chemistry from Maharani's Science College for Women, Mysore with a 7.7 GPA. Currently she works as a QC Chemist at S3V Vascular Technologies analyzing raw materials, processes, and finished products using HPLC. Her responsibilities include document preparation, equipment qualification, and ensuring quality requirements are met. She has basic knowledge of laboratory equipment and is proficient in MS Office.
A woman in an imaginary past is abandoned in the Sahara desert by her people as a human sacrifice to bring rain. She decides to take fate into her own hands and flees, following the whispers of a mysterious voice to a shrine of Nejma, the Moroccan Goddess of Water. After drinking from the shrine's bowl, she is transformed from a woman destined to die for others into the Goddess Nejma, now reborn to live for herself and discover her true nature.
El documento define la eutanasia como la acción que produce directa e intencionadamente la muerte de un paciente con una enfermedad incurable que causa sufrimiento. Existen dos tipos principales: la eutanasia activa, que usa fármacos letales, y la pasiva, que suspende tratamiento y alimentación. Algunos también consideran la eutanasia indirecta, que intenta aliviar el dolor aunque pueda causar la muerte. Hay opiniones a favor y en contra de la eutanasia, dependiendo de si se quiere dejar
El documento discute los vientres de alquiler, definidos como cuando una mujer acuerda llevar el embrión de otra persona o pareja para dar a luz. A favor argumentan que ayuda a personas con problemas de salud y permite formar una familia, mientras que en contra señalan riesgos para la madre y los bebés. Los problemas incluyen tráfico de personas, hasta 7 donantes involucrados, y tratar a los bebés como mercancía. En España los vientres de alquiler son ilegales según la ley de reproducción asistida.
Este documento define la pena de muerte como la ejecución de un condenado por el Estado como castigo por delitos graves. Describe los métodos de ejecución más comunes como la horca, el fusilamiento, la inyección letal y la electrocución. Enumera países que aún aplican la pena capital y brinda antecedentes históricos sobre el origen de este castigo en las culturas griega, romana y hebrea. Finalmente, plantea la pregunta de si la pena de muerte representa justicia o venganza.
Psicología en la educación y prácticas educativas mediadas por tecnologías de...diego zabala
La Revolución Tecnológica afecta directamente los procesos educativos, con las TIC transformando escenarios educativos tradicionales e haciendo aparecer nuevos. Las TIC también pueden llegar a modificar parámetros esenciales de la educación formal. Si bien las TIC facilitan el acceso a la información, ésta no garantiza el conocimiento ni el aprendizaje, requiriéndose procesos interactivos y comunicativos. Las TIC son potenciales instrumentos psicológicos que pueden mediar y transformar los
Este documento presenta estadísticas sobre los trabajadores agrícolas en México con motivo del Día del Trabajador Agrícola el 15 de mayo. Señala que hay 5.5 millones de personas ocupadas en la agricultura, de las cuales el 56% son agricultores y el 44% son trabajadores agrícolas de apoyo. La mayoría de los trabajadores agrícolas se encuentran en los estados de Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Puebla y Veracruz.
Progress and latest developments of evacuated tube solar collectorSabiha Akter Monny
This document reviews progress and developments of evacuated tube solar collectors. It discusses why evacuated tube collectors are preferable to other collectors due to their higher efficiency and ability to operate at higher temperatures. It summarizes the different types of evacuated tube collectors and their structures. It also reviews the various applications of evacuated tube collectors for residential and industrial uses, including water heating, air conditioning, and solar drying. The document identifies some challenges of using evacuated tube collectors, such as cost, fragility, and overheating. It examines the performance of evacuated tube collectors using different working fluids and makes recommendations for future work.
This document discusses the fabrication of graphene for use in supercapacitors. It first provides an overview of graphene properties and applications, including electronic, physical, optical, composites, biomedical, and supercapacitors. It then discusses different fabrication methods for graphene, including exfoliation, vapor deposition, and characterization techniques like SEM, TEM, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The document is authored by Hoang Long Nguyen for his supervisor Shailesh Kumar on the topic of fabricating graphene for supercapacitor applications.
La robótica es una ciencia que estudia el diseño y construcción de máquinas capaces de realizar tareas humanas o que requieren inteligencia. Se deriva de disciplinas como mecánica, electrónica, informática e inteligencia artificial. La historia de la robótica se remonta a la creación de artefactos para reemplazar el trabajo humano. Actualmente, los robots se usan para tareas peligrosas, difíciles o repetitivas en industrias como manufactura, minería y exploración espacial.
Este documento define la pena de muerte como la ejecución de un condenado por el Estado como castigo por delitos graves. Explica que los métodos más comunes son la horca, el fusilamiento, la electrocución e inyección letal. Luego enumera países que aún aplican la pena capital, e incluye una breve historia sobre los orígenes de este castigo en las civilizaciones griega y romana. Finalmente plantea la pregunta de si la pena de muerte representa justicia o venganza.
Energy is one of the most important factors for a developing country like Bangladesh. Like the rest of the
countries of the world, the demand for energy is increasing day by day in our country. Energy sector of
Bangladesh is exceedingly depended on the limited gas reserve. Given the rising demand for fuel it will be
very difficult t to meat this demand with only indigenous natural gas. About 80% of the power generation in
the country is now gas based. Therefore diversification of fuel has become indispensible it has been
envision 2021 that 53% of the power generation will be coal based by year 2021. The worldwide scenario
shows that, Coal is the ultimate fuel for future. Bangladesh is very lucky that it has got significant but
almost untapped high quality coal resource. Five coal fields in the country contain 3.3 billion metric tons
coal. Recently rate of coal production from Barapukuria are increased significantly due to application of
modern coal extracting method, LTCC. Coal to Synthesis gas conversion, is an emerging technology to
wide the application area of coal and commercially proved technology worldwide. The paper gives an
overview of the current state of coal scenario and natural gas scenario in Bangladesh. Here we discuss the
principles of coal to syngas conversion technology and aside from a brief introduction to 5 process
methods for conversion of coal to Synthesis Natural Gas (SNG). The Steam-Oxygen Gasification,
Hydrogasification, Catalytic Steam Gasification, Underground Steam-Oxygen Gasification, Underground
Hydrogasification processes are discussed with the help of process flow diagram. This paper also
summaries the present scenario of Syngas production worldwide. Finally we propose a coal based syngas
infrastructure, where coal is converted to syngas, then processed to make Synthesis Natural Gas (SNG),
then it transmitted via dedicated pipeline or injected into existing natural gas pipeline to the different types
of user like Household, Thermal Power Plant, Brick Field, Ceramics & Glass Industry and any kind of
thermal process industry. This proposed technology is design to reduce the dependency on natural gas.
ENSURING AFFORDABLE FUEL SECURITY FOR NTPCSantosh Verma
This document discusses India's energy security and fuel scenario, with a focus on NTPC's fuel needs and challenges. It provides an overview of India's growing energy demand and dependence on fossil fuels like coal for power generation. Coal is the main fuel for over 50% of India's primary energy and 69% of power generation, but there are issues with domestic coal supply that affect NTPC's plants. The document analyzes challenges related to coal, oil and gas, nuclear, and renewable sources. It recommends solutions like increasing domestic coal production, diversifying NTPC's fuel mix through renewable and nuclear sources, and establishing an effective framework for fuel supply agreements.
This document discusses issues and challenges facing India's energy sector. It notes that India is both a major energy producer and consumer, ranking 7th in production and 5th in consumption globally. Meeting future energy needs is a major challenge as over half the population lacks access to electricity or commercial energy. Coal remains the primary energy resource but reserves will only last 140 more years at current production levels. Import dependence for oil and gas is rising and will likely increase further. Renewable sources currently contribute around 3-6% of energy but will need to supply more to address climate change and energy security concerns.
Presentation To N P T I O Il & Gas Source Nov 03 1Jayanta Bora
The document discusses sources of oil and gas and their importance for the power sector. It provides historical data on global and Indian energy consumption trends over time. Key points include natural gas emerging as a competing fuel for power generation due to new indigenous gas finds and growing LNG infrastructure in India. Natural gas is expected to be the fastest growing component of the global energy mix in the future. The document also outlines India's hydrocarbon vision for 2025 which aims to increase domestic oil and gas production and supply to improve energy security.
The document summarizes various energy news articles from India. It discusses the Marginal Fields Policy that will shift risks to oil and gas developers. It also mentions plans to build 11 hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh totaling 2,700 MW capacity. Additionally, it outlines the inauguration of a 100 kW solar power plant in Tamil Nadu and details about ABB installing 2 GW of solar inverters in India.
The document discusses natural gas processes, modeling, and simulation. It provides a detailed syllabus covering topics like gas dehydration processes, sweetening of acid gases, storage of natural gas, and modeling/simulation of absorbers, distillation columns, and other units using software. It also lists several reference books on natural gas engineering and production.
Liquefied Natural Gas has a number of major advantages as compared to current sources of energy. The major advantages of LNG would be: its ease of transport, its superb quality, its safety, its flexibility of use, and its sustainability.
This document provides an overview of Bangladesh's energy sector, including its main sources of energy like natural gas, petroleum, coal, and electricity. Natural gas plays an important role in Bangladesh's economy and is used for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. While gas production and electricity generation have increased over time, demand continues to outpace supply. Bangladesh relies heavily on natural gas but reserves are only sufficient until 2021, so alternatives will need to be developed. The electricity sector has also expanded generation capacity in recent years through both public and private sector investments, but aging infrastructure and gas shortages have prevented peak capacity from being reached. Petroleum production is low so Bangladesh imports most of its oil needs.
Pakistan's energy infrastructure is underdeveloped and poorly managed, leading to a severe energy crisis. Demand for energy exceeds supply, resulting in frequent power outages. The country relies heavily on imported fossil fuels like oil and gas to meet its energy needs. While Pakistan has significant indigenous energy resources like coal reserves and hydropower potential, these remain largely untapped due to a lack of integrated planning. Widespread theft of electricity further exacerbates the energy shortage situation. Common methods used to steal power include directly tapping distribution lines, tampering with meters, and manipulating meter readings through technical means.
India has one of the fastest growing energy markets in the world due to rapid economic expansion. It relies heavily on fossil fuel imports to meet its energy demands, with coal, oil, and natural gas accounting for over 80% of its commercial energy needs. India aims to increase its renewable and nuclear energy capacity substantially in order to reduce its dependence on fossil fuel imports and achieve greater energy security. It has ambitious plans to expand solar, wind, and nuclear power.
Clare Penrose - No CCS, No 2 degrees. Japan Clean Coal Day 2014Global CCS Institute
This document discusses the importance of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology for meeting climate change goals. It notes that fossil fuels will continue to be a major source of energy and that CCS is critical for decarbonizing power generation and industrial processes. Several large-scale CCS projects utilizing coal are under construction in North America, and Japanese technology is supporting some of these projects. Japan is also demonstrating CCS technology through several pilot projects and is collaborating with Australia on a CCS demonstration at a coal-fired power plant. Wide adoption of CCS is considered an important part of scenarios that limit global temperature increase to 2°C.
The Government of India reduced natural gas prices by 16% for the next six months. Andhra Pradesh aims to increase its installed power capacity to 29,000 MW by 2019 by adding over 18,000 MW of new generation capacity from various sources like thermal, hydro, solar and wind. Lanco Infratech plans to sell at least 3,000 MW of power assets to reduce its debt of INR 18,000 crore. NTPC will commission the first 800 MW unit of its 4,000 MW Lara thermal project in Chhattisgarh by the fourth quarter of 2016.
Pakistan faces significant energy shortages as demand outpaces supply. The country relies heavily on expensive imported oil and gas, rather than domestic coal and hydropower. To address the energy crisis, the plan proposes exploring and developing Pakistan's domestic energy resources, including 1,250 MTOE of oil and gas and 1,540 MTOE of coal. It also aims to boost renewable energy like hydro and wind. Key strategies include developing coal resources like Thar, importing LNG, and pursuing gas pipeline projects with Iran and Turkmenistan to diversify Pakistan's energy mix and reduce reliance on expensive imports.
AMAZING CHAMPIONS OF ENERGY ACE Case Study Submitted to Cairn IndiaAkhilesh Mishra
This document provides information on energy sources in India, including both primary and final energy sources. It discusses India's current reserves of coal and lignite that can sustain production for 140 years and natural gas reserves that can sustain production until 2046. It also summarizes expert opinions on India's increasing reliance on imported oil to meet its needs and projections that oil demand will increase significantly by 2025. The document discusses recommendations from committees on reforms to India's oil and gas sector policies and contractual frameworks. It also summarizes best practices in Brazil and China related to their oil and gas industries.
The Gujarat government plans to spend INR 100 crore to upgrade electricity infrastructure like poles and transformers to facilitate development projects by urban and semi-urban civic bodies. India is working to establish a strategic uranium reserve between 5,000 to 15,000 metric tons to ensure an uninterrupted fuel supply for atomic reactors. The West Bengal government has transferred four hydroelectric projects with a combined capacity of 293 MW to the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation.
- State-owned thermal power stations in Maharashtra generated a record 8,104 MW of power to meet rising demand.
- Ethanol blending in petrol in India has reached over 7.2%, the highest level yet, putting the country on track to meet the 10% blending target by 2022.
- Capstone Turbine received a follow-on order from ONGC India for microturbines to utilize flare gas at a remote facility, reducing costs and emissions.
India has a growing economy but low per capita energy consumption due to its large population. Currently, oil and gas meet half of India's energy needs, but the government aims to increase renewable sources like solar and wind to 20% of the energy mix by 2022. India has significant coal reserves but is also developing other energy sources like hydropower, biomass, and nuclear power. The presentation outlines India's current energy scenario and renewable potential as the country works to boost access to energy and transition to more sustainable resources.
Energy crises in pakistan butt presentationgoodamazing
The document discusses Pakistan's ongoing electricity crisis. It notes that Pakistan currently faces electricity shortages of up to 18 hours per day. The key causes of the energy crisis include a shortage of hydropower due to low water levels, insufficient coal production, high dependence on expensive imported oil, and problems in the nuclear and renewable energy sectors. Corruption and mismanagement have also exacerbated the crisis. The effects on industry, unemployment, and foreign investment are negatively impacting Pakistan's economy. Solutions proposed include increasing investment and capacity in solar, biomass, nuclear and coal power generation.
This document discusses ultra mega power projects (UMPPs) in India and their future viability. It notes that while UMPPs could significantly increase power generation capacity, only 4 of the planned 16 projects have been approved so far and 2 of those 4 approved projects have run into problems and are non-starters. Issues facing UMPPs include flawed business models, land acquisition difficulties, changes in fuel supply regulations increasing costs, and court cases challenging projects. The document analyzes the current status and challenges facing UMPPs to determine the future of this power generation scheme in India.
1. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 1
LNG PENETRATION IN INDIA
Moving towards Cleaner Future
2. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 2
Energy Mix
To meet its energy needs, each country uses the energy available to it, in different proportions.
This is what we call the energy mix. While it varies significantly from one country to another,
globally fossil fuels account for 80% of the energy mix.
It’s also the case that the same fuel can be processed into different forms of energy. Coal may
be burnt directly to produce heat in a factory to melt iron ore, or burnt in a power-station to
produce heat, to convert water to steam, to drive a generator and create electricity. When a
fuel is used in a ‘direct’ energy conversion process it is known as Primary Energy, when it is
converted through a two- or more stage energy-release process it is called Secondary Energy.
Electricity can be produced as Primary Energy by means of Hydro-Electric Power (HEP) and
photo-voltaic cells (solar panels), but is more commonly created by Secondary processes
through the burning of coal, oil and gas to produce steam in power-stations, or by the release
of radiation from uranium to convert water to steam in nuclear power stations.
Energy Mix India
The energy policy of India is largely defined by the country's expanding energy deficit and
increased focus on developing alternative sources of energy, particularly nuclear, solar and
wind energy.
The primary energy consumption in India is the third biggest after China and USA with 5.3%
global share in the year 2015. The total primary energy consumption from crude oil (29.45%),
natural gas (9.5%), coal (54.%), nuclear energy (1.26%), hydroelectricity (5.0%), wind power,
biomass electricity and solar power is 595 Mtoe (excluding traditional biomass use) in the
year2015.
3. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 3
Natural gas in energy mix
In the New Policies Scenario, India’s natural gas production increases from 35 bcm in 2013 to
nearly 90 bcm in 2040, but this still leaves a sizeable gap of around 80 bcm that needs to be
met by imported gas. Conventional gas production is dominated today by the ageing Vasai field
on India’s western coastal shelf: this field continues to attract investment by the operator,
ONGC, which has long experience in optimizing performance from mature fields. OECD/IEA,
2015 120 World Energy Outlook | Special Report Onshore conventional production consists of
many small projects, only a handful of which contribute more than 5% of total onshore supply.
There is potential for new gas discoveries onshore, considering the extent of unexplored
acreage, but the larger potential lies offshore, with the deep-water Krishna-Godavari basin the
center of activity since the initial discovery by Reliance, India’s largest private sector
corporation, at the KG-D6 block (since followed by large discoveries in neighboring blocks by
Reliance and ONGC). The discoveries are in water depths of between 700 and 1 700 meters,
and the wells are technically challenging, giving rise to a relatively high development costs. The
KG-D6 project itself has also suffered from well performance issues, including higher than
expected water production and sand entry, resulting in high decline rates.
power generation
natural gas
petroleum and other
liquids
nuclear
others
INDIA'S ENERGY MIX
power generation natural gas petroleum and other liquids nuclear others
4. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 4
Natural gas Consumption by various sectors
Natural Gas demand has increased significantly in recent years due to the increase in the
availability of gas, development of transmission and distribution infrastructure, the savings
from the usage of natural gas in place of alternate fuels and the overall favourable economics
of supplying gas at reasonable prices to end consumers. It has become easier for the power,
fertilizer and CGD sectors, as well as industrial and commercial establishments, to switch over
to natural gas for their energy requirements. In the near future power and fertilizer sectors are
expected to remain the anchor segments for natural gas demand in India. Going forward
though, with the additional supply of gas significant demand for natural gas is also expected to
come from the industrial (usage both in process and power generation - cogeneration) and CGD
segments. The total consumption of natural gas was 127 mmscmd (January 2013) with power
and fertilizer sectors consuming 36 and 39 mmscmd of gas respectively. While power sector
consumption accounted for 28% of the total natural gas consumption in India, the fertilizer
sector consumption accounted for 31% of the total consumption
India can be divided into six major regional natural gas markets namely Northern, Western,
Central, Southern, Eastern and North-Eastern market. Out of these, the Western market
accounts for the highest consumption of natural gas with more than 50% of the total gas
consumption in the country. This is followed by the Northern market that consumes ~25% of
the overall consumption. The Eastern market accounts for the lowest consumption in the
country among all the gas markets.
21%
3%
8%
2%
31%
6%
29%
Sectorwise N.G. Consumption in 2014-2016
power generation
industrial fuel
captive use
LPG shrinkage
fertilizer industry
petrochemical
others
5. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 5
LNG Terminals in India
PETRONET LNG, KOCHI
The LNG terminal in Kochi was commissioned in august 2013, with a capacity of 5 MMTPA. The
cost of construction of plant was Rs.4500.It has storage tanks of capacity 155000 cubic meters.
The current capacity utilization of the terminal is just 6 percent. The terminal capacity is mostly
underutilized due to the lack of pipeline connectivity to Mangalore and Bangalore which was to
be provided by GAIL but did not happen due to the problems with land acquisition with farmers
of Tamil nadu and kerala.The loss for the terminal in the year 2014-2015 was Rs.500 crore due
to underutilization. Petronet has signed an LNG SPA with Exxon Mobil for supply of 1.4 MMTPA
from gorgon LNG project Australia. Transportation will be done using vessel called ‘”prachi”
which will be transferring 1.5 MMTPA of LNG from Australia to Kochi.
6. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 6
DAHEJ LNG TERMINAL, GUJARAT
The Dahej LNG terminal was started with a capacity of 5 MMTPA later on the capacity was
increased to 10 MMTPA which was commissioned in 2009.The petronet has a long term
agreement with Ras Laffan Liquefied Natural Gas Co. Ltd,Qatar for LNG supply of 7.5
MMTPA.The terminal is currently operating at 130 percent of its capacity. It has added two LNG
storage tanks and vaporization facilities recently .The vessels used for transporting LNG from
Qatar are DISHA, RAAHI, and Aseem. Asian development bank is a stake holder in Dahej
petonet LNG plant.
Hazira LNG Terminal
This liquefied natural gas terminal is located in the Surat district of Gujarat, India. The
terminal is operated by the Royal Dutch Shell (74%) and Total Gas (26%) after signing a
concessionary contract with the Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB). This terminal is one of the
largest Greenfield investments in India. They have a design capacity of 5 MMTPA of LNG, which
can also be increased 10 MMTPA according to the market demands. Operation was started at
2.5 MMTPA, which was later upgraded to 3.6 MMTPA in 2008. Shell is currently planning to
achieve a capacity of 7.5 MMTPA by the end of 2017. The terminal is equipped with two
cryogenic storage tanks with storage capacity of 160000 cubic metres each.
RATNAGIRI GAS ANDPOWER PRIVATE LIMITED
Owned by Ratnagiri Gas and Power (formerly known as Dabhol Power Plant) is an LNG
import and re-gasification terminal located at Dabhol in Maharashtra. This terminal was built
with intentions to feed LNG gas to the Dabhol power plant for electricity production. Initially
operated at only 1.2MMTPA capacity, the GAIL and NTPC consortium now has expanded its
operations to 2.5 MMTPA, with proposed up gradation to 5 MMTPA in the coming years. GAIL-
NTPC has signed a three year valid gas contracts with Marubeni, for supply of 0.5MMTPA. The
terminal is equipped with a total storage capacity of 500000 cubic metres of gas in three
cryogenic storage tanks.
8. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 8
COP21
The agreementanda companiondecisionbypartieswere the keyoutcomesof the conference,known
as the 21st sessionof the UNFCCCConference of the Parties,orCOP21. Together,the ParisAgreement
and the accompanyingCOPdecision:
Reaffirmthe goal of limitingglobaltemperature increase well below 2degreesCelsius,while urging
effortstolimitthe increase to1.5 degrees;
Establishbindingcommitmentsbyall partiestomake “nationallydeterminedcontributions”(NDCs),and
to pursue domesticmeasuresaimedatachievingthem;
Commitall countriestoreportregularlyontheiremissionsand“progressmade inimplementingand
achieving”theirNDCs,andtoundergointernationalreview;
Commitall countriestosubmitnewNDCs everyfive years,withthe clearexpectationthattheywill
“representaprogression”beyondpreviousones;
Reaffirmthe bindingobligationsof developedcountriesunderthe UNFCCCtosupportthe effortsof
developingcountries,whileforthe firsttime encouragingvoluntarycontributionsbydeveloping
countriestoo;
Extendthe currentgoal of mobilizing$100 billionayearin supportby2020 through2025, witha new,
highergoal to be setfor the periodafter2025;
Extenda mechanismtoaddress“lossanddamage”resultingfromclimate change,whichexplicitlywill
not “involve orprovide abasisforany liabilityorcompensation;”
Require partiesengagingininternationalemissionstradingtoavoid“double counting;”and
Call for a newmechanism,similarto the CleanDevelopmentMechanismunderthe KyotoProtocol,
enablingemissionreductionsinone countrytobe countedtowardanothercountry’sNDC.
To be implemented,the treatyrequiresratificationof 55 Nations. AlongwithIndia’sratification
submitted on2nd
October2016, a total of 66 nationshave giventheirnodfortreatywhichwill be
implementedin2020. WithCOP21 it becomesthe responsibilityof the developednationstofinance
installationof cleanfuelinfrastructure.Indiabecause of itsequitabilitywouldreceiveasumof $100
Billion,of which$2.5 Billionhasalreadybeenreceived.
Honorable Ministerof foreignAffairsquotedthatIndiawouldhave 40% of non-fossilfuelsinitsenergymix
by 2030. The non-fossilfuelsourcesthatIndiaplanstoinstall are solar,solarthermal andwindenergy.But
these sourcesdeliverafluctuatingsupplyof powerbecause of dependencyonclimate,weatherand
daylight.Thusthere isa needof oscillatingpowergenerationunitwhichcanbe usedas desired.Natural
Gas fedpowerplantshave advantage of notjust beingamore cleanerfuel togenerate powerbutalsohave
control overtheiroutput.
COP21 emphasized onreducingthe carbonfootprintandlimitingthe global temperaturerise to2⁰ C.
Natural gas emits50-60% lessCarbonDi Oxide thancoal.Coal Poweredpowerplantsaccountfor53% of
India’sinstalledpowercapacity,whichisgrowingata rate of 16% per year.Because Chinaisanother
importerof coal ad itsdemandisexpectedtoincrease by$20-$30 and couldreach $130 to $140 pertonne
innear intermediate term.Thismakesdomesticnatural gaspoweredplantmore economical thanimported
coal poweredplant,asformerwill costRs.1.88per kilowatthourwhile the latterwill cost Rs.4 perkilo
watt hour.
9. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 9
Steps taken by the Government
Recently Government has taken many significant steps to promote the consumption of natural
gas. One step taken was to retrieve the stranded the gas-based capacities in the power and
fertilizer sector by making imported LNG affordable.
In the power sector it is providing subsidy through reverse bidding scheme to allow stranded
power asset to operate at 30 % PLF and service the lenders
In the fertilizer sector it aims to increase urea production by 3.7 mmtpa through gas pooling
policy.
In future, the natural gas demand is all set to grow significantly at a CAGR of 7% from 226.7
MMSCMD in 2012-13 to 713.5 MMSCMD in 2029-30. Thus GAIL has entered into a contract
with the Henry Hub which will start shipping gas in 2022.
India has renegotiated the deal with Qatar in January 2016. This deal gave India a waiver of
Rs.12,000 Cr. penalty and slashed the price from $12-13/MMBtu to $6-7/MMBtu. The equation
being used is:
PLNG=12.67% (3 month Brent average) +$0.52+$0.35
PLNG –Price of LNG in dollars
KG-D5 block operated by ONGC, is divided into Northern Discovery Area and Southern
Discovery Area. The Northern discovery area will have 8 free gas producing wells. The expected
output is 16.56 MMSCMD by end of 2021.
Seeking to reduce India's carbon footprints, the Centre has decided to switch over from diesel
to relatively less polluting Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a fuel for vessels in the inland
navigation system. The proposed new fleet of 80 vessels in Ganga is likely to be the first
beneficiary of the move.
42 districts have operational City Gas distribution Infrastructure and 27 still await either for the
infrastructure or are suffering the demand- supply gap.
10. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 10
Growing transmission and distribution infrastructure
The PNGRB has authorized the construction of many cross-country gas pipelines (covering more
than 5,000 km of pipeline network). However, the projects have not materialized due to lack of
anchor customer demand, which has caused viability and financing concerns. India’s gas pipeline
infrastructure is relatively under-developed. It currently has a network of 17,421 km of natural
gas transmission pipelines with a design capacity of around 464 mmscmd (for major gas
pipelines). Realising that pipelines involves political negotiations, acceptance and is a central
pillar of infrastructure development, the government of India will now contribute 40% of capital
in GAIL’s pipeline projects.
Initiatives /proposals
Make in India initiative : Plan to connect 326 cities with city gas distribution network (CGD) by
2022. In order to promote use of natural gas, priority for allocation of domestic gas was
accorded to PNG/CNG segments for meeting 100% demand and faster roll out of PNG
connections and CNG stations.
Urbanization and urban pollution : Construction of another 15,000 km of gas pipeline network
for completion of national gas grid, which is currently under various stages of implementation.
Providing 10 crore new LPG connections in next 3 years till 2019, of which 5 crore are for BPL
households The Government is focused on providing access to affordable, reliable, sustainable
and modern energy to every citizen.
Step up in agriculture: Improvement in domestic fertilizer production required to support
increased agricultural activities , Gas is the preferred feedstock for production of nitrogenous
fertilizers
Green corridors : Global (mainly the US, China and Europe) trend of commercial vehicles
(medium-to heavy duty) switching over to CNG/LNG.
11. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 11
The Way Forward
India’s consumption is of LNG is growing at 7%. The IPI and TAPI transnational pipelines seem to
be a pipe dream stuck in geopolitical glitches. GOI should realize the potential of Australia and
increase its re-gasification terminal capacity on East coast and also should work on pipeline
infrastructure associated with the same. Looking at the huge appetite of India and 6-7% growth
rate it should focus on buying gas from a country with Q/P ratio of over 50 years. This condition
is met by Pars Field (Offshore Qatar). India which has trade relations with Egypt should also
consider the recent discovery of gas by Shell in Egypt. Coal Bed Methane and other
unconventional sources such as Shale and hydrates require more R&D and studies to reach a
feasibility level in India. Iran which has 1201.4 TCF of gas and Turkmenistan which 617.3 TCF
can prove to be good suppliers if the geopolitical leverages are used correctly. The subsea
pipeline to Iran is high investment but a good plan for long term.
12. Kiran Nambiar, Likhita K, Kevin Benny, Paul Joy & Ranjan Saxena 12
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